Task 2

Calibration Factor of Compound Microscope:

Calibration Factor using 4x objectives
= (0.5mm / 20 ocular division) x (1000m / 1mm)
= 0.025 m/ ocular division
Calibration Factor using 10x objectives
= (0.4mm / 40 ocular division) x (1000m / 1mm)
= 0.01 m/ ocular division
Calibration Factor using 40x objectives
= (0.1mm / 40 ocular division) x (1000m / 1mm)
= 2.5x10-3 m/ ocular division
Calibration Factor using 100x objectives
= (0.1mm / 100 ocular division) x (1000m / 1mm)
= 1x10-3 m/ ocular division

Size of sample
In pond water
= (number of ocular divisions occupied by sample) x (number of m per division)
= (15 ocular divisions) x (1x10-3 m / ocular division)
= 0.015 m
Pandan Leaf
DLO
L=4.870 mm
DL1
L=1.447mm
DL2
L=1.325mm
DL3
L=4.848mm

Hibiscus Leaf
DLO
L= 3.402mm
DL1
L=1.578mm
DL2
L=3.228mm
DL3
L=1.399mm

DISCUSSION

First and foremost, the basic function of microscope is the tools used to enlarge images of
small objects so as they can be studied. In this experiment, we explore the different types of
microscope which is compound microscope and dissecting microscope. We also identifying their
parts as well as determining the function of the respective parts. After understanding the function
of the microscope, we can handle it correctly because microscopes are very expensive precision
instrument so, it is very important to make them last for a long time. Next, we acquire the skill of
calibrating prior to measuring field of view and cell size using the ocular and stage micrometer.
Microscope calibration can help ensure that the same sample, when assessed with different
microscopes, will yield the same results. Even two identical microscopes can have slightly
different magnification factors when not calibrated. The scale on the eyepiece reticle does not
have units and the values change at different magnifications. Therefore, it is important to
calibrate the eyepiece reticle before taking measurements to ensure that the microscope will
output accurate and valid information. Then, the microscope calibration process is a comparison
of the grid on the eyepiece reticle with a stage micrometer showing units in millimeters or
micrometers to validate the scale. When calibrating, the stage micrometer is lined up with the
grid on the reticle, then the number of divisions on the microscope are counted per millimeter or
micrometer on the staged micrometer. The number of divisions will change as the magnification
changes. Then we need to prepare a slide of pond water to estimate the size of sample based on
the example given. This procedure can give rises to parallax error. It is because the scale of
ocular micrometer is small so there will be mistakes when taking the readings. Last but not least
we are applying our skill of using microscope by examines the prepared slide of connective
tissues. The next tissue is connective tissue. Connective tissue is loosely packed which may be
jelly-like, fluid, dense or rigid. Their functions are connected or bind the organs and acts as
filling or packing between organs. There are two types of connective tissues which are Loose
Connective Tissue (LCT) and Fibrous Connective Tissues (FCT). The example of connective
tissue from the slide of experiment is human bone tissue. Their structures are it was be jelly-like
and rigid. It is also have a fibers and unorganized. Then human blood smear, they are small and
dont have nucleus. They are thin in the middle and have the biconcave disk shape. Next is frog
skin it consist of simple squamous epithelium tissue based on its shape from the top. Then is
small intestine they consist of villi. The lining of these villi is a tissue layer called mucosa, which
made up of simple columnar epithelial tissue. Next is areolar tissue, it is a loose connective tissue

that consist of a meshwork of collagen, elastic tissue , and reticular fibers with many connective
tissue cells in between the meshwork of fibers. Another slide is striated muscle tissue and lily
anther tissue. There some precautions should be taken from this experiment. The first one is use
the lowest power (4x) first to observe the tissues. Then, switch it to the higher power lens (10x,
40x and 100x). When the power is 100x, the immersion oil must be used and drop it on the
surface of the slide. To summarized, start on the low power to the high power of objective lens of
microscope. The other precaution is always check the slide either it is clean and perfectly. If not,
the slide can be cleaned by prepared tissues from the laboratory. In studying of each tissue, the
structure is observed and the cells are draw and label according to their structure.

CONCLUSION
For the conclusion, when do the observation such as microorganisms, they are commonly
very small in size and the structure. So, when comes to observing them through our naked eyes
are absolutely impossible. The solution to overcome this problem is by observing them using
microscope. By doing this experiment, we understand about the way to handle the microscope
and become familiar with them as well as their function too. Next, we also acquire the skill of
calibrating the microscope and we can calculate the size of sample by using the calibration
factor. Lastly we are exploring the different types of connecting tissue and their structure. We can
know the detail of the tissue and we can appreciate how tissue types combine to form organs.
The objective for this experiment is achieved.
REFERENCES
http://www.biologyjunction.com/microscopeuselab.htm
https://www.labtesting.com/metrology-calibration-services/on-site-calibration/microscopecalibration/
http://m.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Tissue/Tissue_Areolar-Tissue.php
http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tt_blood.html