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Question 1: How do you find the relative extrema of a surface when the values of the
variables are constrained?
In Section 12.3, you learned how to find the relative maximum or relative minimum on a
surface. Now we will find relative maximum and minimum along a specific portion of the
surface defined by a constraint.
Suppose we want to find the relative maximum of the surface f x, y 2 x 2 3x 2 15
subject to x y 4 . This means we want to find points on the surface that are higher
than the other nearby points where the plane x y 4 intersects the surface.
x y 4
z 2 x 2 3x 2 15
Figure 1 - The plane intersects the surface along the path traced
by the black curve.
The relative maximum is found by defining a new function called F in terms of the
surface and the constraint. If there are any relative extrema along the path, they will
occur at critical points of this new function.
Fx x, y, 0, Fy x, y, 0, F x, y, 0
3. Find the critical points of F x, y, by solving the resulting
system of equations.
Any relative extrema along the portion of the surface defined
by the constraint is at these critical points. The variable is
called a Lagrange multiplier.
We have a surface f, but not a constraint matching g. To get g, we need to write the
constraint so that zero appears on one side. Subtract 4 from both sides of the constraint
to give
x y 4 0
g x, y
The other side of the constraint is g. Once the constraint is in the proper format, we
apply the steps above to find the relative maximum.
Example 1
f x, y
g x, y
2 x 2 3 y 2 15 x y 4
The partial derivatives are
Fx x, y, 4 x
Fy x, y, 6 y
F x, y, x y 4
The critical points are found by solving the system of equations,
4 x 0
6 y 0
x y40
The first and second equation are easy to solve for . Solve each for
and them set them equal to eliminate ,
4x 6 y
x 64 y
After solving for one of the variables (in this case x), substitute the
resulting equation into the third equation,
6
4
y y40
10
4
Replace x with
6
4
y40
y4
y 16
10 1.6
10
4
4
10
and simplify.
x 64 1.6 2.4
The critical point is 2.4,1.6 , but we dont know whether this point is a
relative maximum or relative minimum. We can decide this by
examining a table of values for the function.
x
2.4
1.6
f x, y 2 x 2 3 y 2 15
-14
-5
-4.2
-6
-17
(2.4, 1.6)
In practice, the most difficult part of the Lagrange Multiplier Method is solving the
system of equations. A good strategy is to solve Fx x, y, 0 and Fy x, y, 0 for .
Setting these equations equal to each other eliminates from the system. Then we can
use the resulting relationship in F x, y, 0 to find the critical point.
Example 2
g x, y
f x, y
g x, y
2 x 0 2 x
2 y 2 0 y
y 2x
x 2 2x 1 0
x 4x 1 0
3 x
1 0
3 x 1
x 13
2
3
. The critical
x 2 y 1
-3
-1
1
3
-1
2
3
f x, y x 2 y 2
13
The x and y values in the table must be picked in the table so that they
satisfy the constraint. In this case, values of y are picked near
2
3
and
then the constraint is used to find the corresponding y value. The lowest
value of the function occurs at the critical point so 13 is the minimum
value of the function. It occurs at
13 , 32 .
Portion of surface
corresponding to constraint
f x, y x 2 y 2
1
3
2
3
Question 2: How do you model an optimization problem with several variables subject
to a constraint?
In Chapter 12 we developed objective functions for optimization problems. In those
problems, we utilized constraints in the problems to help us identify the function to be
optimized. In this question, we model the optimization problems with several variables
and a constraint. This allows us to apply the Lagrange Multiplier Method to find the
maximum or minimum of the objective function.
Example 3
If the pens should enclose a total of 400 square feet, what overall
dimensions should the pens have to minimize fencing costs?
Solution Identify the variables in the problem. Since the problem asks
us to find the overall dimensions of the pens, define the width of the
enclosure as w and the length as l. These are label on the diagram.
Since we know the cost per foot for each side, we will use that
information to write down the cost in terms of l and w,
C l , w 2 1.10l 2 1.10 w
0.6l
cost of left
and right sides
cost of top
and bottom sides
cost of
divider
This simplifies to
C l , w 2.80l 2.20 w
The pens must enclose 400 square feet. In terms of the variables, the
area is lw so we have the constraint
lw 400
In the proper format for the Lagrange Multiplier Method, this becomes
lw 400 0
Fl l , w, 2.8 w
Fw l , w, 2.2 l
F l , w, lw 400
Well find the critical points by solving the system of equations,
2.8 w 0
2.2 l 0
lw 400 0
2.8 w 0
2.8
w
2.2 l 0
2.2
l
2.8
2.2
w
l
You can solve for either variables, but in this case well solve for l to
give
2.2 w
2.8
Substitute this expression into the third equation and solve for w:
10
2.2w
w 400 0
2.8
Replace l with
2.2 w2
400
2.8
Isolate w
2.2 w
2.8
2.8
w2 400
2.2
2.8
w 400
2.2
w 22.56
Only the positive value makes sense as a dimension of the enclosure.
The corresponding length is found from the constraint lw 400 . Solving
for l and sustituting the width gives
lw 400 l
l
400
w
400
17.73
22.56
40
10
134
20
20
100
17.73
22.56
99.28
10
40
116
The enclosure that costs the least is approximately 22.56 feet long and
17.73 feet wide and costs $99.28.
Example 4
Maximize Volume
Most airlines charge to check baggage on flights. To avoid these
charges, passengers pack as much as possible into their carry-on bags.
However, airlines also limit the size of these bags. American Airlines
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limits the linear dimensions (defined as the sum of the length, width and
height) to 45 inches.
A manufacturer wishes to produce a carry-on bag whose linear
dimensions are 45 inches. The shape of the bag is a rectangular solid,
like the one pictured, below whose ends are squares.
l
w
However, we must make sure the the sum of the length, width and
height is 45. This gives the constraint
12
l 2 w 45
Subtract 45 from each side to put the constraint in the proper format,
l 2 w 45 0
Fl l , w, w2
Fw l , w, 2lw 2
F l , w, l 2 w 45
The critical points are the solution to the system of equations,
w2 0
2lw 2 0
l 2 w 45 0
Solve each of the first two equations for :
w2 0 w2
2lw 2 0 lw
Set these equation equal to each other to find a relationship for the
variables,
13
w2 lw
w2 lw 0
w w l 0
w 0 or w l
45 0
3l 45
l 15
35
25
15
10
15
20
V l , w lw2
875
2500
3375
2000
The largest volume is 3375 cubic inches and occurs when the lenghth,
width and height are all 15 inches.
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Example 5
Maximize Production
Production in the United States from 1899 through 1922 is described by
the Cobb-Douglas production formula,
Q C , L 1.01C 0.25 L0.75
15
0.75
0.25
by adding exponents
by adding exponents
100 0
Replace L with 3C
Simplify and solve for C
4C 100
C 25
75
50
25
25
50
75
100
33.23
50.5
57.56
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