EC 2258 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Design and testing of

1. Inverting ,Non Inverting and Differential amplifiers.
2. Integrator and Differentiator.
3. Instrumentation Amplifier.
4. Active low-pass, High-pass and Band pass filters.
5. Astable and Mono-stable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using op-amp.
6. Phase shift and Wien bridge Oscillators.
7. Astable and Mono-stable multivibrators using NE 555 Timer.
8. PLL characteristics and its use as Frequency Multiplier.
9. DC power supply using LM 317 and LM 723.
10. Study of SMPS.
11. Simulation of Experiments 3,4,5,6 and 7 using PSpice netlists.

INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design an Inverting amplifier and to study their characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Components Name
Op-amp
Resistors

Specification
IC 741
1K
10 K
Signal Generator
3MHz
Regulated power supply (0- 30) V, 1 mA
CRO
0-30Mhz
Bread Board and
Connecting Wires
-

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
few

THEORY:
This is the most widely used op-amp circuit. The output voltage Vo is fedback to the
inverting input terminal through Rf-R1 network ,where Rf is feedback resistor. Input voltage
Vin is given to inverting terminal through R1 and non inverting terminal is grounded.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Inverting Amplifier:

Rf= 10 K
V+=+15V
7

R1= 1K
-2

IC 741
+3

4
V =-15V
-

Vin
CRO

DESIGN:
Given gain Av = 10
Av=- Rf/R1
10=-Rf /R1
Choose R1=1 K
Rf =10 R1
=10x1 K
Rf=10 K

MODEL GRAPH:
Input waveform:

V in
t

Output waveform:
V0

TABULATION:

S.NO

Rf
(K)

Vin (Volts)

Vo
(Volts)

Theoretical
Av =-Rf/R1

Practical
Av =Vo/Vin

PROCEDURE:
1) The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2) The input is given from the signal generator to the inverting terminal through Resistor
R1.
3) The non- inverting input terminal is grounded.
Theoretical gain Av =- Rf/R1
Practical Gain Av =Vo/Vin

RESULT:
Thus the Inverting amplifier is designed and their characteristics are studied.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Rf =10 K
V+ =+15V
R1= 1K
2-

IC 741
3+
4

V- =-15V

CRO

Vin

DESIGN:
Given gain Av =10
Av =1+Rf/R1
10= 1+Rf/R1
Choose R1=1 K
Rf=9 R1
=9 x1K
Rf =9 K
Select Rf =10 K
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To design a non Inverting amplifier and to study their characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No.
1
2

Components Name
Op-amp
Resistors

3
4
5
6

Specification
IC 741
1K
10 K
Signal Generator
3MHz
Regulated power supply (0- 30) V, 1 mA
CRO
0-30Mhz
Bread Board
-

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Connecting Wires

As
required

THEORY:
The input signal is applied to the non inverting input terminal and feedback is given
to inverting terminal. The circuit amplifier without inverting the input signal such a circuit is
called non- inverting amplifier. It may be noted that it is also a negative feedback system as
output being feedback to the inverting .As the differential voltage Vo at the input terminal of
op-amp is zero, the voltage at node a is Vi, same as input voltage applied to the non- inverting
amplifier. Now Rf & R1 forms a potential divider.

PROCEDURE:
1) The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2) A sine wave input is given to the non- inverting terminal .
3) A negative feedback resistance Rf is given to inverting input gain Av =1+Rf/R1

RESULT:
Thus the non-inverting amplifier is designed and their characteristics are studied.

MODEL GRAPH:
Input waveform:

Output waveform:

TABULATION:

S.NO Rf (k)

Vin (Volts)

V0 (Volts)

Theoretical
Av =1+Rf/R1

Practical
Av = Vo/Vin

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Rf=100 K

R1 =10K

V+= +15V
7
-2
IC 741
+3
4

V1

R1 =10 K

V- =-15V
CRO

V2

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To design a differential amplifier and to study their characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No.
1
2

Components Name
Op-amp
Resistors

Signal Generator

Specification
IC 741
10K
100 K,
3MHz

4
5
6
7

Regulated power supply

CRO
Bread Board
Connecting Wires

(0- 30) V, 1 m A
0-30Mhz
-

Quantity
1
2
1
1
1
1
As
required

THEORY:
The circuit that amplifiers the difference between two signals is called a differential
amplifier. Since the differential voltage at the input terminals of op-amp is zero, nodes a &
b are at the same potential designated as V3.

PROCEDURE:

1) The connections are given as per circuit diagram.

2) The constant inputs are given i.e., V1 & V2.
3) A negative feedback of resistance Rf is connected to inverting input.
a. Output Voltage, Vo = R2/R1 (V1 - V2)

RESULT:
Thus the differential amplifier are designed and their characteristics are studied.

TABULATION:
Difference mode:
S.NO

V1
V2
(Volts) (Volts)

Vo
(Volts)

Ad= Vo/( V1- V2)

Gain in dB=20 log Ad

TABULATION:
Common mode:
S.NO

V1
(Volts)

V1
(Volts)

Vo
Ac= Vo /Vin
(Volts)

Gain in dB=20 log Ac

Formula:
CMRR=20 log Ad/Ac

S.No RG(K)

(V1) V1 Vo Ac = Vo
(V)
( V1+ V2)/2
(V) (V)

V1
(V)

V2
(V)

Vo
(V)

Ad =Vo
( V1- V2)

Gain
in
dB=20
logAd

INTEGRATOR
AIM:
To study the output waveform of Integrator and the frequency response of Integrator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus Name

Range

AUDIO OSCILLATOR
CRO
RESISTORS

3MHZ
(0-30) MHZ
10K
100K
1K
0.1F
IC741

CAPACITOR
OP-AMP
BREADBOARD
RPS
Connecting Wires

(0-30) V,1mA
-

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Few

THEORY:

A simple low pas RC circuit can also work as an integrator when time constant is very
large. This requires very large values of R and C. The components R and C cannot be made
infinitely large because of practical limitations. However in the op-amp integrator by
MILLERs theorem, the effective input capacitance becomes C f (1-Av), where Av is the gain of
the op-amp. The gain Av is the infinite for an ideal op-amp, so the effective time constant of
the opamp integrator becomes very large which results perfect integration.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2) The resistance Rcomp is also connected to the (+) input terminal to minimize the effect of
the input bias circuit.
3) It is noted that the gain of the integrator decreases with increasing frequency.
4) Thus the integrator circuit does not have any high frequency problem.

RESULT:Thus the Integrator and differentiator using op-amp is studied and the frequency
response is also drawn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

INTEGRATOR
Cf 0.1F
Rf 100 K
V+= +15V
2- 7
IC 741
6
3+
4

R1 10K

Vin

R2=1K

V-= -15V
CRO

DESIGN:
Given gain=10
F=1KHZ
F=10 fa
F1=100 HZ
F1 =
1
2x x R1 x Cf
Choose R1=10 K
100 =
Cf
Av
Rf
Rf

1
2x x 10x103 x Cf
=0.1 F
= -Rf/R1
=10 R1
=10x10 K
=100 K

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
CF 0.1F
RF 1 K
R1 100

V+= +15V
2- 7
IC 741
6
3+
4

C1 1F

Vin

R2=1K

V-= -15V
CRO

DESIGN:
Given Gain Av=10
Fa= 150 HZ, CF=1F
Fb=10 fa, Fb =1500 HZ
F a=
1
2x x RF x C1
150 HZ =

1
2x x RFx 1 F

RF=1 K
Fb =

1
2x x R1 x C1

RF CF =R1C1
CF = 1x100x10-6
1x103
CF= 0.1F

PIN DIAGRAM OF OP-AMP:

Offset Null

No connection

Inverting

V+

Output

Offset Null

IC 741
Non-Inverting
V-

3
4

DIFFERENTIATOR
Vi

Vin
t (msec)

Vo

t(msec)

INTEGRATOR
Vi
Vin

t (msec)
Vo

tmsec)

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

AIM:
Design a second order active Butterworth low pass filter having upper cut off
frequency 1 KHz, also determine its frequency response using IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
2

Item
OP-AMP
Resistor

3
4
5
6
7
8

Capacitor
CRO
Function Generator
RPS
Bread Board
Connecting Wires

Range
IC741
10K
1.5K
5.6 K
0.1 F
(0-30)MHZ
(0-3)MHZ
DUAL(0-30) V
-

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
As required

THEORY:
An improved filter response can be obtained by using a second order active filter. A
second order filter consists of two RC pairs and has a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade. A general
second order filter (Sallen Kay filter) is used to analyze different Low pass filter, High pass
filter, Band pass filter and Band stop filter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1 = 10 K

Rf = 5.86 K

V+= +15V
7
R = 1.6 K

C = 0.1 F

R = 1.6 K

C = 0.1 F

-2
IC741
3+

4
V = -15V
-

Vin

Frequency Response Characteristics:

Gain
In
dB

- 3 dB

fc = 1KHz Frequency (Hz)

Vo

DESIGN:
Given: fH = 1 KHz = 1/ (2RC)
Let C = 0.1 F, R = 1.6 K
For n = 2, (damping factor) = 1.414,
Passband gain = Ao = 3 - =3 1.414 = 1.586.
Transfer function of second order butterworth LPF as:
1.586
H(s) = --------------------------S2 + 1.414 s + 1
Now

Ao = 1 + (Rf / R1) = 1.586 = 1 + 0.586

Let R1 = 10 K, then Rf = 5.86 K

OBSERVATION:

VIN = 1 Volt

S.No.

Frequncy
Hz

PROCEDURE:

O/P
voltage
VO Volts

Av=20 log Vo/Vi

dB

The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. The signal which has
to be made sine is applied to the RC filter pair circuit with the non-inverting terminal.
The supply voltage is switched ON and the o/p voltages are recorded through CRO by
varying different frequencies from 10 Hz to 100 KHz and tabulate the readings.
Calculating Gain through the formula and plotting the frequency response
characteristics using Semi-log graph sheet and finding out the 3 dB line for fc.

RESULT:
Thus the second order Active Low Pass filter is designed and its frequency
response characteristic curves are drawn.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 741

AIM:
To design a square wave generator circuit for the frequency of Oscillations of 1KHZ
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
2

Item
OP-AMP
Resistor

3
4
5
6
7

Capacitor
CRO
RPS
Bread board
Connecting wires

Range
IC741
4.7K
1K
1.16K
0.1F
(0-30MHZ)
DUAL(0-30) V
-

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
As required

THEORY:
A simple op-Amp square wave generator is also called as free running oscillator.The
principle of generation of square wave output is to force an op-amp to operate in the saturation
region. A fraction =R2/ (R1+R2) of the output is fed back to the (+) input terminal. The
output is also fed to the (-) terminal after integrating by means of a low pass Rc combination
in astable multivibrator both the states are quasi -stables.the frequency is determined by the
time taken by the capacitor to charge from - Vsat to +Vsat.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Rf 47 K

V+ = +15V
2 -

IC
3 + 741

Vo
6
4
-

V = -15V

R1
10 K

0.1F
C

R2
10 K
MODEL GRAPH:
+Vsat

+ Vsat
0
t(msec)
- Vsat
-Vsat

Pin Diagram:
Offset Null

Inverting

IC 741

No connection

V+

Non-Inverting

Output

V-

Offset Null

DESIGN:
Given f=2 KHZ
T=RC ln [ 1+/1-]
=0.5
T=1.09 RC
f=1/1.09 RC, Choose C=0.01F
2x10-3=1/(1.09x0.01x10 -6 x R)
Rf=45.5 K
Select Rf=47 K

PROCEDURE:

1) The connection is given as per the circuit diagram.

2) Connect the CRO in the output and trace the square waveform.
3) Calculate the practical frequency and compare with the theoretical Frequency.
4) Plot the waveform obtained and marks the frequency and time period.

RESULT:
Thus the square waveforms are generated using Astable multivibrator using IC 741 and the
waveforms are drawn.
Theoretical frequency=
Practical frequency=

SCHMITT TRIGGER
AIM:
To generate a square waveform and to study the Schmitt trigger using IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no
1
2

Item
OP-AMP
Resistor

3
4

CRO
RPS

Range
IC741
10K
2.2K
(0-30)MHZ
DUAL(0-30) V

Quantity
1
2
1
1
1

THEORY:
Schmitt trigger is useful in squaring of slowly varying i/p waveforms.Vin is applied to
inverting terminal of op-amp. Feedback voltage is applied to the non-inverting terminal. LTP
is the point at which output changes from high level to low level. This is highly useful in
triangular waveform generation, wave shape pulse generator, A/D converter etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V+ = +15 V
7

2.2k R1

2 - IC
741
6
3 + 4
V- = - 15 V
F.G
Vin = 4 V
F = 1 KHz

Vo

R2=10k

R1=10K

DESIGN:
+Vsat= V+=15v
-Vsat= V- = -15v
=0.5
== R2 / (R1 + R2)
Choose R1= R2=10K
LTP = R1/ (R1 + R2) X (-Vsat)
UTP = R2 / (R1 + R2) X (+Vsat)

Input waveform
Vin

t(msec)

Output wave form:

+Vsat
0
-Vsat

t(msec)

PROCEDURE :
The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. The signal which has to be
made square is applied to the inverting terminal. Here the input is a sine waveform. The
supply voltage is switched ON and the output waveform is recorded through CRO. The UTP
and LTP are also found and the theoretical and practical values are verified.

RESULT:
The Schmitt trigger circuit is connected and the waveforms are drawn and
theoretical and practical values for the trip points are verified.
Theoretical values =
Practical values =

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To design an Instrumentation Amplifier with Digital Indication and to study its working.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No.
1
2

3
4
5
6
7

Components Name
Op-amp
Resistors

Specification
IC 741
1K
10 K
22 K(DRB)
Signal Generator
3MHz
Regulated power supply (0- 30) V, 1 mA
CRO
0-30MHz
Bread Board and
Connecting Wires
-

Quantity
3
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
few

THEORY:
The Instrumentation amplifier is a high gain differential amplifier with extremely high
input impedance.The gain can be adjusted by connecting a potentiometer RG in the ciorcuit.It
is a closed loop circuit.The important features of an Instrumentation amplifier are high gain
accuracy,high CMRR,high gain stability with low temperature co-efficient,low dc offset and
low output Impedance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:
V+=+15V

V1

7
3 +IC
6
2 - 741
4
R21K
-=-15V
V

RF 10K

R3 10 K
RG
22k
R4 10K
R2 1K

V+=+15V
7
2 6
IC 741
3+
4
-=-15V
V
+
CRO
R5 10K

+=15V

27
IC741 6
3+
4 V-=-15V
V2

PROCEDURE:

1) Patch the connections and connect the design Resistance Rg extending to have the
desired gain.
2) Measure the input voltage at Vin1 and Vin2 using Digital multimeter.
3) The difference in Vin2- Vin1 is amplified and Indicated in LCD display.
4) Check the theoretical value with the experimental value.

RESULT:
Thus the Instrumentation amplifier with digital Indication was designed and the
working of this was studied.