Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cardiac Energy
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O2
Mechanical
Power
Fatty Acids
Glucose
Lactate
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MYOCARDIAL CELLS
at Normal State
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Normal state
CPT1= carnitine palmitoyl
transferase 1
ACC= acetyl-CoA
carboxylase
MCD= malonyl CoA
decarboxylase
Malonyl
AMPK= AMP kinase
CoA
Acetyl CoA
ATP
KREBS CYCLE
7
Acyl CoA
CPT1
MCD
ACC
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FATTY ACID
BETA OXIDATION
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Enoyl CoA hydratase
L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA
dehydrogenase
Acetyl CoA
ATP
Glukosa
(Total 36 ATP)
ATP
+ O2
Asam Lemak
(Total 129 ATP)
ADP
ATP
Pompa Ion
Elektrokimiawi
Pompa Ca+2
Biosintesis
Protein & makro molekul
Materi genetik
de novo ATP
At HR of 60 we utilize 70 mg/second
700 mg lasts 10 seconds, or about 10
heartbeats
ADP
ADP
Myokinase
Pi
+
adenosine
5 Nucleotidase
ATP
As ADPs combine to
form ATP the [AMP]
increases. AMP is
broken down and
byproducts are
washed out and lost.
AMP
AMP Deaminase
NH3 + IMP
Pi + Inosine
Hypoxanthine
Net Loss
of
Purines
During Ischemia
AMP
ADP
ATP
40
35
30
25
20
2. ATP:ADP ratio is
constant. AMP
level rises.
With Reperfusion
15
1. ATP:ADP:AMP
ratios normalize.
10
5
0
1. Nucleotide levels
fall (50%).
Control
MYOCARDIAL CELLS
at Ischemic State
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16
FATTY ACID
Acyl CoA
AMPK
Malonyl
CoA
CPT1
MCD
ACC
Beta
oxidation
Pyruvate
dehydrogenase
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ATP
Acetyl
CoA
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KREBS CYCLE
Acetyl
CoA
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CARBOHYDRATE
(2 ATP)
LACTATE
Glucose- 6
Phosphate
PYRUVATE
LDH
PDH
Acetyl
Acyl CoA
CoA
Beta oxidation
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KREBS CYCLE
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ATP
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MYOCARDIAL CELLS
at Post Ischemic State
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MYOCARDIAL CELLS
Postischemic state (1)
- It is time for myocardial reperfusion to occur
- Reperfusion is followed by the generation of oxygen-
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MYOCARDIAL CELLS
Postischemic state (2)
TOXIC EFFECTS OF FREE RADICALS ON THE CELL:
1. blocking the mitochondrial respiratory chain ATP
2. damaging membrane structure by phospholipid
peroxidation membrane permeability to K+
(potassium leakage)
calcium overload
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MYOCARDIAL CONSEQUENCES
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Ischemic state:
During ischemia, fatty acid oxidation and glucose
oxidation both decrease
The phosphorylation of AMP and ADP to become
ATP is becoming less, thus AMP accumulation
activates AMP kinase (AMPK)
Increased -oxidation inhibits pyruvate
dehydrogenase (PDH) anaerobic glycolysis is
activated excess production of H+
During a much more severe ischemic insult, only
ATP production from anaerobic glycolysis still
remains
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Concentration of energy
substrates provides the
chemical driving force allowing
biochemical reactions to occur
Metabolic Approach in
Ribose Therapy
( Enercore)
ATP
= The
Core of Energy
Phosphates
Adenine
Ribose
Ribose
5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate
(PRPP)
RIBOSE
PRPP
ATP
AMP
Adenosine
Catabolism of AMP & IMP
Salvage Pathways
IMP
PRPP
RIBOSE
Inosine
Hypoxanthine
PRPP
Uric acid
RIBOSE
Drives Hx Salvage
Improve
symptoms
and
quality of
life
Preventive
treatments
Symptomatic
treatments
Management of stable angina pectoris. Recommendations from the Task Force of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1341-1381.
Foods or Supplements
To maintain free radical defenses, people
need to replenish dietary antioxidants on a
regular basis.
This raises the question is antioxidants be
replenish from foods or supplements?
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Bioflavonoids (*).
Rutin
Hesperidin
Quercetin
Procyanidolic
oligomers (PCO) (*)
Polyphenols (*)
Coenzyme Q10 (*)
Cysteine
Essential
phospholipids (*)
Ginkgo Biloba
Glutathione
MEMBER OF THE
CAROTENOID FAMILY
- Lutein
- Astaxanthin
isolated and identified from
lobster Astacus gammarus
in 1938 by Kuhn
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-Carotene
OH
OH
Lutein
O
OH
HO
O
Astaxanthin
Molecular Formula:
Molecular Weight:
CAS No:
C40H52O4
596.82
472-61-7
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Astaxanthin
Has been established to be a powerful
antioxidant in vitro (Terao 1989, Miki 1992,
Palozza nand Krinsky 1992, Nakagawa et al
1997)
As a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals more potent
than beta caroten (Rosseau et al 1992.)
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What is Astaxanthin?
Algae (natural astaxanthin)
haematococcus pluvialis
Can be found in:
Crabs
Fish : salmon, trout
Fish eggs
Lobsters
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?-Tocopherol
Inhibition (%)
100
10-3
Concentration
(M)
103
The inhibitory activity of astaxanthin and tocopherol against the action of free radicals on rat
mitochondria
W.Miki: Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids, Pure & Appl. Chem., 63, 141-146 (1991).
Astaxanthin properties:
Antioxidant
Antiinflammatory
Eye Health
Sports Related
Life-style
Related
Diseases
Personal Care
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Conclusion
Ischemic Heart is a common disease with
unmet therapeutic needs
A Metabolic Disease, ischemia, could be
prevented by metabolic conservation
Antioxidant protects the body from free
radicals
Antioxidant supplement could protect the
cardiovascular system
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant which has a role
in protecting the cv system.
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Thank U