1.

Title (peer
reviewed)

M. Paz
Galupo.
Friendship
Values and
CrossCategory
Friendships:
Understandin
g Adult
Friendship
Patterns
Across
Gender,
Sexual
Orientation
and Race
1997. This
article was
originally
published by
Sex Roles: A
Journal of
Research.
V68 n11-12
(201306)

Credibility of
author/organiza
tion using an
appositive
rhetorical
situation with
intended
audience
M. Paz Galupo
is a Professor of
Psychology at
Townson
University. She
has a Masters
of Arts and a
PhD in
Experimental
Psychology
from the
University of
Arkansas and a
Bachelors
degree in
Psychology
from Miami
University. Dr.
Galupo is the
editor-in-chief
for both the
Journal of GLBT
Family Studies
and the Journal
of Bisexuality.

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written
objectively

Does this
voice
agree/disag
ree with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.
39-40)

My Analysis/
thoughts - can
be more casual

Other

The article
states three
general
friendship
values: trust
and honestly,
respect a
friend as a
person, and
be there
when
needed.
There are
also three
general
values for
cross identity
friendships:
similar lives
and
experiences,
similar
values, and
nonjudgment
al. One of the

I think this
voice is
very similar
to others I
have read
about
recently. I
also think
that the
values are
very
generalized
in the way
that others
would
easily
related to
friendship
values.
Sticking
with people
that are
similar to
you seems
to be a

M. Paz Galupo
ends most of
her
paragraphs by
wrapping up
and conclude
her ideas.
However, this
quote stood
out to me as
she ended a
paragraph
discussing the
main topic of
the article,
Close
friendships
are
characterized
by more
frequent
interaction
and affection,
are less
dependent

My thoughts on
this article are
that the
experiments
done were
helpful but the
results werent
really
surprising. Most
people value
the same things
in friendship.
The main 6 that
were studied
were,
trust/honestly,
respect friend
as person, there
when needed,
similar
lives/experience
s, similar
values,
nonjudgmental.
Sexual

It talked about
how people
usually lean
toward similar
people who value
the same things
(homophily), but
it also talked
about crosscategory which is
friendships that
exist between
individuals who
are different in
social identities,
they defy the
expected
friendship pattern
of homophily,
these friendships
beat the odds
and obstacles.

779-790

2.Title (peer
reviewed)

main things
that article
kept saying
was that
people
connect
themselves
with other
who are
similar to
themselves,
this is a basic
principle of
social
relationships.
The basis of
being
similar to
each other
is based off
of gender,
age, race,
social
economic
status, and
sexual
orientation.
Credibility of
author/organizat
ion using an
appositive
rhetorical

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written

trending
topic when
talking
about
friendship.

upon
proximity,
provide more
benefits, and
are
enacted more
exclusively
than are
casual
friendships.

orientation
didnt really
effect the
experiment that
much in
showing what
values that saw
important to
friendship.

Does this
voice
agree/disagr
ee with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.

My Analysis/
thoughts - can
be more casual

Other

Mark Vernon.
The Science
of Friendship
2004: 64-67,
80. This
article has
been
published on
proquest.com
which is a
website that
is committed
to
empowering
researcher
and librarians
around the
world. The
content
provided is a
product of
scholars,
students, and
professionals.

situation with
intended
audience
Mark Vernon is a
psychotherapist,
a writer, and
teacher. He is
also a skeptic
when it comes
to the science of
friendships. He
works in London
at a private
practice and at
the Maudsley
Hospital. He has
published books
on friendship,
love, wellbeing,
belief,
spirituality,
science and
ancient Greek
philosophy. The
contributes to
radio programs
and discussions,
usually on BBC.
Some of the
classes he
teaches are
available online.
He has a PhD in

objectively

The main
idea of this
article was
similar to
the golden
rule, do to
other as
they have
done unto
you. It goes
as far back
in time as
1966,
George
Williams, his
idea that
communicat
ion can
really effect
how others
treat you
and how
knowing the
outcome of
a situation
can affect
how others
treat you.
The game
tit-for-tat,

39-40)

This voice
does agree
with other
people; it is
even in the
bible as the
golden
rule. Most
other voices
would say
friendship
has to
involve
some type
of respect or
treating
each other
fairly.

When the
ways of
friends
converge, the
whole world
looks like
home for an
hour." This
quote placed
about halfway
through the
article states
that once
friendship is
acquired it is
a beautiful
thing and it is
rare to see
such a thing,
but when it
happens
peace and
respect both
emerge.

I liked how Mark

Vernon brought
in older
examples and
made them
relevant to what
is being
discussed. He
also had
multiple points
on friendship,
not just the
golden rule.
He talks about
how friendship
is much more
than just what is
sounds like, it is
an abstract idea
that requires
two people to
play a role and
equally uplift
each other.
Friend do not
use each other,
for it would be
known, friends
treat each other
how they would

Friendship arose
from the idea
that Charles
Darwin brought
up a long time
ago about
giving to others
will lead to
receiving from
them in return.
However, the
article also talks
about the
counter action,
saying friendship
is created from
the bottom up.

3.Title

Mara
Brendgen,
Dorothy
Markiewicz,
Anna Beth
Boyle, and
William M.
Bukowski.
The
Relations
Between
Friendship
Quality
RankedFriendship

philosophy from
the universities
of Durham and
Oxford.

for example,
is another
way that
treating
someone
how they
treat you is
important in
friendship.

want to be
treated.

Credibility of
author/organizat
ion using an
appositive
rhetorical
situation with
intended
audience
Dorothy
Mankiewicz, the
president of
brock University
got her PhD in
Psychology from
Ohio State
University. Mara
Brendgen got
her degree of
Psychology from
the University of
Quebec at
Montreal,
Canada. Anna

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written
objectively

Does this
voice
agree/disagr
ee with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.
39-40)

My Analysis/
thoughts - can
be more casual

Other

A study was
done to
examine the
link
between
perceived
friendship
quality and
friends
observed
behavior
toward each
other in
adolescents
and the

Some would
say that bad
experiences
between
friends will
weaken
their bond
and the way
they
perceive
each other.
That is not
the case in
this article.

The excerpt
ends by
saying Such
extensions of
the
investigative
framework
would
significantly
increase our
understandin
g of the
development
of behavior
dynamics that

This excerpt
was interesting
to read and
understand the
actual science
behind
friendships. It
discovered why
adolescents
choose the
friends they do
and what makes
them consider
them as best
friends

I found it
interesting that
there was so
much data found
during multiple
experiments
done trying to
understand
adolescents and
their behavior
and choices of
friends.

Preference,
and
Adolescents
Behavior With
Their Friends
2001.
Originally
published by
Wayne State
University
Press.

Beth Doyle got

her PhD in
Psychology from
Stanford
University in
1971. William
m. Bukowski
also had a PhD
in Psychology
from Michigan
State University
and is a
professor at
Loyola
International
College. All of
them have
published
several books.

results
showed that
friendship
quality can
be analyzed
as a
combination
of both
positive and
negative
interactions
experienced
in the
relationship.
The study
also
concluded
that the way
adolescents
perceive
friendship
qualities,
they also
rank
friendships
the same
way based
on their own
behavior
toward their
friend and
their
friends

may underlie
childrens and
adolescents
friendship
experiences.

compared to
just good
friends or even
just friends.

behavior
toward
them.
4.Title

Thomas J.
Berndt.
Friendship
Quality and
Social
Development
2002. The
article was
originally
published by
Sage
Publications,
Inc. on behalf
of the
Association
for
Psychological
Science.

Credibility of
author/organizat
ion using an
appositive
rhetorical
situation with
intended
audience
Thomas J.
Berndt, former
student at
Harvard
University and
the University of
Minnesota. He is
now a professor
at Purdue
University in the
department of
Psychological
Sciences. He
likes to focus on
social
development.
That includes
the
development of
friendships
during

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written
objectively

Does this
voice
agree/disagr
ee with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.
39-40)

My Analysis/
thoughts - can
be more casual

Other

In this
article, the
idea is
brought up
that the
quality of
friendship
can be
either
positively
influenced
or
negatively
influenced.
Having a
more stable,
healthy
friendship
as an
adolescent
can overall

I think this
voice would
agree with
everyone
else. People
usually
become
who they
hang out
with so if
that
happens to
be a good
thing, then
the person
usually
changes or
adapts in a
good way to
their friend.
The same

At the end of
one of his
concluding
paragraphs,
Thomas says
numerous
studies with
adults
suggest that
friendships
and other
supportive
relationships
enhance
many aspects
of adults
physical and
mental
health,
including
their self-

I thoroughly
enjoyed reading
this article
because it
introduced a
whole new side
to friendships
and how picking
and choosing
friends can not
only be positive,
but they can
also negatively
affect a person
too. I also
learned there
were ways a
friendship could
be directly and
indirectly
effected.

The article is
very in depth
and explains
everything it
introduces. An
idea that stuck
out most other
than the main
topic was a
friend in need is
a friend indeed
which means
that friends help
share with each
other, friends are
there for each
other when its
most important.
Friends also
praise your
successes not

5.Title

Bella
DePaulo. The
new Science
of Friendship
2012.
Originally
published on
Psychology
Todays
website by
Nicholas
Charney, PhD.
The goal of
the magazine

childhood and
adolescence,
the effects of
friendships on
development,
the processes of
outcome of peer
influences, and
moral
judgements.

help
someone to
have a more
positive
outlook on
life as well,
and vice
versa.

goes if the
friend is a
bad
friend.

esteem.

put you down for

them or make
you feel bad for
being successful.
They encourage
success. Friends
will also increase
your confidence
levels and selfesteem.

Credibility of
author/organizat
ion using an
appositive
rhetorical
situation with
intended
audience
Bella DePaulo
taught at the
University of
California, Santa
Barbara where
she is now
Project Scientist.
She has a PhD
in social
Psychology from
Harvard
University in
1979. DePaulo
studied

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written
objectively

Does this
voice
agree/disagr
ee with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.
39-40)

My Analysis/
thoughts - can
be more casual

Other

This article
took a look
at some
open ending
questions
like do
friendships
differ
between
ages? One
of the main
this that
stuck with
me was that

I think
others
would
partially
disagree on
the idea
that friends
give more
confidence
because it
may not be
true in
every
situation.

Bella DePaulo
concludes her
article by
saying a
quote found
through an
experience on
how people
accumulate
so many
friends, firstyear college
students who
had moved

There were
many questions
that werent
specifically
answered in the
article such as,
what kinds of
people become
friends, what is
friendship good
for, among
others. I noticed
some of the
experiments

Robert Louis
Stevenson was a
Scottish novelist,
poet, essayist,
and travel writer
so I think its
good DePaulo
included him and
his ideas into the
article. The style
of the article was
easy to read and
comprehend.
Even though

is to make
psychology
literature
more
accessible to
public.

communication
of deception for
more than 20
years. She has
over 100
publications and
some of her
work was
funded by NSF,
NIMH, and the
National
Academy of
Education. One
of her most
recent
publications and
interests is
Living Single.

Robert Louis
Stevenson
sad
friendship
is a present
you give
yourself.
You always
guess your
friend gives
you
confidence
and selfesteem. He
researched
that topic
and found
that a
person who
had their
friend with
them were
more likely
to climb a
very steep
hill rather
than if they
were alone.
Even just
thinking
about a
good friend
can put one

However, it
is usually
thought that
friendships
do bring
confidence
to one
another and
lead each
other to
step out of
their
comfort
zone more
so than they
would
alone.

frequently
during
childhood had
larger social
networks,
namely, more
Facebook
friends on
campus, than
those who
had moved.
Interestingly
when the
number of
Facebook
friends on
campus was
examined 2
months later,
frequent
movers had
made more
new friends
on campus
than had nonmovers.

were vague and

could have had
flaws. They
dont speak of
random
assignment and
there could be
confounding
variables. I think
the results they
got were
interesting and
fit the majority
of people, so
overall it as a
good article.

there are some

opinions in the
article I think are
mainly her ideas
they are good
and have enough
information to be
backed up. The
whole idea about
moving around
and having more
friends on
Facebook was
something I
wasnt expecting
but it made
sense and
brought an
interesting view
into the article.

in a better
mood.
6.Title

The Science of
Friendship
article was
posted on the
scienceofpeople.
com This
website is driven
to show people
the hidden
forces that make
you do what you
do. They want
the readers to
understand why
they do what
they do. Worldrenowned
academic
scientists and
New York Times
bestselling
authors have all

Credibility of
author/organizat
ion using an
appositive
rhetorical
situation with
intended
audience
The author is
this particular
article is
Vanessa Van
Edwards who is
a published
author and
behavior
investigator.
She writes for
Huffington Post
columns and
some of her
research has
been featured
on CNN, Forbes,
Business Week,
and the Wall
Street Journal.
She runs a
human behavior
lab in Portland,

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written
objectively

Does this
voice
agree/disagr
ee with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.
39-40)

My Analysis/
thoughts - can
be more casual

Other

Friends kill
your pain;
having
close
friends can
increase
your
endorphins
in your
brain which
are
painkillers
giving you a
feel good
type of
feeling.
Keeping up
with friends
is a sign of
healthy
minds,
usually

I think this
is a very
easily
agreeable
topic
because
friendships
usually
make
everyone
happy and
give off
those feel
good
feelings.
They also
affect us in
many ways,
especially
social
aspects of
our lives.

Edwards
concludes
the article by
saying, In
short, choose
your friends
wisely! Once
your find
your
people,
theyll be
there
through
better or for
worse,
through thick
and thin,
through the
pain and
aging. Theyll
be your
friends for

I think the
points that are
made in this
article are new
and fresh. They
arent talked
about in every
article but yet
they are
common since
you can think
about it and
relate it to your
own
friendships.
Having positive
relationships
are important
not only for
you, but for
your mental
state as well.

The way the

author opened
her article was
a very
intriguing,
funny yet true
statement.
Grabbing the
audiences
attention and
making them
realize that
friendships are
usually long
lasting and
create
happiness in
ones life or at
least that is the
goal. That
article outline
that affects

published
articles on this
website.

Oregon. There
she studies
charisma,
influence and
power of body
language. She
graduated
Magna Cum
Laude from
Emory
University in
Georgia in 2007.

healthy
relationship
s generate
healthy life
styles.
Experiment
s show that
men start to
socialize
15% more
than if they
have more
support
from friends
and family.
Reciprocal
friendship is
a study by
Tel Aviv
University
recently
discovered
that only
50% of
friendships
are actually
bidirectional
, compared
to the 95%
of those
who
thought
their

Friendship
influences
have lots of
power of
each other.
If friends
are really
friends and
it is
reciprocated
, then they
are more
motivated
by each
other.

life.

Keeping an
open mind and
healthy
friendships can
increase your
happiness and
confidence.

friendships can
have on you
and how they
arent always so
simple.

friendships
were fully
reciprocate
d.
7.Title

The Biology of
Friendship article
was published on
thedoctorweighsin.
com on May 18,
2015. The website
started out as a
blog about obesity
and weight loss in
2005, but it
transferred into
great writers
discussing topics
all about health
care. Pat Salber is
a board certified
internist and
emergency
physician who has
worked as a

Credibility of
author/organizat
ion using an
appositive
rhetorical
situation with
intended
audience
Dov Michaeli is
the author of
this particular
article. He was a
professor at the
University of
California San
Francisco. After
that he left and
entered the
world of
biotech. He was
a Chief Medical
Officer of a
biotech
company called
Ashton
Corporation. He
then became
the CEO of

Summary:
two, three
meaty
sentences
written
objectively

Does this
voice
agree/disagr
ee with
others?

Great quote
with
appropriate
signal phrase
(see TSIS pp.
39-40)

My Analysis/
thoughts can be more
casual

Other

This article
throws a
situation
out to the
readers
right from
the bat
drawing
them in.
Talking
about what
throwing a
friend
under the
bus or not
does. Then
the article
transitions
into asking
the

I think this
is a
controversia
l topic
because not
everyone
thinks that
animals can
form
relationship
s. But there
are many
documentar
ies and
research
that support
animals
having
languages
and

Michaeli says
that No
amount of
mathematical
equations and
probability
calculations
can factor in
this
confounding
factor:
friendship.
Then asks the
question what
is friendship?
And provides a
quote on the
neuroethology
of friendship
that says,

Feeling cozy
and fuzy
when with
good friends
are with you
is due to the
reinforced
neural
networks
that
stimulate
oxytocin, the
love
hormone,
into the
brain. The
article
clearly states
that
cooperation

There is a
bunch of
science that
goes on in the
brain that
causes
animals and
humans to
think and feel
the way they
feel. For
example, there
is evidence
that brain size
is correlated
with social
complexity
across species.
The more
complex the

physician
executive in a
variety of health
care organizations,
but she is also the
founder of this
website.

Madah Medica
that develops
products to
improve postsurgical pain.
He retired and
now writes for
The Doctor
Weighs In.

question
introducing
the idea
that
friendships
are not only
restricted to
humans. It
even goes
as far as
saying that
animals
make
friends to
survive.
Motherdaughter
relationship
s are most
common
next to
siblings.
The articles
then states
that the
brain is the
main
reason for
making
these
friendships.

relationship
s similar to
humans.

Friends are
pairs of
individuals that
engage in
bidirectional
affiliative
interactions
with such
frequency and
consistency so
as to
differentiate
them from
nonfriends.

and
friendship
are similar
but not the
same. A
person or
animal can
cooperate
with another
but that does
not qualify
them to have
a friendship
or even be
friends.
Examples
could be like
cooperating
with another
person at
work or in a
school
project.
Friendship is
much
greater and
more
complicated.

social
structure, the
more there is
to follow,
analyze, and
react. There
are several
areas of the
brain that are
activated by
social
information
generally
reward-related
and not
specific to
social
information
processing,
such as the
anterior
cingulate
cortex, the
nucleus
acumens, and
the caudate
nucleus.