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813 Village Administrative Officer Posts at Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
PG Diploma in Management at Indian Institute of
Plantation Management, Bangalore
Intelligence Bureau ACIO 2012 Previous Paper with Solutions and
Explanations updated

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Sakshi Bhavita Online Edition www.sakshieducation.com/bhavitha.aspx

Dr.Ch.Rama Krishna
Dr.Rk's frames of physics

IInd Year
Magnetism - Matter
Origin of Magnetism of a material
Matter consists of atoms/ molecules. In an atom electron revolves
around the nucleus and also spins
about its own axis.

The electron motion around the

nucleus is equivalent to current
carrying circular loop whose
magnetic moment M = niA.
M = iA
e
e
r 2 M =
r 2
2 r
T
v
evr
e
M=
M=
mvr
2
2m
M=

e
M=
L
2m

L orbital angular momentum

Magnetic moment due spin:

f) The relative permeability r is

slightly less than 1.
g) Diamagnetism is a universal effect, that is present in all materials.
h) Do not obey Curie's law.
Paramagnetic Substances:
a) These are substances which are
feebly attracted by magnets and
tend to move from low to high
magnetic field region.
For example: Aluminium, Sodium.
b) Each atom (or ion or molecule)
has a net non-zero magnetic moment on its own.
c) M varies linearly with H,
M =H, and is constant.
d) is a small positive number,
> 0, it varies inversely with
temperature, = C/T, where T is
the absolute temperature, and C
is a constant.
The above relation is the Curie
law for paramagnetics.
e) Since >0, the magnetizing field
produces magnetization in its
own direction.
f) The relative permeability r is
slightly greater than 1.

angular momentum
According to Bohr's theory:

Ferromagnetic Substances:
a) These are substances which are
strongly attracted by magnets
and tend to move from high to
low magnetic field region, for
example, iron, nickel, cobalt.
b) There exist non-zero magnetic
moments of atoms (or ions or
molecules), which are organized
into domains of uniform magnetization.
c) M is not directly proportional to
H. M is also not a single valued
function of H.
d) A ferromagnetic substance transforms into paramagnetic above a
characteristic temperature, called
the Curie temperature. For iron,
Curie temperature is 770C.
e) The susceptibility is positive
and very large but no longer
constant.
f) In some cases ferromagnetic
materials show large magnetization even when there is no externally applied field.
g) Obey Curie's law. At Curie temperature ferromagnetic subst- ances changes to paramagnetic substances.

eh
B =
Bohr magneton
4 m

Every atom is a dipole or

spinning electron is equivalent to
a dipole.
Diamagnetic Substances:
a) These are substances which are
feebly repelled by magnets and
tend to move from high to low
magnetic field region.
For example: copper, water.
b) The individual atoms (or ions or
molecules) of a diamagnetic substance do not possess any net magnetic moment on their own.
c) The magnetization M varies with
H in a linear way: M = H, where
, called the magnetic susceptibility, is a constant characteristic
of the substance.
d) The magnetic susceptibility is a
small negative number < 0, and
is independent of temperature.
e) Since < 0, the magnetization of
a diamagnetic substance is in a
direction opposite to that of the
magnetizing field.

Intermediate
Physics
Physics
Bar magnet:

Magnetic field due to north pole

of bar magnet is:
uuur
r

m
BN = 0
along OP
4 (r l )2

Magnetic field due to south pole

of bar magnet is:
uuur
r

m
BS = 0
along PO
2
4 (r + l )

B=BNBs
Total magnetic field:
B=

0 2M
; r >> l
4 r 3

Solenoid:

C
T

g) Obey Curie's law. =

h
,
2
e
h
M=
n
2m 2
M = n B

Send your Feedback to..sakshieducation@gmail.com

The area of hysteresis loop indicates..

e
Ms =
S , where S is spin
2m

L=n

Ol>l l l
]l]l l 14 l 2015

C
T TC

1) Prove that a bar magnet and

solenoid produce similar fields?

Consider a solenoid of radius R,

containing n turns per unit length
carrying current i, and total length 2l.
Let P be a point on its axial line
at a distance r from its centre O.
Consider an element of thickness
dx at a distance x from its centre.
We know that magnetic field along the axis of circular coil is
B=

0
NiR 2
2 (d 2 + R 2 ) 3/2

Magnetic field due to small

element is dB =

0 n dx iR 2
2[(r x) 2 + R 2 ]3/2

when r >> x,

M is directly related with the

microscopic currents in the material.
Magnetic intensity (H)


It is defined as the ratio of the
magnetic field B0 in free space to
the permeability 0 of the free
space, that is H = B0
0

Its SI unit is ampere per meter.

For example, for an interior point
of a long solenoid, B0 = 0nI,
and H=nI. The magnetic field
strength H depends on the geometry of the circuit and the conduction current, but not on the
medium.


In the presence of a magnetic
material, the total magnetic field
B in the medium is due to both
the conduction current (or 'free'
current) in the external circuit
and the microscopic current (or
'bound' current) developed in the
material. It turns out that the
extra magnetic field developed
inside the magnetic material field
developed inside the magnetic
material is 0M, where M is the
magnetization, so that
B= B0+ 0M=0(H + M) .......(1)
Magnetic susceptibility :


It is defined as the ratio of M to
H. In diamagnetic or paramagnetic material, this ratio is a constant material, this ratio is a constant characteristic of the material,
and the relation between M and
H is a direct proportion: M=H.


The magnetic susceptibility c is a
measure of how a magnetic material responds to an external magnetic field. Since H and M have the same units, is a dimensionless quantity.


Equation (1) can now be written
as: B = 0(H + M) = 0 (1 + )H
=0rH, where r is called the
relative permeability of the material, that is = 0r and B = H.

dx = 2l, r >> R
2NiR 2
n2liR 2
B= 0 3 , B= 0
4 x 3
2x
B=

0 2M
4 x 3 ,

where M = NiA, N = 2ln.

Thus magnetic field along axial
line of a bar magnet and along
axis of solenoid is similar.
Magnetisation (M)
It is defined as the magnetic moment developed per unit volume of
the material when it is placed in a
magnetizing field. Its SI unit is
ampere per metre. The magnetization

For free space, = 0, r = 1 and

= 0
Hysteresis:

In figure, the curve along OABCDEF shows the variation of the

magnetic induction B with grad-ual change of the magnetic intensity H. The closed curve ABCDEFA which represents a cycle
of magnetization of a ferromagnetic material is called its hysteresis loop.


Throughout the cycle of magnetization, B lags behind H, i.e., the
value of B when H is decreasing
is always more than when H is
increasing for a given value of H.


'The lagging of magnetic induction behind the magnetic
intensity producing it when a
ferromagnetic substance is taken
through a cycle of magnetization
is called hysteresis.


The area of hysteresis loop indicates the loss of energy dur-ing
one cycle of magnetization.
Retentivity:


The magnetic induction (OB in
figure) left behind in the sample
after the sample has been magnetized and the magnetic intensity H has been reduced to zero
is called residual magnetism retentivity.
Coercivity:


The value of the reverse magnetic intensity (OC in figure) required for a residual magnetism of
a ferromagnetic material to become zero is called coercivity of the material.

Important Questions for IPE

What happens to compass needles at the Earth's poles?

What is the magnetic moment associated with a solenoid?
Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why?
Derive an expression for the axial field of a solenoid of radius r, containing n turns per unit length and carrying current i?
Compare the properties of para, dia and ferromagnetic substances?
Define retentivity and coercivity. Draw the hysteresis curve for soft iron
and steel. What do you infer from these curves?
Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a
current carrying circular loop?
Prove that a bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar fields?
A small magnetic needle is set into oscillations in a magnetic field B.
Obtain an expression for the time period of oscillation?