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Finite element modeling of smart plates/shells

using higher order shear deformation theory
Article in Composite Structures October 2003
Impact Factor: 3.32 DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00082-5

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Sudhakar A. Kulkarni

Kamal M Bajoria

Jacobs Engneering Singapore

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

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Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Finite element modeling of smart plates/shells using higher

order shear deformation theory
Sudhakar A. Kulkarni *, Kamal M. Bajoria

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India

Abstract
The nite element formulation of a degenerate shell element, using higher order shear deformation theory taking the piezoelectric eect into account is presented. An eight-noded element is used to derive global coupled electro elastic behavior of the
overall structure. The model incorporates the warping of cross section due to transverse shear stresses and assumes a parabolic shear
strain variation over the thickness. The static deections of bimorph beam are compared with the literature. Active vibration control
performance of the piezolaminated curved beam with distributed sensors and actuators is studied. The variation of the damping
eect with dierent gains and actuator coverage is studied.
2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The increasing interest for the lightweight structures
with superior structural performance has lead to the
development of smart or intelligent structures. In these
structures, the load bearing substrates are, in general
made of composite materials for higher strength to
weight and stiness to weight ratios. These structures
are integrated with distributed piezoelectric materials
that act as sensors and actuators because of their direct
and converse piezoelectric eects. The distributed piezoelectric sensor layer monitors the structural shape
deformation due to the direct eect and the distributed
actuator layer controls the deection through the converse piezoelectric eect.
It is largely established that higher order shear deformation theory (HOST) is necessary for predicting
through the thickness deformation and stress distributions in thick plates more accurately [1,2]. The tangential
inplane normal stress predictions for various laminated
shell problems using HOST are very closely matched
with elastic solutions [3,4]. However, with rst order
shear deformation theory (FOST) unusual variation of

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-22-2572-7332; fax: +91-22-25727302.
E-mail addresses: rsksa@civil.iitb.ac.in (S.A. Kulkarni), kmb@
civil.iitb.ac.in (K.M. Bajoria).
1
Tel.: +91-22-2572-7332; fax: +91-22-2572-7302.

0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00082-5

this stress with changes in radius was observed. The

increased accuracy of HOST models over classical
laminated theory (CLT) and FOST is demonstrated for
anisotropic and sandwich shells by drastically varying
the elastic properties vary from layer to layer [1,3]. The
inplane displacement distribution through thickness
using an improved higher order theory [4,5] is studied
for the laminated composite shells and the improvement
over the FOST has been demonstrated. Previous investigations [6] showed that the HOST improves the inplane response over that obtained with CLT even in the
case of thin laminated composite plates.
Dierent mathematical models are developed to
study the smart composite plate and shell structures
using the classical laminated theory [7] and rst order
shear deformation theory [710]. The nite element
analysis of the intelligent plate structures using HOST
[11] has shown that the method gives better results for
both thick and thin piezolaminated composite structures. Chee et al. [12] used the third order displacement
layerwise theory to study the shape control of smart
composite structures. Studies on smart composite beams
for shear mode actuators have shown a great dierence
using the FOST and HOST models. Chattopadhyay
et al. [13] studied the dynamic response of the delaminated smart composite beams using HOST model.
This paper presents the nite element formulation of
piezolaminated shell using a degenerate shell element
model for the analysis of smart shell structures with nine
mechanical degrees of freedom per node and one

42

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

electrical degree of freedom per element. The HOST is

based on Taylor series expansion of generalised displacements and describes cubic variation of in plane displacements and parabolic variation of transverse displacement
through the shell thickness. It takes into account
warping of the transverse cross sections and leads to
parabolic distribution of transverse shear strains over
the thickness of the shell. Thus, shear correction coecients are not required. Due to the nonlinear transverse
strain variation over the depth, is sensitive to exure as
well as shear failure modes. A nite-element formulation
is presented for modeling the static as well as dynamic
eects of a laminated shell structure containing distributed piezoelectric materials subjected to both mechanical and electrical load. The formulation is derived from
the variational principle with consideration for the total
potential energy and the kinetic energy of the structures
and the electrical potential energy of the piezoelectric
materials. The model is validated for the converse and
direct piezoelectric eect using a piezoelectric polymeric
PVDF bimorph beam and the results are compared with
the literature. The active vibration control capability of
piezolaminted-curved beam is studied and damping
eect for various control gains are demonstrated.

2. Finite-element formulation
Fig. 1 shows the general smart shell element with
composite and piezoelectric layers. The geometry and
various coordinate systems of the degenerated shell element [14] are shown in Fig. 2. The displacement components of the mid-point of the normals, the nodal
coordinates, global stiness matrixes, applied force
vectors etc. are referred the global coordinate system
xyz.
At kth node, V~3k is constructed as a vector joining the
top and bottom of the node in nodal coordinate system
~3k . V~1k is constructed parallel to the global xz
V~1k V~2k V
~3k is in y
plane or is assumed parallel to x axis when V
~
direction. And consequently V2k is derived as cross
products of V~3k and V~1k . ngf is a natural coordinate
system; n and g are the curvilinear coordinates at the

Fig. 2. Shell element with various co-ordinate systems.

middle surface. f is linear coordinate in thickness direction with f 1 and )1 at top and bottom surfaces
respectively.
The HOST model is formulated with eight noded
element and has nine mechanical degrees of freedom per
each node (HOST-9). The basic assumptions made in
the formulations are: (a) straight normal to the mid
surface may not remain straight during deformation.
Cubic approximation is assumed to describe such distorted normal. (b) The strain energy corresponding to
the stress component orthogonal to mid-surface is disregarded.
2.1. Element geometry and displacement eld
Using the quadratic interpolation along the shell
surface while the linear interpolation along shell thickness, the position of an arbitrary point of the shell is
obtained as
9
8
8 9
8 k9
x
>
<x= X
=
< Vb3k >
< x0 = f X
8
8
1
y
Nk y0k
Nk tk Vb3ky
: ; k1 : k ; 2 k1
>
;
: bz >
z
z0
V 3k
where Vbikj (i 1, 2, 3) is the jth component of unit vector
along nodal vector V~ik at node k and tk is the thickness of
shell at node k. xk0 , y0k and zk0 are the Cartesian coordinates of the midpoint of the shell at k th node. The shape
function Nk n; g at kth node is dened by
Nk n; g 1 nk n1 gk gnk n gk g
1n2k g2k =2
1 n2 1 gk g1
n2k g2k =2
1 g2 1 nk n1
g2k n2k =2

Fig. 1. General layout smart composite shell element.

The theoretical formulation of the displacement components using higher order theory from Taylors series
expansion is described in the literature [1,15]. The displacement components of any point in the shell global
coordinate system in terms of thickness coordinate z for
the HOST-9 is given by

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

ui uk0i Vb1ki d1 Vb2ki d2 ;

k 1; 2; . . . ; 8

i 1; 2; 3 and
3

where ui are the displacements u, v and wu1 u; u2

wu1 u; u2 v; u3 w in global coordinate x, y and z
directions respectively. And uk0i are the displacements in
the midpoint of the normal in global coordinate system.
d1 zby

z2 u0

z3 by

d2
zbx
z2 v0
z3 bx

The asterisk marked terms are higher order terms. Expanding the Eq. (3) the element displacement eld is
expressed as
8 9
8 k9
n
<u= X
< u0 =
v
Nk vk0
: ; k1 : k ;
w
w0
2
3
b x Vb x
k 


V
n
2k
1k
X
tk 6
7 b

Nk f 4
Vb2ky Vb1ky 5 xk
by
2
k1

Vb2kz Vb1kz
2
3
Vb1kx
V2kx
 
n
2
X
t 6
7 u
Nk f2 k 4 Vb1ky
Vb2ky 5 0

v0
4
k1
Vb1kz
Vb2kz
2
3

Vb2kx Vb1kx
k 
n
3
X
t 6
7 b

Nk f3 k 4
Vb2ky Vb1ky 5 xk

6
by
8
z
z
k1
b
b

V 2k V 1k
where uk0 , vk0 and wk0 are the displacement components of
the midpoint of the normal in global coordinate system.
2.2. Strain displacement relations
The normal strain component in the thickness direction is neglected. Owing to this assumption, the ve
strain components in local coordinate system are given
by
2x0

ou0
;
ox0

cx0 y 0

2y 0

ou0 ov0

;
oy 0 ox0

ov0
oy 0
cx0 z0

ou0 ow0

;
oz0 ox0

c y 0 z0

ow0 ov0

oy 0 oz0
7

where 2 with subscripts x0 , y 0 are the normal strains in

the respective directions; c with subscripts x0 y 0 , x0 z0 and
y 0 z0 are the shear strains on x0 y 0 , x0 z0 and y 0 z0 planes respectively. u0 , v0 and w0 are the displacement components
in the local coordinate system. The relation between the
displacements derivatives in local and global coordinates is given by

ou0
6 ox0
6 ou0
6
6 0
6 oy
4 ou0
oz0

3
2
ow0
ou
6 ox
ox00 7
6
ow 7
7
T 6 ou

w
7
6
6 oy
oy 0 7
4 ou
05
ow
oz
oz0

ov0
ox00
ov
oy 0
ov0
oz0

in which
h
w x^0

43

y^0

^z0

l1
4 m1
n1

3
ow
ox 7
ow 7
7
7w
oy 7
ow 5
oz

ov
ox
ov
oy
ov
oz

l2
m2
n2

3
l3
m3 5
n3

where x^0 , y^0 and ^z0 are unit vectors in the direction of x0 ,
y 0 and z0 axis respectively. li , mi , ni i 1; 2; 3 are
the components of unit vectors x^0i , i.e., f^
x01 g f^
x0 g
T
T
0
0
f l1 m1 n1 g , f^
x2 g f^
y g f l2 m2 n2 g and f^
x03 g
T
0
f^z g f l3 m3 n3 g . The relation between the derivatives in global coordinates and natural coordinates is
expressed as
3
2 ou ov ow 3
2
ou ov ow
6 on on on 7
6 ox ox ox 7
6
6 ou ov ow 7
ov ow 7
7
7
6

1 6 ou
10
7
7 J  6
6
6 og og og 7
6 oy oy oy 7
4 ou ov ow 5
4 ou ov ow 5
oz

oz

of

oz

of

of

in which the Jacobian matrix J  is written as

2 ox oy oz 3
6 on
6 ox
6
J  6
6 og
4 ox
of

on
oy
og
oy
of

on 7
oz 7
7
7
og 7
oz 5
of

11

The derivatives of displacements of any point in the

shell space with respect to curvilinear coordinates can be
determined by using the displacement eld described in
Eq. (6). The displacement derivatives with respect to
n are given by
9
8
ou >
>
>
>
8 k9
>
>
> on >
>
= X
< ov >
< u0 =
n

Nk;n vk0
>
: k;
on >
> k1
>
w0
>
>
> ow >
>
>
;
:
on
2
3
bx V x
k 


V
n
1k
2k
X
tk 6
7 b

Nk;n f 4
Vb2ky Vb1ky 5 xk

by
2
k1

Vb2kz Vb1kz
2
3
x


Vb1kx
V21k
n
2
X
t 6
7 u
Nk;n f2 k 4 Vb1ky
Vb2ky 5 0

v0
4
k1
Vb1kz
Vb2kz
2
3
b x V x
k 


V
n
3
1k
2k
X
t 6
7 b
Nk;n f3 k 4
Vb2ky Vb1ky 5 xk

12
by
8
k1

Vb z Vb z
2k

1k

44

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

Similarly, the displacement derivatives with respect

to g and f are determined. With the displacements derivatives dened above the strain displacement matrix
B in global coordinates is formed. If fdke g
T
f uk0 vk0 wk0 bkx bky bkz uk
vk
wk
bk
bk
is the
0
0
0
x
y g
vector of nodal variables corresponding to kth node of
the element, the generalized nodal variables of an element fd e g is expressed as

T
fd e g fd1e gT fd2e gT fd3e gT fd4e gT fd5e gT fd6e gT fd7e gT fd8e gT

13
The strain displacement equation relating the strain
components 2 global coordinate system to the nodal
variables d e is expressed as
f2g

8
X

Bei fdie g Be fd e g

14

i1

The stressstrain relation in the global coordinate system can be written as

frg Cf2g

15

where
frg f rx

ry

f2g f 2xy

sxy

cxy

sxz

cxz

syz gT

cyz g

C T2  C T2 

3
0
fEse g
Bes f/es g
4 0 5f/es g
1=ts

22

where subscripts a and s refer to the actuator layer and

the sensor layer respectively. ta and ts are the thickness
of the piezoelectric actuator and sensor layers respectively. The superscript e denotes the parameter at the
element level. Bea  and Bes  are electric eld gradient
matrices of the actuator layer and the sensor layer respectively.

16
17

At gauss points of the numerical integration, the C is

obtained in global coordinates using the strain transformation matrix [20] T2 by the relation is given below
T

spectively. That is, electrical potential is assumed to be

constant over an element of piezoelectric layer and
varying linearly through the thickness of the piezoelectric layer.
The electric eld strength of an element in terms of
electrical potential for the actuator and sensor layer is
expressed as
2
3
0
21
Eae
Bea f/ea g
4 0 5f/ee g
1=ta

18

2.5. The total potential energy and static nite element

equations
The total potential energy of the shell element is given
by
Tp U
W

2.3. Direct and converse piezoelectric relations

It is assumed that the mechanical and electrical forces
in an oscillating piezoelectric structure are balanced at
any given time instant. Using the quasi-static approximation in the analysis the piezoelectric equations can be
decoupled. The variation of temperature is neglected.
The linear piezoelectric constitutive equations coupling
the elastic and electric elds can be respectively expressed as the direct and the converse piezoelectric
equations are given by [16]
fDg ef2g efEg

19

frg Cf2g eT fEg

20

where fDg is the electric displacement vector, e is the

dielectric permittivity matrix, e is the dielectric matrix
at constant mechanical strain, E is the electric eld
vector, r is the stress vector and C is the elastic matrix
for a constant electric eld.
2.4. Electrical potential function
The element has one electrical degree of freedom for
piezoelectric actuator and sensor layer, /ea and /es re-

23

The internal potential energy U consisting of the

elastic strain energy of the entire structure and the
electrical potential energy of the piezoelectric layers is
written as
Z
Z
1
1
T
T
U
f2g frg dV

fEe g fDa g dV
2 V0
2 Va a
Z
1
T
fEe g fDs g dV
24


2 Vs s
where V0 , Va and Vs are the volumes of the entire structure, the actuator layer and the sensor layer respectively.
For the external work done W , the work done by the
external forces due the applied surface traction and the
applied electric charge on the actuator are considered.
Therefore work done, W is given by
Z
Z
T
T
W fd e g f

re x; yg dA fEae g f
qea x; yg dA 25
A

qea x; y,
where r
e x; y is the surface traction vector and

the specied surface charge density on the surface of
actuator layer for an element. Substituting Eqs. (14)
(18) the Eqs. (24) and (25) are modied to

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

1
2

fd e gT Be T CBe d e  dV
V0
Z
1
fd e gT Be T eT Bea f/ea g dV


2 Va
Z
1


fd e gT Be T eT Bes f/es g dV
2 Vs
Z
1


f/e gT Bea T eBe fd e g dV
2 Va a
Z
1
T
T
f/e g Bes  eBe fd e g dV


2 Vs s
Z
1
T
T


f/e g Bea  eBea f/ea g dV
2 Va a
Z
1
T
T


f/e g Bes  eBes f/es g dV
2 Vs s
Z
Z
T
T
T
re g dA f/ea g Bea 
W fd e gN  f

fQea g

26

27

e
e
kde fd e g kda
f/ea g kds
f/es g fF1e g

28

e
e
fd e g
kaa
f/ea g fQea g
kad
e
fd e g
ksse f/es g 0
ksd

29

Va
T

e

kds

33
34

Va
T

Be  eBes  dV

35

e
e T
 kds

ksd
Z
T
ksse  Bes  eBes  dV

36

Vs

37

Vs

the element mechanical force vector fF1e g, in Eq. (28)

and the element electrical force vector fQea g, in Eq. (29)
are given below
Z
T
re g dA
38
fF1e g N  f

A

kd fdg kda f/a g kds f/s g fF1 g

40

kad fdg
kaa f/a g fQa g

41

ksd fdg
kss f/s g 0

42

where f/a g and f/s g are the global electric potential

vector for actuator and sensor layer respectively. fF1 g is
the mechanical force vector due to surface traction and
fQa g is the electric force vector as a result of the applied
charge density distribution on the actuators. In order to
save the computer memory and improve computation
eciency, the electrical potential vector is condensed
using Guyan condensation technique [21]. Substituting
Eqs. (41) and (42) into Eq. (40) the structural nite
element equation is obtained as
K  fdg fF  g

43

in which

1

1

K   Kd  Kda Kaa  Kad  Kds Kss  Ksd 

1

fF g fF1 g Kda Kaa  fQa g fF1 g Fe 

44
45

where fFe g is the force vector due to the applied charge

on the actuator.
2.6. The structural dynamic nite element equations

30

where the superscript e refers to the parameter at the

element level and the k matrices with subscripts d, da,
ad, aa, ds, sd and ss are dened below.
Z
T
kde  Be  CBe  dV
31
V
Z
e
kda

Be T eBea  dV
32
e
kda

Z
T
e

Bea  eBea  dV
kaa

39

Assembling the element Eqs. (28)(30) the global set of

equations are given as follows:

Substituting the internal potential energy U (Eq. (26)),

and the external work done W (Eq. (27)) in total potential energy Tp (Eq. (23)) and setting its rst variation
to zero the following system of equations for the element
are obtained

e

kad

Bea  f
qea x; yg dA
A

 f

qea x; yg dA

45

To derive the equation of the motion for the piezolaminated composite shell the Hamilton principle is
used:
Z t2
d
T
U W  dt 0
46
t1

in which T is the kinetic energy and can be written as


Z 
1 _ T _
fd g fd g dV
T
q
47
2
V
where d_ is the velocity and q is the mass density. t1 and t2
dene the time interval. All variations must vanish at t
t t1 and t t2 . Substituting the potential energy U
(Eq. (26)), the work done W (Eq. (27)), and Kinetic
energy T (Eq. (47)) in Eq. (46) and taking the variation
yield the dynamic nite element equations of an element
e
e
M e fde g Kde fd e g
Kda
f/ea g
Kds
f/es g

fF1e g

48

e
e
fd e g kaa
f/ea g fQea g
kad
e
fd e g ksse f/es g 0
ksd

50

in which
Z
M e 
qN T N  dV

51

49

46

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

The rest of the stiness matrices and load vectors are the
same as dened in Eq. (31)(39). By assemblage of the
element Eqs. (48)(50) and use of Guyan condensation
technique [21] gives the following overall dynamic nite
element equation
Mfdg K  fdg fF  g

52

patches with large variation in voltage range, implementation of the control strategy becomes practically
dicult.

4. Numerical examples and discussion

where

1

1

K   Kd  Kda Kaa  Kad  Kds Kss  Ksd 

1

fF  g fF1 g Kda Kaa  fQa g

53
54

where M is the mass matrix for the entire structure. In

general, all the structures are lightly damped. Hence
adding an articial linear viscous damping to Eq. (52)
gives
Mfdg Cd fd_ g K  fdg fF1 g fFe g

55

in which the damping matrix Cd  is expressed as

Cd  aM bK  

56

where a and b are the Rayleighs coecients.

3. Negative velocity feedback and vibration control

In order to provide proper velocity information to the
piezoelectric actuators, the voltage induced in the sensor
layer is dierentiated and fed back. Accordingly, a
feedback control gain is used to enhance the sensor
signal and also to change its sign before the voltage is
injected into the piezoelectric actuators. From Eq. (42)
the sensor potential is given by

4.1. Validation of the model: PVDF bimorph beam

To validate the model, a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam (100 mm  5 mm  1 mm) constructed of
two PVDF bonded together with opposite polarities is
considered [17]. When an unit voltage is applied across
the thickness, the induced internal stresses result in a
bending moment which causes bimorph beam to bend.
The deections obtained by the HOST-9 are compared
with the literature [8,12,18] are shown in Table 1. From
the Table 1 it is seen that the results of HOST-9 are
better than the FOST model and fairly agree with theoretical analysis. The second study was where the distributed voltage along the beam was calculated, when
the tip of the beam has load. The bimorph beam is made
to deect to produce 10 mm tip deection and the output voltage calculated is shown in Fig. 3. In Tzou and
Tseng model [19], the voltage output along the beam
length assumed is continuous although measuring such
voltage distribution on the electrode is dicult. In the
present model voltage distribution assumed is constant

350

(FOST)
(Hwang/Park)
(Tzou/Tseng)
(HOST-9)

1

f/s g
kss  ksd fdg

57

In case of constant gain velocity feedback control the

electrical potential is to be fed back to the actuator is
calculated as
f/a g
Gf/s g

58

In case of multi input multi output (MIMO) controllers, the actuator voltages and sensor voltages are
vectors and the control gain is a matrix. However, in
case of single input single output system, the actuator
and sensor voltage become scalars and control gain
becomes a single value. In case of MIMO control system, when there are large numbers of sensor/actuator

Output Voltage (volt)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Distance (mm)

Fig. 3. The sensor voltage distribution for the bending actuation.

Table 1
Deections of the piezoelectric bimorph beam
Distance (mm)

Deection ( 10
6 m) Tzou/Ye [18] (theory)

Tzou/Ye [18] (solid FE)

Chee et al. [12]

FOST [8]

Present HOST-9

20
40
60
80
100

0.0138
0.0552
0.1240
0.2210
0.3450

0.0124
0.0508
0.1160
0.2100
0.3300

0.0138
0.0552
0.1242
0.2208
0.3450

0.0136
0.0542
0.1220
0.2174
0.3374

0.0139
0.0548
0.1231
0.2197
0.3419

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

across the element and the results agree well with the
literature [17,19].
4.2. Example on vibration control of smart ring shell
A semicircular steel ring shell with laminated piezoelectric layers on the top and bottom is considered. One
end of the ring is xed and the other end is free. The
steel ring is 120 mm wide, and 8 mm thick. The piezoelectric layers are made of PZT piezoceramics (250 lm
thick). The inner radius of the piezolaminated ring is
0.40 m. The material properties are described in Table 2.
The inner piezolayer of the ring shell is assumed as actuator and outer as sensor (Fig. 4) and is modeled with
Table 2
Material properties
Properties

PZT

Steel

Density, q, kg m
3
Youngs modulus, Y , Pa
Poisons ratio, l
Piezostrian constant, d31 , m V
1
Electric permittivity, e11 , F m
1

7.600  103
6.300  1010
0.300
)1.790  10
10
1.650  10
8

7.750  103
2.1  1011
0.300

Fig. 4. Semicircular piezolaminated ring shell.

47

Table 3
Natural frequencies in rad/s
Mode

FOST

HOST-9 (present)

1
2
3
4
5
6

35.80
50.79
157.62
212.13
524.75
740.13

35.89
50.95
158.09
212.52
525.99
741.50

20 elements per each layer (Fig. 5). The rst six fundamental natural frequencies obtained by subspace iteration method and matching frequencies of the HOST-9
model with the FOST model are shown in the Table 3.
The values Rayleighs coecients a and b are taken as
6.9  10
3 rad/sec and 5.048  10
5 (rad/s)
1 respectively
and are obtained following the procedure outlined in
Bathe [20]. An initial velocity of 1.0 m/s is applied in the
hoop direction to the free end of the ring. The free vibration response time histories for the radial and hoop
directions are shown in Fig. 6. Newmarks direct time
integration scheme is adopted to evaluate the transient
responses. The values of time integration scheme parameters c and a are assumed as 0.5 and 0.25 respectively. The time step used in the calculation is 0.01 s.
To apply the negative velocity feedback averaged
sensor signals are amplied and fed back into the actuator. Activating the negative velocity feedback in the
system the responses for radial and hoop directions for
various gains (G 10 and 50) are shown in Fig. 7. From
the controlled responses in hoop direction (Fig. 7(a) and
(b)) and radial direction (Fig. 7(c) and (d)) it is observed
that modal coupling is more predominant in later case.
This is due to the excitement of dierent transverse
modes in control spillover.
The vibration control of smart ring shell is also
studied by varying the sensor/actuator percentage from
the xed end of the ring. In this study, the voltage from
all the distributed sensors is averaged and fed back to
0.0006

Hoop Displacement
Radial Displacement

Displacement (mm)

0.0004

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

-0.0004

-0.0006
0

Time (Sec)

Fig. 5. Finite element model of piezolaminated steel ring beam with

one end xed.

Fig. 6. Free vibration response of the ring shell in hoop and radial
direction.

48

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

(a)

0.0006

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

0.0004

Displacement (mm)

Displacement (mm)

0.0004

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

-0.0004

-0.0004

G=10

-0.0006

G=50

-0.0006

0.0003

0.0003

(c)

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

0.0002

(d)

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

0.0002

Displacement (mm)

Displacement (mm)

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

(b)

0.0006

0.0001

0.0000

-0.0001

-0.0002
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0000

-0.0001

-0.0002

G=10
0.0

0.0001

G=50
3.0

0.0

0.5

Time (sec)

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Time (Sec)

Fig. 7. (a), (b) Controlled and uncontrolled responses in hoop directions. (c), (d) Controlled and uncontrolled responses in radial directions.

0.0006

(a)

0.0006

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

Displacement (mm)

Displacement (mm)

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

PAC=20%

G=50

0.0000

-0.0002

(c)

PAC=40%

-0.0006

-0.0006

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

0.0006

(d)

G=50

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

0.0004

Displacement (mm)

0.0004

Displacement (mm)

0.0002

-0.0004

-0.0004

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

0.0002

0.0000

-0.0002

-0.0004

-0.0004

PAC=80% G=50

PAC=60% G=50
-0.0006

(Controlled)
(Uncontrolled)

0.0004

0.0004

0.0006

(b)

-0.0006

Fig. 8. (a)(d) Tip response in hoop direction for dierent values of PAC along the hoop direction from the xed end.

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

80

80

(a)

PAC =2 0%

49

PAC=40%

(b)

60
40

40

Actuator Voltage

Actuator Voltage

60

20
0
-20
-40

20
0
-20
-40

-60

G=50

-60

-80

80

(c)

PAC=60%

(d)

60

60

40

40

Actuator Voltage

Actuator Voltage

80

G=50

20
0
-20
-40

PAC=80%

20
0
-20
-40

-60

G=50
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

-60
0.0

G=50
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Time (sec)

Time (Sec)

Fig. 9. (a)(d) Actuator voltage vs. time for dierent values PAC.

actuator as with some gain. Fig. 8 show the tip responses

in hoop direction at dierent percentage of actuator
coverage (PAC) for a gain value, G 50. It is observed
that the controlled peak responses for PAC value 80
(Fig. 8(d)) are slightly more than that of PAC values 40
and 60 (Fig. 8(b) and (c)). Fig. 9 show the actuator
voltage verses time plots at dierent PACs (20%, 40%,
60% and 80%) for gain value, G 50. It is observed that
the peak ordinates of the actuator voltage for PAC value
80 (Fig. 9(d)) are less than that of PAC values 40 and 60
(Fig. 9(b) and (c)). This is, because the average con-

trolling voltage remaining same, actuator patches near

the free end will amplify the controlled response, which
is in excess of the uncontrolled peaks. The variation of
damping ratio for dierent gains (G 10, 35 and 50) is
shown in Fig. 10. It is observed that the controlled
damping ratio increases rather quickly up to 40% of the
actuator coverage. Irrespective of the gains, the maximum damping ratio occurs in the range between 50%
and 60% of the actuator coverage. However, any increase in actuator coverage beyond 60% decreases the
damping. This is clearly observed in all the gain curves.

5. Conclusion
0.03

Damping ratio

G=50

0.02

G=35

0.01

G=10

0.00
0

20

40

60

80

100

Actuator Coverage (%)

Fig. 10. Damping ratio vs. percentage variation of actuator for various gains.

A new model for the piezolaminated shells using the

higher order shear deformable theory is developed. The
present model is validated with the theoretical and other
models in the literature. Active control of composite
shells with distributed piezoelectric sensor and actuator
layers has been studied using this new model is developed. Results of the distributed vibration control of the
smart ring shell using averaged voltage from sensor to
actuator suggested that the damping is optimum in the
range between 50% and 60% of the actuator coverage.
Increase in actuator coverage beyond 60% decreases the
damping ratio. The nite element model can be used for
both thick and thin shell composite shells. Further work
in modeling for the stability analysis is in progress.

50

S.A. Kulkarni, K.M. Bajoria / Composite Structures 62 (2003) 4150

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