Coptic alphabet

The Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the

Coptic language. The repertoire of glyphs is based on the
Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the
Egyptian Demotic and is the rst alphabetic script used
for the Egyptian language. There are several Coptic alphabets, as the Coptic writing system may vary greatly
among the various dialects and subdialects of the Coptic
language.

used the Coptic alphabet.

The Coptic alphabet was the rst Egyptian writing system to indicate vowels, making Coptic documents invaluable for the interpretation of earlier Egyptian texts.
Some Egyptian syllables had sonorants but no vowels; in
Sahidic, these were written in Coptic with a line above
the entire syllable. Various scribal schools made limited
use of diacritics: some used an apostrophe as a word divider and to mark clitics, a function of determinatives in
logographic Egyptian; others used diereses over and to
show that these started a new syllable, others a circumex
over any vowel for the same purpose.[1]

The Old Nubian alphabetused to write Old Nubian, a

Nilo-Saharan language is written mainly in an uncial
Greek alphabet, which borrows Coptic and Meroitic letters of Demotic origin into its inventory.

2 Form

History

Coptic is largely based on the Greek alphabet, another

help in interpreting older Egyptian texts,[2] with 24 letters of Greek origin; 6 or 7 more were retained from
Demotic, depending on the dialect (6 in Sahidic, another
each in Bohairic and Akhmimic).[1] In addition to the alphabetic letters, the letter stood for the syllable /ti/. As
the Coptic alphabet is simply a typeface of the Greek alCoptic letters in a orid Bohairic script
phabet, with a few added letters, it can be used to write
Greek without any transliteration schemes. Latin equivThe Coptic alphabet has a long history, going back to alents would include the Icelandic alphabet (which likethe Hellenistic period, of using the Greek alphabet to wise has added letters), or the Fraktur alphabet (which
transcribe Demotic texts, with the aim of recording the has distinctive forms).
correct pronunciation of Demotic. During the rst two
centuries of the Common Era, an entire series of magical texts were written in what scholars term Old Coptic, Egyptian language texts written in the Greek alpha- 3 Alphabet table
bet. A number of letters, however, were derived from
Demotic, and many of these (though not all) are used in [1] In Sahidic dialect, it is [i], while, in Bohairic dialect, it is
[e].
true Coptic writing. With the spread of Christianity in
Egypt, by the late 3rd century, knowledge of hieroglyphic
writing was lost, as well as Demotic slightly later, making [2] The vowel /u/ is commonly written with not alone.
way for a writing system more closely associated with the
[3] The additional letter xai is in Akhmimic and in
Christian church. By the 4th century, the Coptic alphabet
Bohairic, both for a velar fricative /x/.
was standardised, particularly for the Sahidic dialect.
(There are a number of dierences between the alphabets [4] Some scholars constructed its pronunciation as [k], while
as used in the various dialects in Coptic.) Coptic is not
others as [t].
generally used today except by the members of the Coptic
Orthodox Church of Alexandria to write their religious [5] In Sahidic dialect, it is [ti], while in Bohairic dialect, it is
texts. All the Gnostic codices found in Nag Hammadi
[de].
1

3.1

Letters derived from Demotic

REFERENCES

Combining acute accent: U+0301

The following letters were derived from Demotic:

Combining grave accent: U+0300

Combining circumex accent (caret shaped):

U+0302

Unicode

Main articles: Greek and Coptic (Unicode block), Coptic

(Unicode block), and Coptic Epact Numbers (Unicode
block)
In Unicode, most Coptic letters formerly shared codepoints with similar Greek letters, but a disunication was
accepted for version 4.1, which appeared in 2005. The
new Coptic block is U+2C80 to U+2CFF. Most fonts
contained in mainstream operating systems use a distinctive Byzantine style for this block. The Greek block
includes seven Coptic letters (U+03E2U+03EF highlighted below) derived from Demotic, and these need to
be included in any complete implementation of Coptic.

Combining circumex (curved shape) or inverted

breve above: U+0311
Combining circumex as wide inverted breve above
joining two letters: U+0361
Combining diaeresis: U+0308

6 See also
Coptic pronunciation reform
Institute of Coptic Studies

Diacritics and punctuation

7 References

These are also included in the Unicode specication.

5.1

Punctuation

Normal English punctuation (comma, period, question mark, semicolon, colon, hyphen) uses the regular Unicode codepoints for punctuation
Dicolon: standard colon U+003A
Middle dot: U+00B7

Em dash: U+2014

Kasser, Rodolphe. 1991. Alphabet in Coptic,

Greek. In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz
S. Atiya. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Volume 8. 3032.

Slanted double hyphen: U+2E17

Combining diacritics

These are codepoints applied after that of the character

they modify.
Combining overstroke:
stroke)

U+0305 (= supralinear

Combining character-joining overstroke (from middle of one character to middle of the next): U+035E
Combining dot under a letter: U+0323
Combining dot over a letter: U+0307
Combining
overstroke
U+0305,U+0323

[2] Campbell, George L. Coptic. Compendium of the

Worlds Writing Systems. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Biddles LTD,
1991. 415.

Quaegebeur, Jan. 1982. De la prhistoire de

l'criture copte. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta
13:125136.

En dash: U+2013

5.2

[1] Ritner, Robert Kriech. 1996. The Coptic Alphabet. In

The Worlds Writing Systems, edited by Peter T. Daniels
and William Bright. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 1994:287290.

and

dot

below:

Kasser, Rodolphe. 1991. Alphabets, Coptic. In

The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz S. Atiya.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Volume 8. 3241.
Kasser, Rodolphe. 1991. Alphabets, Old Coptic.
In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz S. Atiya.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Volume 8. 4145.
Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-39524018-9-7.

External links
Michael Everson's Revised proposal to add the Coptic alphabet to the BMP of the UCS
Final Proposal to Encode Coptic Epact Numbers in
ISO/IEC 1064
Copticsounds a resource for the study of Coptic
phonology
Phonological overview of the Coptic alphabet in
comparison to classical and modern Greek.
Coptic Unicode input
Michael Everson's Antinoou: A standard font for
Coptic supported by the International Association
for Coptic Studies.
Ifao N Copte A professional Coptic font for researchers, students and publishers has been developed by the French institute of oriental archeology
(IFAO). Unicode, Mac and Windows compatible,
this free font is available through downloading from
the IFAO website (direct link).
Coptic fonts ; Coptic fonts made by Laurent Bourcellier & Jonathan Perez, type designers
: Coptic font support how to install, use and
manipulate Coptic ASCII and Unicode fonts
Download Free Coptic Fonts
The Coptic Alphabet (omniglot.com)
GNU FreeFont Coptic range in serif face

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Coptic alphabet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet?oldid=741051622 Contributors: Andre Engels, JeLuF, Oliver

Pereira, DopeshJustin, Nixdorf, Stevan White, Error, Tobias Conradi, Vincent Ramos, Adia~enwiki, Puckly, Diderot, Lethe, Marcika,
Monedula, Varlaam, Joe Kress, RScheiber, Pne, Neilc, Geni, Mustafaa, Evertype, Mzajac, Joyous!, Perey, Sleman, 4pq1injbok, Wise mike,
Dbachmann, Bender235, MichaelFayez, Bletch, Kwamikagami, Jburt1, Ogress, Jumbuck, MCiura, Mark Dingemanse, Inciteful~enwiki,
Silroquen, Suruena, Proski, Alai, Nefertum17, Afanous, Twthmoses, Ch'marr, Amikeco, Paxsimius, DePiep, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, FlaBot,
Gringo300, Codex Sinaiticus, Youssefa, Chobot, YurikBot, RussBot, Shell Kinney, EvKnight13, BGManofID, Aldux, , Sardanaphalus,
SmackBot, Reedy, Hydrogen Iodide, Zerida, Kintetsubualo, Ikiroid, Nbarth, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Soosed, Waprap, LoveEncounterFlow, DMacks, Serouj, Hvn0413, DabMachine, Myopic Bookworm, Ghaly, Connection, CmdrObot, Van helsing, MariBoktor, Cydebot,
Future Perfect at Sunrise, Theopneustos, Thijs!bot, Roger Pearse, Nick Number, Drmccreedy, Flibjib8, Magioladitis, A12n, Jim Douglas,
EagleFan, Flembles, Fconaway, Mike.lifeguard, Spl908455, RoboMaxCyberSem, Trymybest, Lanternix, Liliana-60, Joshua Issac, Rmih,
Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Macedonian, TXiKiBoT, Rei-bot, GlassFET, AlleborgoBot, S.rvarr.S, Indexheavy, Svick, Oneforlogic, ClueBot,
Nnemo, Alexbot, DerBorg, XLinkBot, MystBot, Addbot, Leszek Jaczuk, BabelStone, LaaknorBot, Lightbot, Ettrig, Legobot, Luckas-bot,
Yobot, Yngvadottir, Alexandre8, Stubby Nubby, AnomieBOT, Klimenok, Mahmudmasri, Scs237, Colorsontrial, Xqbot, Maddie!, Schwei2,
Lothar von Richthofen, FoxBot, AHeneen, Lotje, Hyarmendacil, EmausBot, Westley Turner, EGeene, ClueBot NG, Joefromrandb, Coptie,
BG19bot, Bogdan Nagachop, Marcocapelle, JohnThorne, HeyManHRU, Ahyangyi, Gurgisgirgis, Indiana State, Epicgenius, Egy writer,
HMSLavender, MSTVD, Izkala, SSTyer, Shirin.berkeley and Anonymous: 73

9.2

Images

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I created this work entirely by myself.
Original artist:
Lanternix (talk)
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9.2

Images

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9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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width='100' height='83' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CopticLetters.png/150px-CopticLetters.
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Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

9.3

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