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Thermodynamic Processes
Isothermal Constant Temperature
Isochoric Constant Volume
Isobaric Constant Pressure
Adiabatic No Heat Transfer
U = Q W
change in the internal
energy of the system
net heat
transferred
to the system
work done
by the system
W = Fx = PAx = PV
P pressure of the gas;
x displacement of the piston,
A area of the piston
Work is positive when the gas expands!
Differential form:
W = dW = PdV
W = dW = PdV
P (varying) pressure of the gas;
dV differential volume change
W = P V
NO!
NO!
YES!
nRT const
P=
=
V
V
The work integral is straightforward.
U = Q W
Since the internal energy only
depends on temperature:
U = 0
Q =W
Isochoric Process V = 0
U = Q W
W = PV 0
U = Q = nCv T
1 U
Cv =
n T
Isochoric Process V = 0
U = Q W
W = PV 0
U = Q = nCv T
V2
V2
V1
V1
W = PdV = P dV = P (V2 V1 ) = PV
What about internal energy and heat? Is T2< or >T1?
U = Q W
and
PV = nRT
From the 1st law and equation for Cv:
Q = U + W = nCv T + PV
Ideal gas at constant pressure:
PV = nRT
hence
Hence Cp is:
Why is specific heat at constant
pressure higher than at constant
volume?
C p = Cv + R
U = Q W
PV = nRT
W = PdV
Adiabatic Process Q = 0
There is no heat transfer for an adiabatic process
Implies thermal insulation or process happens quickly.
Q=0
PV = nRT U = W
W = PdV
Adiabatic Process Q = 0
Q=0
U = W
Ti
Tf
Vi
Vf
Adiabatic Process Q = 0
Q=0
U = W
We now know the work done by an ideal gas during an adiabatic
expansion, but how do pressure and temperature behave?
From the ideal gas law:
Ti
Tf
Vi
Vf
Adiabatic Process Q = 0
Q=0
U = W
Ti
Vf
Vi
Adiabatic Process Q = 0
Q=0
U = W
Vf
Vi
Adiabatic Process Q = 0
Blue arrow the gas is expending,
does a positive work and cooled down
(goes to lower isotherms)
Ti
Tf
Vi
Vf
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
PV = P V
PV = P V
PV = nRT
Adiabatic
Fire Syringe:
A small wad of cotton bursts into
flame when the air in a narrow
tube is rapidly compressed.
Things to remember:
U depends on T only!
W = PdV
Q = U + W
The largest work done
by the gas will require
the most heat transfer!
Q = U + W
W = PdV
U = nCv T
PV
nT =
R
P2V 2 P1V1
nT =
R