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Contact Type
2. Ribbon
Velocity microphone
Ribbon moves as if it is a part of the air that experiences rarefactions and
condensations.
3. Capacitor
4. Carbon
Uses principle of variable resistance
5. Crystal
Uses principle of piezoelectric effect
Types of Loudspeakers
Direct Radiator Type
Those in which the vibrating surface (diaphragm) radiates sound directly into the
air
1. Dynamic or Moving Coil Loudspeaker
Makes use of a moving coil in a magnetic field and a permanent magnet.
2. Electrostatic Loudspeaker
Operates on the same principle as a condenser microphone.
Horn Type
Those in which a horn is interposed between the diaphragm and the air
Used for efficient coupling of sound into the air
Types:
Conical Horn
Parabolic Horn
Exponential Horn
Hyperbolic Horn
Enclosures
Speakers lack efficiency in converting electricity into audio energy
Placing the speaker inside an enclosure improves its efficiency
Loudspeaker mounting that is used to prevent the sound waves from the rear from
interfering with the sound waves in the front of speaker
Compression Drivers
Compression drivers operate on the same principle, but are attached to horns
Horns increase the efficiency of the driver by enhancing sound wave propagation
The result is that horns sound louder with the same level of amplification
Crossover Networks
Crossovers separate the signal into component frequencies which are routed to
individual drivers
Separating the frequencies allows the drivers to be more efficient and protects
them from being overdriven
Crossovers may be passive which are internal inside the speaker enclosure
Passive crossovers have fixed crossover frequencies
Crossovers may also be active which are outboard units that are user adjustable
Impedance
Electrical impedance is the reluctance for alternating current to flow in a voice
coil
Mechanical impedance is the physical opposition for the speaker cone or
diaphragm to move
Acoustic radiation impedance refers to how efficiently the speaker moves air
Speaker impedance must be matched closely to the amplifiers output
impedance to avoid damaging the amplifier, and to increase system
efficiency
As speaker impedance drops, current flow increases, causing overheating
of the amplifier components