Hypothesis Testing On A Single Population Mean Of Time

Stands Still
1

Nadia Salleh , Anis Yazid , Syazwani Ishak , Dalilah Roslan , Syahidah Yusoff

University of Tun Hussein Onn,

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.

Abstract - Hypothesis testing is also called significance testing. The objective of the procedure is to test claims
about parameters based on a random sample. A hypothesis test allows us to draw conclusion or make decisions
regarding population from sample data. Statistical hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for evaluating
claims about a population. In hypothesis single population mean, we are testing
knew the value of

not testing

x . If we

, then there would be nothing to test.

This journal gives an overview of basic steps in the general procedure for statistical hypothesis testing of single
population mean and points out some common pitfalls and misconceptions. Questions with particular regard to
P value determining significance level, proving null hypothesis and multiplicity were addressed.

Key words: statistical hypothesis testing of single population mean, testing

x

not testing

, P value, significance level, multiplicity problem

I. METHODOLOGY
In this study case we use quantitative method, the method which is testing of hypothesis on
a single mean population mean. This hypothesis single population mean, we are testing not
testing x . The steps that we used to do this method are, first write the original claim and identify
whether it is the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis. Then used the alternative to
identify the type of test. Write down all the information from the problems and with specific case
state the distribution should use. Find the critical value using the tables and state the decision
rule. Then compute the test statistic. After that, make the decision to reject or fail to reject the
null hypothesis. Finally make the conclusion.
Our study case that conduct by a researchers at Pennasylvania state University investigated
whether time perception, a simple indication of a persons ability to concentrate, is impaired
during nicotine withdrawal. This case is suitable to use hypothesis single population mean. If
population standard deviation is known, there are 2 cases and we used Z_(test ). While the

population standard deviation unknown with small sample size will used T_test. In our case we
use T_test because the sample is less than 30.
II. INTRODUCTION
A statistical test that is used to determine whether there is enough evidence or not in a sample of
data to infer that a certain condition is true for the entire population is known as hypothesis test.
It was examined by two opposing hypothesis about a population the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested. Usually the null
hypothesis is a statement about the population that will be assumed to be true unless it can be
shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt. The alternative hypothesis is a claim about the
population that is contradictory to H0 and what we conclude when we reject H0. Based on the
sample data, the test determines whether to reject the null hypothesis. A common misconception
is that statistical hypothesis tests are designed to select the more likely of two hypothesis.
Instead, a test will remain with the null hypothesis until there is enough evidence (data) to
support the alternative hypothesis.
A hypothesis test involves collecting data from a sample and evaluating the data. Then, the a
decision is decided to whether or not the data supports the claim that is made about the
population. In this chapter, you will conduct hypothesis tests on single means and single
proportions. You will also learn about the errors associated with these tests. Hypothesis testing
consists of two contradictory hypotheses or statements, a decision based on the data, and a
conclusion.
How to applied hypothesis testing?
1) Hypothesis testing
A formal process to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis, based on sample data. This
process, called hypothesis testing, consists of four steps. Firstly, state the hypothesis. This
involves stating the null and alternative hypothesis. The hypothesis are stated in such a way that
they are mutually exclusive. That is, if one is true, the other must be false. Next, formulate an
analysis plan. The analysis plan describes how to use sample data to evaluate the null hypothesis.
The evaluation often focuses around a single test statistic. Then, analysis the sample data. Find
the value of the test statistic (mean score, proportion, t statistic, z-score,) described in the
analysis plan. Lastly, inteprate results. Apply the decision rule described in the analysis plan. If
the value of the test statistic is unlikely, based on the null hypothesis, reject the null hypothesis.

2) Decision error
Two types of errors can result from a hypothesis test. Type I error. A Type I error occurs when a
null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. The probability of committing a Type I error is called
the significance level. This probability is also called alpha, and is often denoted by .
3) Decision rule
The analysis plan includes decision rules for rejecting the null hypothesis. In practice, describe
these decision rules in two ways which is with reference to a P-value or with reference to a
region of acceptance P-value. The strength of evidence in support of a null hypothesis is
measured by the P-value. Suppose the test statistic is equal to S. The P-value is the probability of
observing a test statistic as extreme as S, assuming the null hypothesis is true. If the P-value is
less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis. Region of acceptance. The region
of acceptance is a range of values. If the test statistic falls within the region of acceptance, the
null hypothesis is not rejected. The region of acceptance is defined so that the chance of making
a Type I error is equal to the significance level. The set of values outside the region of
acceptance is called the region of rejection. If the tests statistic falls within the region of
rejection, the null hypothesis is rejected. In such cases, we say that the hypothesis has been
rejected at the level of significance.
4) Conclusion
Write a conclusion based on the results that we got whether it have a strong evidence to rejecting
null hypothesis or not.
How to calculate in hypothesis testing?

A hypothesis about a population mean can be tested when sampling is from any of the
following.

A normally distributed population--variances known

A normally distributed population--variances unknown

A population that is not normally distributed (assuming n

30; the central limit theorem

applies)

III. DATA
A study conducted by researchers at Pennsylvania State University investigated whether time
perception, a simple indication of a persons ability to concentrate, is impaired during nicotine
withdrawal. The study results were presented in the paper Smoking Abstinence Impairs Time
Estimation Accuracy in Cigarette Smokers (Psychopharmacology Bulletin [2003]: 90-95). After
a 24-hr smoking abstinence, 20 smokers were asked to estimate how much time had passed
during a 45-sec period. Suppose the resulting data on perceived elapsed time (in seconds) were
as shown (these data are artificial but are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper).
Use a 0.05 level of significance.

69
56

65
50

72
70

73
47

59
56

55
45

39
70

52
64

67
67

57
53

IV. SOLUTION
From these data, we obtain
n =20

x =59.30

s =9.84

We want to determine whether smoking abstinence had a negative impact on time perception,
causing elapsed time to be overestimated. We can solve this by testing
Step 1
Null hypothesis,

H0

Alternative hypothesis,

H1

=45 (no consistent tendency to overestimate the time elapse)

>45 (tendency for elapsed time to be overestimate)

Step 2
Significant level: =0.05
Step 3 (Statistical test)
Assumptions: This test requires a random sample and either a large sample size or a normal
population distribution. We believe that it is reasonable to consider this sample as representative
of smokers in general, so we regard it as if it were a random sample. Because the sample size is
only 20, for the T test is to be appropriate, we must be able to assume that the population
distribution of perceived elapsed times is at least approximately normal. Is this reasonable? The
following graph gives a boxplot of the data:

Perceive elapsed time

Although the boxplot is not perfectly symmetric, it is not too skewed and there are no outliers, so
we judge the use of the T test to be reasonable.
COMPUTATION:
n=20, x =59.30, s=9.84

T test =

x 59.3045
=
=6.50
s
9.84
n
20

Step 4 (Decision Rule)

t , n1=t 0.05,19

From table 7, t 0.05,19=1.729

V. DATA ANALYSIS
From the data that we obtained, there are 20 data on perceived elapsed time (in seconds). From
the calculation that we get by using the calculator, the sample mean is 59.30 and the value of the
sample standard deviation is 9.84. This is the right-tailed test which n=20, unknown,
=0.05

that

and

>45 . The null hypothesis is rejected only if there is convincing evidence

>45 . We carry out a hypothesis test with a significance level of 0.05 using step-by-step

procedure. This test requires a random sample and either a large sample size or normal
population distribution. Because of the sample size is 20 only and standard deviation unknown,
we used T test for statistical test. T test that we obtained is 6.50 while value of t c that we
got from the table 7 (Appendix Table 7) is 1.729.

T test >t c , therefore we fail to reject

H 0 at

5% level of significance. In conclusion, there is enough evidence to support the mean perceived
time elapsed is greater than 45 sec.

VI. CONCLUSION
This hypothesis single population mean, we are testing not testing

x . There would be

nothing to test if the value of is known. All the hypothesis testing is done under the assumption
the null hypothesis is true. The value for all population parameters in the test statistics come
from the null hypothesis. This is true not only for mean, but all of the testing we are going to be
doing.
If the population standard deviation, , is known, then the population mean has a normal
distribution, and we will be using the z-score formula for sample means. The test statistic is the
standard formula we have seen before. If the population standard deviation, , is unknown, then
the population mean has a student's t distribution, and we will be using the t-score formula for
sample means. The test statistic is very similar to that for the z-score, except that has been
replaced by s and z has been replaced by t.
Notice the general pattern of these test statistics is (observed - expected) / standard deviation.

APPENDIX

Table 7 Percentage Points Of The t Distribution

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Correspondence: Encik Kamil bin Khalid, Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development, Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, University Of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. E-mail: kamil@uthm.edu.my

REFERENCES
PERK, O.D. (2005) Statistics and Data Analysis , Hypothesis Test for a Population Mean , 10, pp 548-549.
MURRAY, R.S & LARRY, J.S. (1999) Statistics (Third Edition), Analysis of Time Series, 18, pp 434-469

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
STATISTICS (BWM22502)

SECTION 1
JOURNAL
Hypothesis Testing On A Single Population Mean Of Time
Stands Still
LECTURER: EN. KAMIL BIN KHALID

PREPARED BY
NADIA SYAHIERA BT MOHAMAD SALLEH
NUR SYAZWANI BINTI ISHAK
ANIS SOLEHAH BINTI YAZID
NOR SYAHIDAH BT MOHD YUSOFF
DALILAH BINTI ROSLAN

MATRIC NO.
AN150103
AN150238
AN150110
AN150192
AN150242