SSI 3013

INFORMATION AND COMUNICATION

IN SCIENCE
STELLAR SOFTWARE (STIMULATION AND
MODELLING)
PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP
GROUP MEMBERS:
NURUL SYAFIRA BT MOHD RAZAB
D20161073946
WAN NUR HIDAYAH BT WAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
D20161073947
LECTURE:
MR. AZMI IBRAHIM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our assignment, we had to take a help and
guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest
gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much
pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Mr. Azmi Ibrahim,
lecture of this subject for giving us a good guideline for
assignment throughout numerous consultations. We would also
like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly
and indirectly guided us in this assignment.

Many people, especially our classmates and team members

itself, have made valuable comment suggestions on this proposal
which give us an inspiration to improve our assignment, we thank
to all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete
our assignment.

INTRODUCTION
STIMULATION AND MODELLING
Simulation modeling is the process of creating and analyzing a digital
prototype of a physical model to predict its performance in the real world.
Simulation modeling is used to help designers and engineers understand
whether, under what conditions, and in which ways a part could fail and what
loads it can withstand. Simulation modeling can also help predict fluid flow
and heat transfer patterns.
WHAT IS MODELING? Modeling is the process of producing a model; a
model is a representation of the construction and working of some system of
interest. A model is similar to but simpler than the system it represents. One
purpose of a model is to enable the analyst to predict the effect of changes
to the system. On the one hand, a model should be a close approximation to
the real system and incorporate most of its salient features. On the other
hand, it should not be so complex that it is impossible to understand and
experiment with it. A good model is a judicious tradeoff between realism and
simplicity. Simulation practitioners recommend increasing the complexity of
a model iteratively. An important issue in modeling is model validity. Model
validation techniques include simulating the model under known input
conditions and comparing model output with system output. Generally, a
model intended for a simulation study is a mathematical model developed
with the help of simulation software. Mathematical model classifications
include deterministic (input and output variables are fixed values) or
stochastic (at least one of the input or output variables is probabilistic); static
(time is not taken into account) or dynamic (time-varying interactions among

variables are taken into account). Typically, simulation models are stochastic
and dynamic.
WHAT IS SIMULATION? A simulation of a system is the operation of a
model of the system. The model can be reconfigured and experimented with;
usually, this is impossible, too expensive or impractical to do in the system it
represents. The operation of the model can be studied, and hence, properties
concerning the behavior of the actual system or its subsystem can be
inferred. In its broadest sense, simulation is a tool to evaluate the
performance of a system, existing or proposed, under different
configurations of interest and over long periods of real time. Simulation is
used before an existing system is altered or a new system built, to reduce
the chances of failure to meet specifications, to eliminate unforeseen
bottlenecks, to prevent under or over-utilization of resources, and to optimize
system performance. For instance, simulation can be used to answer
questions like: What is the best design for a new telecommunications
network? What are the associated resource requirements? How will a
telecommunication network perform when the traffic load increases by 50%?
How will a new routing algorithm affect its performance? Which network
protocol optimizes network performance? What will be the impact of a link fa
ilure? The subject of this tutorial is discrete event simulation in which the
central assumption is that the system changes instantaneously in response
to certain discrete events. For instance, in an M/M/1 queue - a single server
queuing process in which time between arrivals and service time are
exponential - an arrival causes the system to change instantaneously. On the
other hand, continuous simulators, like flight simulators and weather
simulators, attempt to quantify the changes in a system continuously over
time in response to controls. Discrete event simulation is less detailed
(coarser in its smallest time unit) than continuous simulation but it is much
simpler to implement, and hence, is used in a wide variety of situations.
Figure 1 is a schematic of a simulation study. The iterative nature of the

process is indicated by the system under study becoming the altered system
which then becomes the system under study and the cycle repeats. In a
simulation study, human decision making is required at all stages, namely,
model development, experiment design, output analysis, conclusion
formulation, and making decisions to alter the system under study. The only
stage where human intervention is not required is the running of the
simulations, which most simulation software packages perform efficiently.
The important point is that powerful simulation software is merely a hygiene
factor - its absence can hurt a simulation study but its presence will not
ensure success. Experienced problem formulators and simulation modelers
and analysts are indispensable for a successful simulation study

WHAT IS STELLA
STELLA stands for System Thinking for Education and Research. STELLA
offers a practical way to dynamically visualize and communicate how
complex the system and ideas really work. STELLA is used to stimulate a
system over the time, jump the gap between theory and real world and also
it enable students to creatively change the system. STELLA teach students to
look for a relationship and also it create a clear communication system input
and outputs to demonstrate the outcomes.
STELLA is one of computer stimulation-based model-building and stimulation
tools. STELLA is a software that can be used to stimulate a system over time.
It enable students to creatively change system and teach the students to

look for relationship. It also communicate and visualize on how complex

system work.

ADVANTANGE OF STIMULATION AND MODELLING

There are several advantage of stimulation and modelling in our life. The first
is

Can be used to compress a time frame, a simulation model run on a

computer system can be used to investigate quickly the effects of a
change in a real life situation that take place over several years.

Can be used to study complex systems that would otherwise be difficult

to investigate.
Can be used in engineering and product design to investigate the effect
of changes without producing a physical prototype.

Can be used to investigate situation that would be dangerous in real life.

DISADVANTAGE STIMULATION AND MODELLING

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The formula and functions that are used may not provide an accurate
description of the system resulting in inaccurate output from the
simulation.
Complex simulations can require the use of a computer system with a fast
processor and large amounts of memory.

SAMPLE MODEL
Predator prey relationship
A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the
organism which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are
lion and zebra, bear and fish, and fox and rabbit. The words "predator" and
"prey" are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but

the same concept also applies to plants: Bear and berry, rabbit and lettuce,
grasshopper and leaf. Predator and prey evolve together. The prey is part of
the predator's environment, and the predator dies if it does not get food, so
it evolves whatever is necessary in order to eat the prey: speed, stealth,
camouflage (to hide while approaching the prey), a good sense of smell,
sight, or hearing (to find the prey), immunity to the prey's poison, poison (to
kill the prey) the right kind of mouth parts or digestive system, etc. Likewise,
the predator is part of the prey's environment, and the prey dies if it is eaten
by the predator, so it evolves whatever is necessary to avoid being eaten:
speed, camouflage (to hide from the predator), a good sense of smell, sight,
or hearing (to detect the predator), thorns, poison (to spray when
approached or bitten), etc.
This experiment will investigate about the population of hare and lynx after a
one time harvests.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this experiment to develop the model of system that

illustrate the population dynamics involving prey and predator.
In order to model a predator vs predator relationship. Each population is
dependent on the other and it will carry on each other if one of them were
effected.
This is the graph that show how the population were changes if other
population is effected

Figure 1: the graph when the size of lynx at 210

Figure 1: the graph when the size of lynx at 460

Figure 1: the graph when the size of lynx at 750

You are the manager of a small but thriving natural wilderness area. Key species in
the wilderness include showshoe hare and lynx. Over the past several years, the
two populations have coexisted in peace, harmony and equilibrium. Life's been
good. Now, however, there's a proposal on the table from the Baffin's Bay company
to humanely harvest some portion of the lynx population. This is intended to be a
one-time event. You've been assured that nature will compensate for this action to
once again balance the populations.
As the conclusion, we can conclude that if the population of predator increase, the
population of prey decrease. Therefore, student able to predict the size of prey
predator using STELLA.
CONCLUSION

Modeling and simulation (M&S) refers to

using models physical, mathematical, or otherwise logical representation of
a system, entity, phenomenon, or process as a basis for simulations
methods for implementing a model (either statically or) over time to
develop data as a basis for managerial or technical decision making. M&S
helps getting information about how something will behave without actually
testing it in real life. For instance, to determine which type of spoiler would
improve traction the most while designing a race car, a computer
simulation of the car could be used to estimate the effect of different spoiler
shapes on the coefficient of friction in a turn. Useful insights about different
decisions in the design could be gleaned without actually building the car.
The use of M&S within engineering is well recognized. Simulation technology
belongs to the tool set of engineers of all application domains and has been
included in the body of knowledge of engineering management. M&S helps
to reduce costs, increase the quality of products and systems, and document
and archive lessons learned.
M&S is a discipline on its own. Its many application domains often lead to the
assumption that M&S is pure application. This is not the case and needs to

be recognized by engineering management experts who want to use M&S. To

ensure that the results of simulation are applicable to the real world, the
engineering manager must understand the assumptions, conceptualizations,
and implementation constraints of this emerging field.