amramnaesaaesee ee RESERRRUOREE serene a aE onactes Cnicles—sancturies where det, trough thee spokesperson, ve answers wo those ‘who consulted dctn~seprcented one of dhe moe portant and orignal Ica in {user Tbwantinay included myriad oracula snctores. Some each a Tideaea, ‘on the Bolivian alla andl Pachacamae, on Pos ental cot, were the Toca of ar-Andean pilgrimages, Osher were of rpionl and interregional importance, while the mort served 3 local sins. In fc, every Anan sociopolical Uni, such 399 Jayla or an ethnie grovp bad its own orc epesented by at upright stone (hus) ‘enti wien the mythical founder of che group, bythe maried body (ls) of an ethnic ons ancestor, or by 3 particular tur inthe bnvespe—a rock, sing. ce, “armounaia peak (cing) fom whence people beliewe the frst ancestors merged All thot sited enter and any oe, dol, ot place of wordhip idenaied wath saperataal ‘being and powers were Known a fnaeas anda hen were at est porently oral. Wie was the aural nature ofthe Andsanscigon tit sported the development of concur practices inthe Andes, i ws unde the Teas tha his phenomenon reached treats development and dsion, lade, che eatin of lage oraclarcetesrepe= ented ne ofthe principe concerns ofthe Inca rer, The emperor Pachacu bul the CCarieancha, the Temple ofthe Sin in Cazen His son Tops Inca Yopungo transformed 90 ancont yon sinctuariy, Tiicaca and Pachacamac, isto impeesive onc Ce {er of pan- Andean renown; and hi son, Haya Capa, adopted the once of Cateql ‘his potoctve degy and ypead st soehip throughout norhern Ehuantasuy, In facta ruler did not make any decrons with is onsusing the Stag in he Corcinch, For the ios important tate mates, er wsualy dae dec wich the sacred image of the Sun, Puan (he dy or young Sun sal seated aap ‘morphic igre of gold, whore hollow ingerior contained the athes of he hearts of fore Inca rere Acronding tthe chronicler Felipe Guaman Por de Ayala the aca knee inthe mide of the temple an cuered the Sun idl, who ang sswered i. ‘The only other person who coud communist with the Son god wa the Wallse Usa (the sooduayer who relate, who announce) the head pies of Inca eign. The Wille [Uns lived in dhe Covcancha,assited by number of priests and hundred: of chosen women” (amazin) and servants (jnaaws). He eared for Punch, and served 3 his ‘pokesperion The Wille Um appointed oral pric tnoughouTabanennay and 206 as the San gods onicler Pode ‘steaing the Ch an he god th ‘offic what the aay decison and this legiimacy Next to the served the tt he empize§ ai pronownceneats ‘While the Ce sinbow) served fear the pak aft Fad bee he ma ofthe Lorde of © test om the mo the valley of Ces rainbow over agave amen 0 thse In rigid Ines i se, such a1 Tiiones, fost were the focue of onl inporenee, whe lial uit suc a an eight one nan) ied body (ma) of ack, sprog cae sneer eee Al ied wid superna ex potently oracles, 4 he development of tenomeaon reached i orca eaters rep for Preheat baile che Yapangs eranraned presve oral cen Ihe crac of Categuil "Tahuaeinaya, suiting the St goin ally del dicey wih seed aropo oft hee of former > Ayala the Ines Koel ingly anewered hin, "a the Wil Un 2 religion: The Will Frunded of “chosen bio and served a hit \eTahusneineay an, oractes 207 the Sun godt spokespenon, proclaimed who wa dened to be the nex ruler The {luonicler Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa deverisd how then prince Pocus ater Aefeatng the Chaneas ce Myths, Origin) kd the Sun wh would be the next Inc, {nl he god hough the high pri, tol him that he woul be the new king, Aes natcr, ‘offic, what the Sun god mtanieted in Coricancha wes noe jst he eligi port oF any decision and step of some importance take bythe Inc, but twas the ery og of is legtimacy ae rl Next to the Gorieatchs, paz called Rimacpampa (the pha of he who speaks) served the seting for a solemn ceremony tended by te chi lors an the priests of ‘he empire's mor act-Therprclamarions of new emperor took lace and omer pronouncement were made publi While the Coricncha orci was reserved only for the nce sues, Huanaeaut (be sinbow) served asthe oracle of the Inca nobility in gene Its sanctary wos locted ‘ea he peak ofthe eponymous il that dominate Caco tothe southwest Hunacar hig been the main deity ofthe pe-imperdl nex apd renained the oracle pr exons ofthe lon of Cuzco unt the asad ofthe Spann, Acconfing to Inca adiion, fom the mountain of Huanacari dat Manco Capac dhe mythical founder limped fhe valley of Cuzco fir the 6s tine (ee Myth, Origin). The apparition os double ‘inbow omer a mountaintop, well athe outcome of divination rites held tev, were208 onactes lowerpreted bythe Inc gn that hie ws the appropiate valley where he sho ete with his people and found Cuzco, Forte, one of Manco’ brothers eansformed Jno a amv opright stone) on the unit of Fuanacout. Pom dt lest spt, he ‘maintained dict communication with che Sun, speaking with hin and nerceing a favor of his peopl, so tat che god would proect them, This privilege sltionsip with the Sun god expla wy an apiclerl ld near dhe Coecancs wis devoted to the shrine of Huanacaur The importance of Hannacauri is ndescored ina famous dewing by Guaman Poms har shows the Tnex Tops Yepang speaking fo the Sages of diferent huge Arson, ‘hem Hearacari de only one identified by nme, aout du to its dominant po- sition. Guaman Poma's drawing stats the etaculr hace cones that ek pace in Cuzco athe anal eval of Capac Ray, celebrated during the austal summer tolticg in December. sugges thatthe ceremony was iaitted by Toa lca Yupuna, the divine king who not only poke t the ae, but abo had the power to make theme speak when he wished “The chronicler Pedro de Cieza de Led noted tht cach yor the Incs summoned the principal uses to Cusco. Entourage of estan servants accompanied the hus, which wore recived with comsderble pomp. On the designated dy hey gabered in the main plea an asthe ruler the people of Cuzco, and the delegations looked on ach ‘ne made predictions about the coming yer In genera, the ht were inied to opine ‘om whether there wete tobe good harvest and incase of Livestock o ion the con- ‘nary famine oF gues would act the people and the Hock: if he Inca Would exjoy gon heath if ther would e peace in Twantnaayy or ieere woul be conic nd ‘ebelion. The inca pric, under the dieu ofthe Wilae Unn, ake the questions tn each un priest replied The hese the wes of heir gods hey den sbundant ‘mounts of tha (cora bes) mixed wih psychotropic aban The haat Spoke" «0 ‘en dite o throug dreams Te Inca pricy ecorded ech pie and he Following year asgned the sancuaris of the lua whore prophecies came ere with il ils nu endowments The Inu that had given inexact or wrong prodictions lst pegs however, and shes shrine eceived neither benefits nor privileges “AS noted Tp Inca Yas a aos bene al withthe peat orks of tes, lected on a iad in the eponymous lake, acts fon the Copuabana pein, and Pachacamae sented a the mouth of the Lr Rive, jst south of Lina. The dev ‘opment of Titicaca and Puchanae as age oracular centers of pan-Anwean prominence reflected the strategic plae of Top Inc Yopangu, who was determined to expand and ‘omoldste the Erie In beth ples the Inc spied the sae esas of foe “In ‘nization? which ened the malian of hbo and resources oa an unprecedented ‘leat lt for gious contre outside of Cuzco hse sanctuaries bo sw he iple= ‘mentation of analogs fom of vos pigimapes, human sacrifices and ferns of ‘albl and prenigious good, ctried outscoring to the Ince ceremonial ender, par- teulaiy daring Capac Ray, dhe summer slice fstnal (ee Calendar, Rita ‘Without doa the sncuary of Tica was one ofthe empises mon sized shrines ‘on which more resouts wee lavished than on any other Daring the mign of Tops Inca ‘Yupungui che Incas tansformed a epional sine ito the destination af long-distance plarimages. Ace emerging roma ‘encore © ‘omered in fee ‘with ol a i (of Coa here and power ofthe ‘ang, and a vaiet, “The gest co approach the Tnxiponcu (ton they delivered th saccenive portals recording to the interoptig the in the obsenane ‘se consideed 3 Drop bythe all Evidently om ‘Through the vio couunides. Th ted dt ene ab 2 poll nate, nding, an thet ction ines ei Wkly ‘hreshois seen nel of ores, “Thies, the Ine panding a prees 2 impresive So sasha (latforn lage perimeter ‘Thus they want by lod foe th sanctury covere ‘Acconlng to tad to it orev they had vo waits oficisted. Gener erp the pie ‘Merwad, ther snd walling back Speak on.”deze he should sete other eansfrmed foe dette spot, be nd intercadig sd elionhip with, wer devote to the ‘by Guaman Poma Sent a, Ao tos dominant yor tte took pase the aul summer Tops ea Yopngei, ower to make them {he Ina summoned puede hee, ithe perdi ous loaked omen sre tnked 0 opine Coron the cone © thc woul “ad te conti ed de gueon fey dant Shean ‘hue Spoketo “andl ue ih ch ite Som lot pes ‘odes of Tica, ana pins and Lis, The devel lndesn prominence ned to expand and shee of fred I "on unprecedented 250 saw the imple sand ofering of foil elena, p= lay Rica. ot sacred ines teen offs nce of longistance onactes. 208 pilgrimages. Accondng 6 Inca tadiion, the San had appeared dhete fr the fist me, ‘lerging fom a cavity athe bate ofa rock called Tis, which represented the sant “stud of the ose This seed rock, considered che dealing place ofthe Sun god wat ‘covered fine cath (aml and the olor whence emerged wae completely sheathed ‘with gold and ver Furthermore, the ene sanctuary, which inchded the nearby Band ‘oF Coat, where the Moon, wife ofthe Sun, woe worshipped angiblyexpresied the glory fxd power ofthe Sun god, wit is monumeral buildings in which myriad priests, ama ‘ng and a varey of evans Hed and worked a caretakers and to welcome piers “The greve majority of pilgrim who reached the land of Tisacs were not allowed to approach the rock of Tala The fifa could only sce ie Som a gateway elle Tcpanc (gatomay ofthe Se) acted some two hundred steps rm the rock, where ‘hey delivered thelr offerings to the pees The chronicler Ramos Gavin noted thee succeive portals Posy cach gateway represented the limit hat pilgrims could reach, ccording to tee rank. At each doorway, Inca press waited fr the prime to "cone" Jnterogating them aout the Fu cat they ad thes communities may have commited in the observance ofthe Ines state sign and other obbgations. Hiding any flares ‘ves considered a graven, lading wo the most teerible poishment for them and ceit pop bythe all-powefl and ermine Sun god, Evidently orale sich ar Teas were formidable centers of information paering “Through the ris ofconuion ee pps told oracle pies what wet oni heir commutes. This information, daly rocesed sed colli with analogous testimonies fn dts, len high deste of aceatacy tthe oracle’ predictions, above ll in chore of 2 poll nate. nereting peopl’ levels of rain them. fa euro, dhs eaxoworhies, ‘nding, and influencing the process of decson making of people and therefor their actions iareaed the posible tat oriculepredicons come ta Teh ily that Tiicacts thee gutewaye comesponded to the various pation and thresholds seen inthe temple of Pashacemic (the one stho animate the work, the orale of orl, ested on the cental cas of Peru, jas south of Lima. There. 09 Tikicac, the Ines invested enormous sesouces and energy in remodeling and ex- ancing s preexisting sanctary, known vat then as Yehsma. The Ines conseucted Sn impresive Som temple, complex for the mamanvu, an enormous plaza with an tana (atfran and ata) to rectve pilgrims, «palace for the Inca governs, three Tange perimeter wal, new access rade and numerous och monamene smote. ‘Thas,diey wunsformed de shrine of Pachacamae into a magaiicent sacred cy visited by loi from the farthest reaches of he Ines Eepice When the Spaniards avived the Stuaty covered mre than 50 heres (123 ache). “Accosing tothe account of the fire Spaniards who toot in dhe sanctuary, Pins ta oft fr sever] weeks before entering the lowest patio of Pachacamiac temple and they had to wait even longer tobe ates nt the highest pati, where the mai pit ‘fated. Geneallyoaly the mos important ethai leds could reach this Bal pat, {querying de pies who received them seated and with his head covered wth 2 Banke, ‘Arora, oer pris alle yo, the “servants of Pachacamac, took ove, entering tnd galing backward into te chamber tat houted ee god wooden ido, inorder #0 “peak” him, The conuatons generally took place at right Inthe dake of the210 onactes ‘aber, minting thee hicks tothe ial dhe ys posed their quis tothe god, ‘who answored witha while ora hairasing srck- The chronicler Gareilaso de la Vega rots thatthe Ince removed minor dei fiom Pachcamac, ad reid sees tothe once to"Fngs and great lou." The elite ‘ature acquized by de orale inetd by theft that burl in the are surounding dhe temple was an honor reserved exchaively forthe bodies of high ranking lon an pres People of lower sates could be buried in the saacuiry of another important oracle. ‘Rime (he who speak}, locaed on che left bank of Lima cver where the Spann lete bua he Church of Sea Ana, Coastal etic groupe wontipped and conse Rime bout important matters The Ins dhemnches revered it; Heya Capac fr instance, onset before Setting of to eanguer the wand of Pons, in Boor Hiuayma Capac exablsed a privileged reltionship wth the orale of Cateqall, sn ancient deity ofthe northern highlands of Per, linked to Thunder He spread the cul (of Caequi to Eeusdor, where various wre plies scited with springy ae located In this wa, Catequl became one of the mont important oils in Taantnay eat comiderd the mes “alla” ofall the oracles, andi was believed to have the fcly to give speech w haar who did't Know how to speak. On the eve of the Spaniards sre, dhe snetsary of Casa located on » mountain peak inthe Inca prone of Hiusmachco, ras destoye bythe ies Asp, afer he god prods that Aap wo lose to his brother Hoasca Gee Wes, Dyna), Apa extreme reaction responded tothe need tence the once sa that ts prophecy would not be repeated to the deletions of peoples fom al over che empite who teil vited the sanctuary. Such an unfavorable prediction would have le them to side with Haass, changing the jostcome of the Wit of scceon Other famous Ines ora incladed Apurimac,Vicanot, and Corpus. The sane tuary of Aputinae (he lord who speaks) ws located ner dhe eponymous ie, the sourhess of Cuzco and war under the cae of a prictes of nable Cuzco bod. The ‘raul idol ws represented by 3 thick wonden stall in the shape of» human fir, plcod ina small chamber decorated ou the outside with polychrome paintings and in- Se immersed, ike Pachacamac, incomplete dane The orale ofVileanota (Aya, house of dhe Sun) wa located south of Cuzco athe La Raya ps, which separates Caren fom the apne region where Lake Teas i Ioeated Pople took this oracle’ paedic= tion at absolute ruth The Incas wed to offer Vesna lage quan of ence an, ‘ceca, human beings. ‘According to Ciezs de Lea, the snctury of Coropn, lcd ne large snow capped yleano in the Inca province of Cumtsuy, we always crowded with pigs fom eros Tahuantnsuy,The empire eng lon vnted ths ral wi cosdertle ffequency. ince i answered their questions yor rand, and ot only during particule fess was the case with ay ofthe oer orl, Thanks to he high attendance of pilvims who left precious oferingy, and tothe benefits and endowments granted by the Incas, Coropuna became a primary religions center, with umber of pet, mamas and pram an enormous tema. and cosiderble resources consisting of ig fcks fof camsids and rich agricul eld, Likely the vncttary of Conopuna comesponds to the sprang, 4-hectare (11 -acre) serdement located at 3600 meter (1111 ee) hove sea eel ot ‘Monacte (O14 and ge ceremo Further Reac rae Bean Sand Gea de an Pde Vitor Wola ‘apo eae cars Perec! i: nia econ, Thonn ¢ ‘singed Corel Ges Tepe Ther tl ebnogr Srmnm et Ai Meavestion tothe god, moved minor dite reac lol" The elit fares suzoundingthe ‘king lore and pets, her portant orl, re the Spade ter sud cone imac 2 Capac for instance, vader race of Categil, 2» ‘He read the cule fh springs ate loested Tohuantasaye fe was to have he aly re of the Spaninde fhe Inea province of ote hae Atal sb extreme tection ald ot be rep Viste ee snctsary. “ase changing the Coropuna The sane- yao ier, the le-Canco blood The {soma fire and ‘he prising and in (Wiese (Aymars, hich separces Cusco this oracle pedi ies of eet and {nea lage snow ded with pigs ewith considerable {iy during pater © high tenance of| ent granted bythe © pris mamas iting oflnge Rocks ropuna correspond ncters (14,811 ee) oractes an shove se evel on the southern side ofthe ‘Maellaca (OR Town, with more Gan vo | tnd lage ceremonial structure, suntan of Coropuns and known today 25 need monumental stone buildings, pat Further Reading Bie Dean Sand Cac Sah Rial a pina Ani Ande Te ld of he Sut nd te Ma Ava: Uneraty oF Tn Pr 20 (Gio de Ut Pi de: Then of ee de Clea de Lab Ted by Hast de On, aed by ‘Vise Walang vn Hage Norn Unie of Oxishor Pre 1999 [1589-884 ‘curs vce Mc. "fcton: accumsan tas dl wa aig tue vedo oc” Ply dine 285-19 211 Cont Peace Maren and Mate Zr ek Abney aes or mand and aig Tin: ons Unser Cts dl Pett Res de Eon Aton, 208 Got, ete.” Onl, Dine Kipp. ail Repeat in thls Se any ‘al 132 1998 Pateson, Thoms €."Pchcamio—An Aron Onl er te Une Rk tn Rao Ss “Ana Deity ad Poise, Pye Sada Noa Cayo o ean ‘hb ed ty ele by Deter Keak Di Stn 50 Hen NY Cnn Unies at Area Ss Pog 185, ap Jt There Lng Tepe an Aledo Mey Cor Cagle Aho Elbe ahd Etnowopiy of «Major Princ Hac” An At Vas Spt ‘pgs, Wi bl and Hale Svernny 96 New Yr lowes Ace ‘ee/ ems Pols, 22