Ch. 2 Sec.

1 The Nature of Force

8th Grade Science

Pages 3639

Directions: Please use complete all of the guided notes for Chapter 2 Section 1 THE NATURE
OF FORCE. Start reading the section from the beginning and fill out the guided notes as you go.
Respond using a DIFFERENT COLOR. Submit your guided notes to the LMS page upon
completion. We will review the information tomorrow in class.

What Is a Force?
1. Define force.
2. Like __________ and ______________, a ________ is described by its strength and
by the direction in which it acts.
3. Define newton (N).
4. What can the direction and strength of force be represented by? Explain.

Combining Forces
(Check out Figure 2 on page 37 for a nice visual aid of combining forces.)

5. Define net force.

6. Explain what happens when forces act in the same direction.
7. Explain what happens when forces act in opposite directions.
8. Explain what happens when opposing forces are equal in strength.

Unbalanced Forces
9. Define unbalanced force.
10.

Unbalanced ________ acting on an object result in a _____________ and cause a

change in the objects ____________.

11.
Describe what figure 3 on page 38 shows. (Use detail and write in complete
sentences.)

Balanced Forces
Page 1 of 14

8th Grade Science

12.

TRUE or FALSE: When forces are exerted on an object, the objects motion does

not always change. (If the statement is false, re-write it to make it true.)
13.

Define balanced forces.

14.

Balanced forces acting on an object ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.
Label whether the following are balanced forces in the same direction,

15.

unbalanced forces in the opposite direction, or balanced forces in opposite

directions.
Image

Answer

C
Ch. 2 Sec. 2 Friction and Gravity
Pages 4250

Page 2 of 14

8th Grade Science

Directions: Please use complete all of the guided notes for Chapter 2 Section 2 FRICTION
AND GRAVITY. Start reading the section from the beginning and fill out the guided notes as
you go. Respond using a DIFFERENT COLOR. Submit your guided notes to the LMS page upon
completion. We will review the information tomorrow in class.

Friction
1 Define friction.

The Cause of Friction

2 The strength of the ________________________ depends on two factors:
__________________________________________________________________.
3 TRUE or FALSE: If you rub your hands together forcefully, there is more friction than if
you rub your hands together lightly. (If the statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it
TRUE.)
Take a look at Figure 6 in your book on page 45 Types of Friction.

Static Friction
4 Define static friction.
5 Describe the example of static friction from your book. Please respond in complete
sentences.

Sliding Friction
6 Define sliding friction.
7 Explain why sliding friction can be useful.

8 Explain how sliding friction could be a problem.

Rolling Friction
9 Define rolling friction.
Page 3 of 14

8th Grade Science

10 TRUE or FALSE: Rolling friction is harder to overcome than sliding friction for similar
materials. (If the statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)

11 Rolling friction is important to engineers. Engineers that design skates, skateboards, and
bicycles need wheels that move freely. Explain what these engineers use to reduce
friction and how it works.

Fluid Friction
12 Define fluid friction.

13 Describe how fluid friction is utilized with machinery.

Gravity
14 Who concluded that a force acts to pull objects straight down toward the center of
Earth?
15 Define gravity.

Universal Gravity
16 TRUE or FALSE: Newton realized that gravity acts everywhere in the universe, not just
on Earth. (If the statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
17 State and explain the law of universal gravitation.

Factors Affecting Gravity

Page 4 of 14

8th Grade Science

18 Two factors affect the gravitational attraction between objects: ______________ and
_______________.
19 Define mass.

20 TRUE or FALSE: The more mass an object has, the smaller its gravitational force. (If the
statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
21 In addition to mass, gravitational force depends on the distance between the objects.
The ___________________ two objects are, the ___________ the gravitational force
between them.

Weight and Mass

22 Define weight.
23 TRUE or FALSE: Weight varies with the strength of the gravitational force but mass
does not. (If the statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)

Gravity and Motion

Free Fall
24 Define free fall.

25 In free fall, the force of _____________ is an _________________ force, which

causes and object to ______________________.
26 TRUE or FALSE: All objects in free fall do not accelerate at the same rate. (If the
statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)

Air Resistance
Page 5 of 14

8th Grade Science

27 Define air resistance.

28 Explain how friction plays a role in air resistance.

29 Define terminal velocity.

Projectile Motion
30 Define projectile.

31 Explain what is occurring in Figure 12 on page 50 in your textbook and why it is a good
display of projectile motion.

Ch. 2 Sec. 3 Newtons First and Second Laws

Pages 5154

Directions: Please use complete all of the guided notes for Chapter 2 Section 3 NEWTONS
FIRST AND SECOND LAWS. Start reading the section from the beginning and fill out the
guided notes as you go. Respond using a DIFFERENT COLOR. Submit your guided notes to the
LMS page upon completion. We will review the information tomorrow in class.

The First Law of Motion

Page 6 of 14

1 Newtons first law of motion states:

8th Grade Science

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
2 Please provide an example for an object for rest stays at rest.

3 TRUE or FALSE: If an object is not moving, it will not move until a force acts on it. (If
the statement is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
4 Please provide an example for an object in motion will stay in motion until acted on by an
unbalanced force.
5 On Earth, ____________ and ___________ are unbalanced forces that often change
an objects motion.

Inertia
6 Who came up with the concept of inertia?
7 Define inertia.

8 What kind of common events does inertia explain?

Inertia Depends on Mass

9 TRUE or FALSE: Some objects have more inertia than other objects. (If the statement
is FALSE, rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
10 The _____________ the mass of an object is, the ____________ its inertia, and the
___________ the force required to change its motion.

The Second Law of Motion

Determining Acceleration
Page 7 of 14

11 According to Newtons second law of motion,

8th Grade Science

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
12 Acceleration =
13 Acceleration is measured in meters per second per second (m/s 2), and mass is measured in
kilograms (kg). According to Newtons second law, what is force measured in?

Changes in Force and Motion

14 Look at figure 14 in your book on page 54. How can you increase the acceleration of the
wagon?

15 Look at figure 14 in your book on page 54. What is another way you can increase the
acceleration of the wagon?

Ch. 2 Sec. 4 Newtons Third Law

Pages 5561

Directions: Please use complete all of the guided notes for Chapter 2 Section 4 NEWTONS
THIRD LAW. Start reading the section from the beginning and fill out the guided notes as you
go. Respond using a DIFFERENT COLOR. Submit your guided notes to the LMS page upon
completion. We will review the information tomorrow in class.

Newtons Third Law of Motion

1 Newtons third law of motion states

Page 8 of 14

8th Grade Science

2 Whats another way to state Newtons third law?

Action-Reaction Pairs
3 Provide an example of an action-reaction pairs.

Detecting Motion
4 TRUE or FALSE: You can always detect motion when paired forces are in action. (If the
statement is FALSE, please rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
5 Provide an example of how motion is not always detected in pairs.

Do Action-Reaction Forces Cancel?

6 Earlier you learned that if two __________ forces act in _____________ directions on
an object, the forces are _______________.
7 Because the _______________ add up to ____________, they cancel each other out
and produce ___________________ in motion.

8 Explain why the action and reaction forces in Newtons third law of motion dont cancel
out.

Momentum
9 Define momentum.

10 The momentum of a ____________ object can be determined by ______________ the

objects _______________ and ________________.
Page 9 of 14

8th Grade Science

11 Momentum = ______________ x ________________

12 TRUE or FALSE: The more momentum a moving object has, the harder it is to stop. (If
the statement is FALSE, please rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
13 You can catch a baseball moving at 20 m/s, but you cannot stop a car moving at the same
speed. Why does the car have more momentum?

Conservation of Momentum
14 The word conservation has a special meaning in physical science. What is that meaning?

15 The law of conservation states that,

16 The ____________ momentum of any group of objects remains the same, or is

________________, unless outside forces act on the objects.
17 TRUE or FALSE: Friction is an example of an outside force. (If the statement is FALSE,
please rewrite it to make it TRUE.)

Collisions With Two Moving Objects

18 Explain what is happening in figure 18A.

Page 10 of 14

8th Grade Science

Collisions With One Moving Object

19 Explain what is happening in figure 18B.

Collisions With Connected Objects

20 Explain what is happening in figure 18C.

Page 11 of 14

8th Grade Science

Ch. 2 Sec. 5 Rockets and Satellites

Pages 6467

Directions: Please use complete all of the guided notes for Chapter 2 Section 5 ROCKETS AND
SATELLITES. Start reading the section from the beginning and fill out the guided notes as you
go. Respond using a DIFFERENT COLOR. Submit your guided notes to the LMS page upon
completion. We will review the information tomorrow in class.
1 What was the first artificial satellite in space and what country put the satellite into
space?
2 This launch of the first satellite into space inspired who to build and launch rockets?
How Do Rockets Lift Off?
Page 12 of 14

8th Grade Science

3 TRUE or FALSE: To push the shuttle away from the pull of Earths gravity and into space
requires an incredible amount of force. (If the statement is FALSE, please rewrite it to
make it TRUE.)
4 Rockets and space shuttles lift into space using Newtons __________ law of motion.
5 Explain in detail how a rocket and space shuttles lift off the ground.

6 A rocket can rise into the air because ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
What Is a Satellite?
7 Define satellite.

8 What are satellites used for?

Circular Motion
9 Artificial satellites travel around Earth in an almost ___________ path.
10 Define centripetal force.
Satellite Motion
11 TRUE or FALSE: Gravity does not pull satellites toward Earth. (If the statement is
FALSE, please rewrite it to make it TRUE.)
12 Satellites in orbit around Earth continuously _______ toward Earth, but because Earth
is curved they travel _____________.
13 Why doesnt a satellite need fuel?

Page 13 of 14

8th Grade Science

Satellite Location
14 How quickly can low orbit satellites complete their orbit around the Earth?
15 Why do some satellites travel at lower or higher orbits around the Earth?

Page 14 of 14