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Exercise 1
1 of 37
Exercise 1
http://www.fb9dv.uni-duisburg.de/ti/en/education/teaching/ss09/advra/index.php
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Table of content
Exercise 1
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Literature
Exercise 1
Books
David E. Culler, Jasweinder Pal Singh, Anoop Gupta: Parallel
Computer Architecture: A Hardware/Software Approach, Morgan
Kaufmann, 1999, ISBN 1-55860-343-3
J. Hennessy, D. Patterson: Computer Architecture: A
quantitative approach, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 3rd
edition, 2002
Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Computerarchitektur: Strukturen-KonzepteGrundlagen, ISBN 3-8273-7151-1
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
Alan Turing
Konrad Zuse
John von Neumann
John William Mauchly
None of the answers above is correct
Size
Dynamic behaviour
Static behaviour
Speed
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
1. Multiple Choice
Exercise 1
Processor/memory interface
Control unit
A ith ti llogical
Arithmetic
i l unitit
Instruction set
None of the answers above is correct
Quadratically
Li
Linearly
l
Cubicly
Exponentially
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
Alan Turing
Konrad Zuse
J. Presper Eckert
John William Mauchly
None of the answers above is correct
Exercise 1
Conflict miss
Capacity miss
Compulsory miss
Cold start miss
None of the answers above is correct
Coherence miss
Capacity
C
it miss
i
Conflict miss
Cold start miss
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
System dumps
Physical addresses
Program data
Operating system log files
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
What is better?
Exercise 1
Aeroplane
NY to
Paris
Speed
Passengers
Throughput
(Persons/h)
Boeing 747
6.5 h
610 mph
470
72.3
Concorde
3h
1350 mph
132
44.0
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Definition of Speedup
Exercise 1
Speedup S (Acceleration):
A is S times faster than B
T(B)
S =
= 6.5h / 3h = 2.167
T(A)
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Performance Goal
Speedup
speedup( p processors) =
performance( p processors)
performance(1 processor )
speedup( p processors) =
Exercise 1
time(1 processor )
time( p processors)
Efficiency
efficiency( p processors) =
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
speedup( p processors)
p
Exercise 1
speedup( p processors) =
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
tpm( p processor )
tpm(1 processors)
Exercise 1
Alternatively,
y,
Execution time for entire task without using the enhancement
Speedup =
Execution time for entire task using the enhancement when possible
Universitytells
of Duisburg-Essen
Exercise
Computer
Architektur
Speed
us how much faster a task will run using
theAdvanced
machine
with
the
Faculty of Engineering
Lecturer: Dipl. -Ing. M.A. Lebedev
Computer Engineeringas opposed to the original machine.
14 of 37
enhancement
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
Amdahls Law gives us a quick way to find the speedup from some
enhancement, which depends on two factors:
1. The fraction of the computation time in the original machine that can be
converted to take advantage of the enhancement
2 The
2.
Th improvement
i
t gained
i d by
b the
th enhanced
h
d execution
ti mode;
d that
th t is,
i how
h
much faster the task would run if the enhanced mode were used for the
entire program
The execution time using the original machine with the enhanced mode will be
the time spent using the unenhanced portion of the machine plus the time
spent using the enhancement:
F
Fraction
i enhanced
Execution timenew = Execution timeold (1 Fractionenhanced ) +
Speedupenhanced
Execution timeold
University of Duisburg-Essen
Execution timenew
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
1
Fraction
Speedupenhanced
Advanced
Computer Architektur
enhanced
+
(1 Fractionenhanced ) Exercise
Lecturer: Dipl. -Ing. M.A. Lebedev
15 of 37
Exercise 1
f * Ts + (1 f) * Ts/p
Exercise 1
S(p)
S(p) = p (ideal)
S(p) < p (real)
Speedup
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Number of processors
Exercise 1
Definition of Efficiency
Exercise 1
T(sequential)
=
Efficiency
E(p) = S(p) / p
p * T(parallel)
with 0 < E(p) 1
Number of processors p
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
18
24
16
20
None of the answers above is correct
10
Exercise 1
5 Ts
5
1,098
None of the answers above is correct
12.6
10.6
1.075
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
1
2
1.56
None of the answers above is correct
Fractionenhanced = 0.4
Speedupenhanced = 10
Speedupoverall =
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
1
0.6 +
0.4
10
1
1.56
0.64Exercise Advanced Computer Architektur
Lecturer: Dipl. -Ing. M.A. Lebedev
22 of 37
11
Exercise 1
1
0.2
(1 0.2 ) +
10
University of Duisburg-Essen
1
= 1.22
0.82
SpeedupFP =
1
0.5
(1 0.5 ) +
1.6
1
= 1.23
0.8125
Improving
the performance of the FP operations overall is
slightly
better
Faculty of Engineering
Lecturer:
Dipl. -Ing.
M.A. Lebedev
Computer Engineering
23 of 37
because
of
the
higher
frequency.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
12
Exercise 1
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Scalability
Exercise 1
S
Speedup
d is
i usually
ll reduced
d
d by
b additional
dditi
l parallel
ll l overhead:
h d
V(p) = p*T(p) T(seq)
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
13
.... Scalability
Exercise 1
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
603 s
797 s
500 s
None of the answers above is correct
163
63
100
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
14
Problem 6: Scalability
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
In 1913, Henry Ford was the first to introduce the pipeline principle
into industrial fabrication with production start of Tin Lizzy.
Principle:
A complex task is distributed into
a sequence of simple partial tasks.
Advantage:
Higher throughput (Lizzies / h)
Simplification (and thus faster
processing) of partial tasks
(CISC RISC)
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
15
Sequential Laundry
6
Exercise 1
10
11
12
Time
30 40 20 30 40 20 30 40 20 30 40 20
T
a
s
k
o
r
d
e
r
A
B
C
D
The sequential laundry needs 6 hours for 4 tasks.
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Pipeline Laundry
6
Exercise 1
10
11
12
Time
30 40 40 40 40 20
T
a
s
k
o
r
d
e
r
A
B
C
D
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
16
Exercise 1
Pipelining does not improve the execution time of a single task; it improves
the throughput of the total work load.
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
T1 = k * T
17
Exercise 1
n*k
=
Tpipe
k1+n
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Exercise 1
35
3.5
3
6
None of the answers above is correct
2 cycles
l
3 cycles
4 cycles
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
18
Exercise 1
2 cycles
3 cycles
4 cycles
None of the answers above is correct
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
Summary
Exercise 1
University of Duisburg-Essen
Faculty of Engineering
Computer Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger
19