SSC-245

A GUIDEFOR INTERPRETATION
OF
NONDESTRUCTIVE
TESTS OFORDINARY-,
MEDIUM-,ANDHIGH-STRENGTHLOW-ALLOY
STEEL BUTT-JOINTWELDMENTS
IN SHIP HULL STRUCTURES

This document has been approved

for public release and sale; its
distribution is unlimited.

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

1977

SHIP

STRUCTURE

COMMllTEE

AN INTERAGENCY ADVISORY
COMMITTEE DEDICATED TO IMPROVING
THE STRUCTURE OF SHIPS
MEMBER
Un, ted
Na.ol

AGENCIES:

States
Sea

MI IIlury
Mat, t,me
Americon

Coast

Systems

Scolift

Guard
Command

Command

Admln!drotlon
Bureo.

of Shipping

ADDRE5S CORRESPONDENCE
Secretary
Ship

Structure

U.S.

Coost

Guard

Comm, ttee

Washington,

DC.

Headquortcrs
20590

SR-197

In 1966, the Ship Structure Committee published a Guide

for Interpretation of NonDestructive Tests of Welds in Ship Hull
Structures - SSC177, that was developed by modifying codes and
standards for structures other than ship hulls. In 1970, the Committee
published A Guide for Ultrasonic Testing and Evaluation of Weld Flaws
SSC-213, that retained the comparable radiographic acceptance limits
provided in SSC-177.
With additional service experience and the constant stream of
test data on weldments being generated, the Committee requested the
above guides be revised and updated to consider this new information
while still maintaining the essential integrity of the weld without
excessive demands that might adversely influence cost. This report,
SSC-245, Guide for Interpretation of Non-Destructive Tests of Ordinary ,
Medium ~ and High-Strength, LowAlloy Steel Weldments in Ship Hull
Structures, constitutes the revised and combined guide. Users are
cautioned that this guide is not a standard and they should follow the
current appropriate regulations, rules, or standards for their particular
application.

W; M. Benkert
Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard
Chairman, Ship Structure Committee

TO

FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT

on
Project SR-197

GUIDE FOR INTERPRETATION

OF
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF ORDINARY-,
MEDIUM-, AND HIGH-STRENGTH, LOWALLOY STEEL WELDMENTS IN
SHIP HULL STRUCTURES

Prepared for the

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE
by the
WELD FLAW EVALUATION COMMITTEE
of the
SHIP RESEARCH COMMITTEE
National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council

This document has been approved for public reLease

and sale: i-k distribution is unlimited.
U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
1977

ABSTRACT
A survey was made of various codes and standards
nondestructive
applicable to the interpretation of
tests of welds in ordina~y-, medium-, and hig7z-s*~ength
lowalloy

steels.

This guide has been developed for ap-

plication to steel welds in ship hull structures

of

the general cargo, tanker and passenger class as differentiated from naval ships.
nondestructive

test

exhibits

The guide

results of several classes

defects with suitable teststo delineate

the

of

maximum

size and/or distribution that would be recommended as

acceptable for ship hulls.

-ii-

FOREWORD
This

Guide has been prepared to provide uniform inspec-

tion in shipyards where ordinary-, medium-, and high-strength

low-alloy steels are used.

It is not intend~d to replace

the standards issued by regulatory or classification

authorities but rather to complement them.
The Committees original purpose was to prepare a guide
for inspectin~ high-strength low-alloy steel weldments.
During the development of this effort, it became evident
that the resultant guides would apply to all ship-grade
steel weldments.
The reader is cautioned, however, that although the
guides are similar for all ship-grade steel strengths, more
extensive nondestructive

testing is recommended as the

Likewise, it should also
strength of the steels increase.

be mentioned that the four principal nondestructive

test

methods presented heretn must be considered as complementary

rather than supplementary -- each having advantages and
This is
weaknesses with respect to usage and results.
reflected in the acceptance criteria recommended herein.
The selection and application of the method to be used must,
therefore, be carefully made by trained personnel familiar
with the fabrication of ship hull steels.

W. TJ. Offner
Chairman,
The Weld Flaw Evaluation Committee

-iii-

SHIP

program
pertaining

to

STRUCTURE

COMMITTEE

The SHIP STRUCTURE

COMNITTEE
is constitutedto Prosecutea research
im~rove
the hull
structures
of ships
by an extension
of knowledge
to design,
materials
and methods
of fabrication.

Chief,

RADM W. M. Benkert,
USCG
of Merchant
Marine
Office
U.S.
Coast
Guard
Headquarters

Safety

Mr. P. PI. Palermo

Asst.
for
Structures
Naval
Ship
Engineering
Center
Naval
Ship
Systems
Command

Mr. M. Pitkin
Asst.
Administrator
for
Commercial
Development
Maritime
Administration

Mr. J.

Mr. C. J. Whitestone
Maintenance
& Repair
Officer
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Sealift
Command

IL. Foley

Vice
Presl dent
American
Bureau

of

Shipping
SHIP

STRUCTURE

SUBCOMMITTEE

The SHIP STRUCTURE SUBCOMMITTEE

acts
for
the
on technical
matters
by providing
technical
coordination
of goals
and objectives
of the program,
and by evaluating
results
in terms
of ship
structural
design,
construction

Ship
Structure
Committee
for
the determination
and interpreting
the
and operation.

ACADEVY OF SCIENCES
stIIP REsEARcHCOMMITTEE

NATIONAL
NAVAL
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.

SEA

C.
J.
G.

SYSTEMS

Pohler
B. OBrien
Sorkin
-

U.S.

COAST

GUARO

LCDR
CAPT
LCDR
LCDR

E.
C.
S.
J.

Chazal
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A.
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COMMAND
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Mr. R. W. Rumke - Liaison

Prof.
J, E. Goldberg
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SOCIETY
OF NAVAL
ENGINEERS
Mr.

A.

B.

Stavovy

WELDING RESEARCH

W+RITIPIEADMINISTRATION

Mr.

Mr.
Mr.
hh-.
Mr.

INTERNATIONAL

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R.

Hammer - Vember
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Mr.
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Y.

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SHIP

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CAPT

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Nolan

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AMERICAN

OF SHIPPING

Mr.
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- Member

Dr.

-iv-

IRON

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MARITIME

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& STEEL

R. H. Sterne
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OF N.Y.

Dr. W. R. Porter

Mr. S. G. Stiansen
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CONTENTS

Page
.................................,..

................................

...................................................

................................................

Magnetic-Particle

...........................................

11

Liquid Penetrant

...................................,.......

12

................................................

15

Awpendix A - ASTM E-142-72 - Standard Method for ......

Controlling Quality of Radiographic
Testing.

16

Appendix B - ASTM E-109-63 - Standard Method for ......

Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection.

21

Appendix C - ASTM E-165-75 - Standard Method for ......

Liquid Penetrant Inspection.

25

Appendix D - The Contact Ultrasonic Inspection of ......

Welds.

39

Scope
Personnel Qualifications
Visual
Radiography

Ultrasonic

-v-

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE
Fig. 1.

Visual Inspection Guides ....................

Fig. 2.

Surface Porosity by Visual Inspection .......

Fig. 3.

Radiographic Print of a Crack ..............

Fig. 4.

Radiographic Print of Piping

..............

Fig. 5.

Print of Rad ograph Illustrating Incomplete

Penetration
...............................

Fig. 6.

Radiographic Print of Lack of Fusion .......

Fig. 7.

Print of Elongated Round-Edged

Radioarauhic
.,,
Slag Incursion .......................... ...

Radiographic Print of Crack-Like Slag

Inclusion .................................

Radiographic Print of Multiple Slag

Inclusions ........................ .........

Fig. 10.

Radiographic Print of Undercutting

Fig. 11.

ASTM Prints of Radiographs Illustrating Various

Types of Porosity in Plate Thickness from 1/2
inchtol-1/2inches...
....................

ASTM Prints of Radiographs Illustrating Various

Types of Porosity in Plate Thickness Greater
than 1-1/2 inches and up to 3-inches. .......

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig, 12.

-vi-

.........

LIST OF FIGURES (CONT.)

PAGE

Fig. 13.

Fig.

14.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 20.

Fig. 21.

Fig. 22.

Fig. 23.

Fig, 24.

Longitudinal Crack Indicated by

Magnetic Particle Inspection ................

10

Transverse Crack Indicated by

Magnetic Particle Inspection ................

lIJ

Fillet Weld Toe Crack Indicated

by Magnetic particle Inspection .............

10

Root Crack Indicated by Magnetic

Particle Inspection ........................

10

Slag or Porosity Indicated by

Magnetic Particle Inspection ................

12

Interbead and Marginal Indications

(Undercuts) by Liquid Penetration
Inspection
................................

12

Surface Porosity and Undercutting

Indications by Liquid Penetrant
Inspection
................................

13

Deep Crack Indications by Liquid

Penetrant Inspection ........................

13

Crack and Slag Indications by

Liquid Penetrant Inspection .................

13

Typical
Example
of Ultrasonic
Indication below the DRL (Disregard Level)

14

. .. ...

Typical Example of Ultrasonic

Indication above the ARL (Amplitude
Reject Level) ...............................

14

Typical Example of Ultrasonic

Indication above the DRL but less than the
ARL
......,....................,..........

14

-vii-

APPENDIX D - ULTRASONIC INSPECTION FIGURES

PAGE

D-1

Technique for Inspecting Butt Welds ....... 39

with Shear Waves

D-2

Masking Effect of a Base Metal ............. 40

Lamination

D-3

Position Errors Introduced by Base ........ 40

Metal Lamination

D-4

Typical Reference Calibration

............ 42
Standard for Angle Beam Scanning

D-5

Typical Viewing Screen Calibration ........ 42

for Instruments Without Decibel
Attenuation Controls

D-6

Technique for Inspecting Butt Welds ....... 44

with Shear Waves

D-7

Supplementary Technique for Inspecting .... 44

Butt Welds when the tJeld Bead is
Ground Flush

D-8

Supplementary Technique for Inspecting ... 44

Butt Welds when the deld Bead is not
Ground Flush

D-9-a.

Minimum Scanning Procedure with Weld

Bead Flush and Both Sides of Weld
Accessible.

D-9-b

Minimum Scanning Procedure with Both.,.... 46

Welds Flush-Ground and One Side of
Weld Obstructed

D-9-C

Minimum Scanning Procedure with only.+.... 46

One Weld Bead Flush-Ground and One
Side of Weld Obstructed

D-9-d

Minimum Scanning Procedure with Weld ~... 46

Bead not Flush-Ground and Both Sides
of Weld Accessible

D-9-e

Minimum Scanning Procedure with Weld...

Bead not Flush-Ground and One Side
of Weld Obstructed

-viii-

.... 46

46

SCOPE
This document defines suggested acceptance criteria
for nondestructive
high-strength

testing of ordinary-, medium-, and

low-alloy (HSLA) steel weldments in plate

thicknesses from 1/2 inch through 3 inches as utilized

in the construction of hulls of modern merchant surface
vessels and supersedes the criteria recommended in SSC-177:
and SSC-213Y<<. It is not the object of this document LO
designate the location or extent of the inspection on a
ships hull, but rather to provide guides for the
interpretation of such tests by qualified personnel.

It

is expected that only those discontinuities need be

removed and repaired as necessary to render the weld
acceptable in accordance with the applicable guides herein.

Weld Flaw Evaluation Committee, Wide for Interpretation

of Nondestructive Tests of Welds in Ship Hull Structures,
SSC-177, Ship Structure Committee, Washington, D.C. 1966.
.,..,.
,.
.,
Youshaw, R. A., A Guide for Ultrasonic Testing and
Evaluation of Weld Flaws, SSC-213, Ship Structure Connnittee,
Washington, 11.C. 1970.
.

-2WELD

DESIRABLE

FILLET

b
\

WELD

. ,

PROFILES

CONVEXITY,
SHALL NOT

\
,,.

07

PROFILES

0.15

+ 0.03

C,
EXCEED
INCH

ACCEPTABLE

FILLET

WELD

PROFILE

kaQJsbJ22r

INSUFFICIENT

EXCESSIVE

THROAT

CONVEXITY

UNDERCUT

INSUFFICIENT

OVERLAp

LEG

DEFECTIVE

FILLET

WELD

PROFILES

REINFORCEMENT,
#

1
~

/_\.

SHALL

1/8

NOT

R,

EXCEED

INCH

r+
ACCEPTABLE

BUTT

UNDERCUT,
1/32

INCH

LENGTH

WELD

U, SHALL
IN DEPTH

GREATER

PROFILE

NOT

EXCEED

AND

FOR

THAN

ONE

t-qi+lm-----+!-=l
k

i~

EXCESSIVE

EXCESSIVE

CONCAVITY

CONVEXITY

DEFECTIVE

i-44
UNDERCUT

BUTTWELDPROFILES

Fig. 1. - Visual Inspection Guides

A
INCH

L--G-l
OVERLAP

-3-

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing
standard SNT-TC-IA, Nondestructive Test Personnel
Qualification and Certification -- Recommended Practice
shall apply to each of the individual inspection
categories.

VISUAL
Test Method
The test method as provided on pages 155 through
157 of Welding Inspection, American Welding Society,
1968, should be used.
Interpretation Guides
The following criteria are to be used in the
evaluations :

Fig.

1.

Fillet and butt-welds should conform to

the requirements shown in Fig. (1) for
size, convexity, concavity, undercut,
overlap, leg, throat, and excessive weld
irregularities.

2.

Surface porosity (sometimes called pockmarks) is unacceptable. (Fig. 2)

2. - Surface Porosity by Visual Inspection

RADIO(XLAPHY
Test Method
The guides set forth in this section are applicable
to the radiographic inspection of welds in but-t joints
only.
The test method as provided in the American Society
for Testing and Materials Standard ASTM E-142-72 should be
used.
The ASTM E-142-72 standard, without its appendices,
is reproduced as Appendix A to this report.
Interpretation Guides
For information, prints of radiographs showing types
of weld defects are included.
However, for various
indications of porosity, the original radiographic film of
ASTM Standard E-390-69 should be used for weld interThe following criteria are to be used in
pretation.
the evaluation:
1.

Welds which contain cracks are

unacceptable.
(Fig. 3)

2.

Welds which contain piping are

unacceptable.
(Fig. 4)

,,,)11

Fig. 3. - Radiographic Print of a Crack

Fig. 4. - Radiographic Print of Piping

-53.

Welds which contain incomplete penetration (Fig. 5) or lack of fusion (FiE. 6)

having individual length in excess of
(1/4)T or 3/8-inch, whichever is less,
are unacceptable.
The total cumulative
length of such defects shall not exceed
(l)T in any (6)T distance.
Additionally,
the separation between adjacent defects,
along the length of the weld, shall not be
less than (1/2)T, where T is the thickness
of the inner plate.

Fig. 5. - Print of Radiograph Illustrating Incomplete Penetration

Fig.

6. - Radiographic Print of Lack of Fusion

4.

Fig.

7.

Welds which contain elongated round-edged

slag inclusions greater In length than (~/2)T
or 3/4-inch, whichever is less and where T
is the thickness of rhe thinner plate, are
(Fig. 7)
unacceptable.

- Radiographic

Print

of

Elongated

Round-Edged

Slag

Inclusion

-65.

which
contain
elongated
slag inclusions having crack-like indications are
(Fig. 8)
unacceptable.

Welds

Fig. 8. - Radiographic Print of Crack-Like Slag Inclusion

6.

Welds which contain multiple slag inclusions having individual lengths smaller
than (1/2)T or 3/4-inch, whichever is less,
and where the total cumulative length of
such defects exceeds (l)T in any (6)T
distance, are unacceptable.
In addition,
the weld is unacceptable if the separation
between adjacent defects, along the length
of the weld, is more than (1/2)T, where T
is again the thickness of the Ehinner plate,
(Fig. 9)

,,,,

FTg. 9. -Radiographic

Print of Multiple Slag Inclusions

-7-

Welds which show a radiographic indication of

an undercut (Fig.10 ) should be judged by
usinS the visual inspection guide.

Fig. 10. - Radiographic Print of Undercutting

Welds in which the radiographs show porosity

should be judged unacceptable if they contain
porosity equal to or in excess of the limits
shown in Figs. 11 and 12 .

-8-

Fig. ha.

Coarse Scattered Porosity (ASTM Grade 2 in 3/4-in. thick plate)

Fig. llb.

Fine Scattered Porosity (ASTM Grade 4 in 3/4-inch thick plate)

,&.&&&&?*%e&2~:.*:%?&Y:$
Fig. llc.

Clustered Porosity (ASTM Grade 2 in 3/4-inch thick plate)

Fig. lld. Linear Porosity (ASTM Grade 2 in 3/4-inch thick plate)

Fig. 11. - ASTM Prints of.Radiographs
Porosity

in

Plate

Thickness

Illustrating Various
from

1/2

Types

of

inch to 1-1/2 inches

-9-

g.

Fig.

12a.

Coarse Scattered Porosity (ASTM Grade 3 in 2-inch thick plate)

12b.

Fine

Fig. 12c.

.Fig.

Scattered

Porosity

(ASTM Grade

4 in

2-inch

thick

plate)

Clustered Porosity (ASTM Grade 2 in 2-inch thick plate)

12d.

Linear

Porosity

(ASTM

Grade

in 2-inch thick plate)

Fig. 12 -ASTM Prints of Radiographs Illustrating Various Types of

Porosity in Plate Thickness Greater than 1-1/2 inches and
to

3-inches.

up

.l&

,~lilfl

~[M@!f#
I
/1!,111,

,,1

,,

, II,,,,i

,, , ,

II

//],/,j

,1,

! ,,,

p,

, Ill, 1,/,,,,
b11111
I ,,
1111,1
1,
M/,1/,,,,,111,1/1
,

,,,,7

,,1,~

1,,,I ,
,$

Fig.

13 - Longitudinal
netic-Particle

Crack
Indicated
Inspection.

by Mag-

:!

Fig. 14 - Transverse Crack Indicated by Magnetic-Particle Inspection.

Fig. 15 - Fillet Weld Toe Crack Indicated by

Magnetic-Particle Inspection.

Fig. 16 - Root Crack Indicated by Magne~icParticle Inspection,

-11-

MAGNETIC ?ARTICLE
Test Method
The magnetic particle inspection method is used for
detecting surface or near-surface discontinuities in
ferromagnetic metals.
It is applicable to fillet as well
The dry powder test mezhod in ASTM Standard
as butt welds.
E 109-63 is recommended.
The ASTM E-109-63 standard, without its appendices, is reproduced as Appendix B to this
report.
When using the process on HSLA materials and weldments,
certain factors not normally associated with process use on
In the
lower strength materials need to be considered.
presence of identical magnetic fields, the alloy content of
HSLA steels caused them to exhibit magnetic permeability
and retentivity markedly different from that exhibited by
10Wer-Str@ngth
materials.
lTI conducting magnetic particle
tests, particularly where HSLA materials are joined to
lower strength steels, the difference in permeability may
give rise to indications which are almost impossible to
distinguish from flaw indications.
These false
indications can be particularly troublesome at the toes of
fillet welds joining HSLA steels, and can result in needless
expensive repairs unless properly identified.
Light
exploratory grinding followed by re-inspection will isolate
Che true flaw from the false indication.

Random arc strikes caused by the test prods on HSLA

materials, particularly on the higher strength quenched and
tempered grades, should be prevented because of high
hardenability and resultant crack initiation potential.
Weldments in some quenched and tempered (Q & T) HSLA
materials which have been proven crack free during and
immediately following welding can nevertheless still develop
rejectable defects later.
For this reason final magnetic
particle inspection of such C) & T HSLA weldments should be
delayed for a period of at least seven days.
Interpretation Standards
All weld surfaces containing cracks, porosity and lack
of fusion are unacceptable;
undercuts should be judged by
Some false indications
using the visual inspection guides.
may occur as a result of fillet weld root conditions or
other subsurface discontinuity and these indications should
not be considered cause for rejection withou~ further
Typical magnetic-particle indications are
investigation.
shown in Figures (13--17).

-12-

Fi,g. 17 - Slag or Porosity Indicated by

Magnetic-Particle inspection.

LIQUID PENETFuINT
Test Method
The liquid penetrant test method as developed in
ASTM Standard E-165.65 should be used for detecting
the presence of discontinuities
open to the surfac;.
Dye penetrant of the water washable type is recommended.
The ASTM E-165-65 standard is reproduced as Appendix C

to this report,
Interpretation

Standard

All weld surfaces containing cracks, porosity and

undercuts should be
lack of fusion are unacceptable;
Typical
judged by using the visual inspection guides.
liquid penetrant indications are shown j.nFigures (1821) .

Fig. 18 - Interbead and Marginal Indications

(Undercuts) by Liquid Penetration
Inspection.

-13-

1-

,,
,,,

:15

-,:

,,

.,

Fig. 19 - Surface Porosity and Undercutting

Indications by Liquid Penetrant
Inspection.

Fig. 21 - Crack and Slag Indications by Liquid

Penetrant Inspection.

-14,
100
90
ARL

80
70
60

-1

> 50

INDICATIONS
BELOVIf THE
ARE TO BE DISREGARDED

DRL

LEVEL

Fig. 22 - Typical Example of Ultrasonic Indication below the DRL

(I)isregardLevel).

90

50
DRL

40

INDICATIONS
LEVEL ARE

GREATER
REJECTABLE

THAN

TI-IEARL

30
20
I

10
1

<

Fig. 23 - Typical Example of Ultrasonic Indication above the ARL

(Amplitude Reject Level).

l-l

I
ARL

90
60
70

60
J

50
DRL

40

20

OTHER
INDICATIONS
EQUALTOOR
GREATER
THAN THE DRL LEVEL
REQUIRE
A DETERMINATION
oF DEFECT
LENGTH
AND SEPARATION
DISTANCE

20

L,

10

Fig. 24 - Typical Example of Ultrasonic Indication above the DRL but

less
than the ARL.

-15-

ULTRASONIC
Test Method
The contact ultrasonic inspection of butt welds
described in Appendix D is recommended.
Interpretation Standards
When base metals of different thicknesses are welded
together, the thickness of the thinner member shall be
used in determinations of acceptable limits of disconEinuities.
Discontinuities which produce signal amplitudes less
than the Disregard Level (DRL), (Fig. 22), are acceptable.
Discontinuities which produce signal amplitudes
greater than the Amplitude Reject Level (ARL), {Fig. 23),
are unacceptable.
other discontinuities which cause signal amplitudes
equal to or greater than the DRL, (Fig. 24), require a
length determination and are evaluated as follows:
a.

Discontinuities
unacceptable.

identified as cracks are

b.

Other discontinuties with lengths greater

than (1/4)T or 3/8 inch, whichever is less,
where T is the thickness of the thinner plate,
Discontinuties identiare unaccep~able.
fiable as round-edged slag not greater than
(1/2)T of 3/4-inch, whichever is less and
where T is the thickness of the thinner plate,
are acceptable.

c.

Total cumulative discontinuities shall

not exceed (l)T in any (6)T distance.

d.

Separation between adjacent discontinuities

along the length of the weld shall not be
less than (1/2)T.

-16-

dtilb
1

Designation:

AMERICAN

E 142

*72

Amer!can Na1!ona15tandard Z1667 1973

Apmovud June 2fi, 1973
By Arrmncan Naoonal Simdmcis Insmu,c

SOCIETY FOR TESTING

1916

RmCC St.,

AND MATERIALS

Phllmdalphla,

Pm., 19103

APPENDIX A

Rcpnm.d [rem the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyngh( ASTM

n.< lmrd I. lh, current mmhbmd Index, WI I appar $n lhc nml td,r,on

If

Standard Method for

CONTROLLING

QUALITY

OF

RADIOGRAPHIC

TESTING
Th!s Standard IS l<%ued under [he fixed dcs)gnatmn E 142: tht number immediate!
followln~ the designation tndmam the
~ear of original adopt]on or, In {hc case O( revi+irm, [he >car of last rev]slon. A number In parcnthese~ !ndtcatm the !ear of
Ias( rcapprm al.

This method ha<been approved h! the DqnorImtvII OJ fk{en.w Q.! pcir( o{ Fcdcml Te$r Mt-thod Slodord )VO ISIh ~nd fi)r
[he DoD lnde.r of Specifications nnd S!ondmd,<. FuIurF propo.red revis!on.f should be coordinored WI16the Federol
Goupmnmni ihrou,qh rhe A rmI Mulerfal$ arid Mechonn<~Rt..wwrrh <enler. Watertnw n, Mam 02/ 72.

Iisring io

t NOTE lFigure I was editorially correcmd m Oeccmbcr 1972.

NOTE 2Footnole 6, in Appendix A2, was added ed!tormll> in March
..

,_ .

Scope

1.

2.2 recording

I.1 This method

testing of materials

covers

the

which

radiographic

media.

Requirements

expressed

in

converts

this

passing

through

radia[ion

of materials

2.4 pene[rametera

the acceptability

evidence

nique

or products,

use

nor

for establishing

applied

terials

in the contract,

chase order, product

specification,
ings. The quality
level required for
phy shall be at least 2 percent
higher

or lower

purchaser

quality

pur-

upon

the

No. 213, April

1956. pp. 53-59,
Handllng
of Radioactive
Iso10pe5.

(ol.

Handbook

No,

shall

2The

Hand-

4.1

No.

54,

The

4.1.1

values stated in U.S. customary

regarded as the s[andard.

2. I radiographic
inspectionthe
rays or nuclear radiation
or both,
in

limits

for ma-

or radioactive

mate-

radiation.
distance
area of

bethe

material,

and

wherever

possible.

to

of all levels of radiographic

quality

Penetrameters
similar

shall

by a txmetrameter
requirements:
be fabricated

material

of

to the object

ins~cted.
3Radiographidly

similar

ma!crial

rc.

This mcthcd is under the jurisdiction of ASTM corn.

mitts
E-7 on Nondcstructivc Tcstmg
krctw
utitiosr spprovcd M*Y
30, 1972, Pubtished
w E 142 - 59 T,
Novcmtmr
1972. Ori nalfy publidd
Lut pfwious Ufiticm k 142.68,
Annual Book OJASTM Siandards, Pan 3 I

use of X
to d~tcct
to

not
otherwise
specified,
the
the cmtral
beam of radiation

of the film,

radiographically
NOTE

images on a recording

machine
penetrating

testing shall k determined

conform ing to the following

Radium.

2. Definitions

their

discontinuities

4. PerWrmnettrs

Bu-

king

discontinuities

of

acceptance

be prpmdicular.

the surface

60. Nat,

Protection
Againsi
Radiation
from
Handbook
Cobalt-60,
and Cesium-137:
Nat. Bureau of Slandards.
NOTE

emits

3.1 When
direction
of

reau of Standards.

units are m k

It is not intended

size

3. Direction of Radiation

book No. 42, Nat. Bureau of Slandards.

Protection,

to

that the tech-

source and the film.

and the supplier,

ASTM
Recommended
Practlccs
E 94. for Radiographic Testing.
OConnor
D, T,. and Crlscuolo,
E. L,, The QualBu//elln,
ity of Radiographic
Inspection,
ASTM

X-ray

employed

2.6 source--film
disfarrct=-the
tween the radiation
producing

by the

NOTE
IReference
should b-t made to
lowing publications
for pertinent
information:

ASTBA,
Safe

the

material

or products,

rial which

(2-2 T), unless a

is agreed

in judging

2.5 $ourcea

or drawradiogra:

the

device

used was satisfactory.

for

image

by penetrat-

on a radiograph

1.2 Thenumber of areas or parts to be radiographer

and the acceptance standard to be
shall be specified

visible

ing

obtain

or quality

permanent
produced

not

controlling

radiation
medium

being tested.

for

or deteclor
into a visible image.
film

on a recording

method are intended to control the reliability

or quality of the radiographic
images. and are
intended

mediuma

2.3 radiograph-a

for internal
disconiinuities, and also the use of ftlm and other recording

1974.

present

medium.
1

Reprinted
Materials.

by

permission

of

the

American

Society

for

Testing

and

-17-

fcrs to muterlals
or tilloys which htivc approxlnls[clj
the samu r~diatlon
absorption
M tht ma(crial
helng
rtidiographcd,
The idmrtical alloy. by chcmlcal analysis. is not usutilly requirwl.

Penelramcters
shall be made in acwilh
Fig. 1, except as specified
in

4.1.2

cordance

4.1.3.

Variations

rectangular
4.1.3
those

in the

designs

I may

agreement

ble thickness

provided

that

shall

made of
trameter.

lead

-The

con-

the applicato Fig.

1.

shall

be

requirements
herein.

Irfenrificatiun

of
than

upon

and hole sizes conform

trameter

width

other

be permitted

Other
penctrameter
adhcred to as speciticd
4.1.4

and

arc permitted.

Penetrameter
in Fig.

tractual

length

penetrameters

rectanguhtr

be identified

with

pene-

a number

to the peneshall indicate the thick-

which

is attached

The number

ness of the penetrameter

inch. The pcnetrameter

in thousandths
of an
thickness
must be se-

lected

to

proper

(Table

l).

4.1.5

indicate

the

Penetrameters

that

quality

Icvel,

otherwise

con-

form to the requirements

of this method but
do not have the proper identification
may be
used

provided

that

pcnetrameter

thickness

the penetr~meter
4.1.6
cent

lead

Lead

identification

indicating

arc placed

adjacent

to

plaque.
numbers

to the circular

(Table

numbers

shall

be placed

penetrameters

adj~-

to provide

of the penetrameter

on the film

I).

level required

phy shall be at least 2 percent

higher

or lower

purchaser

quality

(2-2 T), unless a

levels

ble

2.
as

Other
indicated

inspection

service
els ?-IT,

2-IT.

2-2T,
as

3.

find

in specifying
I-2T

by ftrsl

levels ran

radiography.

lev-

and 2-4T

the design

inspection

Table

by the

quality

and

shown
are

Th:

should
bc based
of the product.

he taken

I-IT,

Ihesc quality

production

of

in

specdied
requirements

c:ire should
thal

level!

upon

Three

(Not~ 4), are tivaikdde

[hrough
,.
appllratlon
of Ihc pcnetriameter
Table

In

speci~ying

the

radiogr~phic

contract,

specification,

or drawing

ity

Itvel

quired
Iarly

refers.

Careful

radiographic
important

walled

order,

should

of metal

clearly

levels

such as piping

thickness
of penetrtimeters
based upon
the thickness

indi-

the qud-

consideration

in th~ examination

products

lcv-

product

to which

quality

as

qualily

purchase

cate the thickness

or re-

is particuof double-

or duels,

The

employed
shall be
of the specimen

between the penetrametcrs

and the film holder, including
the thickness
ot penetr~metcr
shims which may be requirtd
5.3 ASME
Boiler
and
Code

and other

able under
and

(see 6,2).
Pressure

penetrameters

this method

penetrameter

will

provided

Ihickncss

Veswl

be ticcept-

the hole sizes

conform

10 the

requirements
specified
ASME
penetrameters

herein. Modification
of
may be accomplished

by drilling
a lT
~T or ST holes,

adjacen~

6. Placement

hole

source
should

to the existing

of Penetraroeters

6. I Penetrameters

shall

be placed

on

the

side of the seclion being examined

and
be plactid so that the plane of the pene-

trameter
is normal
to the radiation
beam. ~
this is not practicable,
placement
of the penelrameter

on H block

ographed,

for radiogra-

is ~grced

trnd the supplier.

els of inspection

5.2

els,

he rcvci!lwi.
exprcwd
thick ne~j. T,

is ticccptable

provided

the

block is of radiographically
similar
matcrml.
kc par~ being r<idithe same thick nes! a,

5. Levels of Inspection
5.1 The quality

[mmctur
hole w,hid! must
a multip]c or pcnetrtimcwr

in

availalevel

of

on the
Great

quality

lev-

dctcrmlning

be m~intained

in

mrd is plflcc.

the matmial

being

6.2 When

..s cluse as possible

radiographing

welds.

penetrtime-

tem shall be placed on the parent

proximately
/, in. (3. 18 mm) from
the weld. When weld reinforcement
truding backing ring is not removed,
the

same

type

10

inspecled,

of metal

as the

metal, apth~ edge of

or proa shim of

parent

met~l

shall be placed
under the penetrarmeter
to
provide the mrne [hickncss
of material
under
the penetramcter
through
the weld,
netrameter

as the avtiragc
thickness
Shims shall exceed the pc-

dimensions

sides ~nd Ihe shimmed

plactid so as not
or ring.
6.3 When
such

as piping

outside

the

by at least /ti in. on all

penetramttcr

10 uvdrlap

cxtimining
double-w~llcci
or duct. wilh a radistion
pipe.

the

shtill

the b:icking

penetrametcr

bd

strip
p[irts
source

shall

be

-18E 142
piaced, where practicnblt,
on the outsde
of
~fte pipe alongside Iht weld neares[ :ite .;ource

~na

O( radiation.

sensitivity
radiograph,

6.4 In cases where

tramettir

on

piactment

source

the

of the pene-

The

6.4.1

radiographic

ter placed

with

technique

the applicable

series of penetrameters

placed
The

pipe

section,

shall

be

conditions
minimum
quired

side

series of penetra-

on the source

required
sensitivity,
penetramcter
hole
shall

side indicates

inspection

the

the image of the smallest

visible
on the film side

be used to determine

and penetrameter

the

hole which

penetrametcr

shall be used on

radiographs.

6,4.2 When radiographing

welds in which
only the portion
of the weld next to the film is
viewed,
~he radiographic
technique
shall be
demonstrated
the

on a similar

applicable

pipe

penetrameters

section

placed

[he Iea>t dense portion

these two penetrameters

of

the
will

~hc radiograph,
Exposure,v

of the $ame design

under the same

When

are exposed
geometrical

in a 360-deg
radiation
beam, a
of one penetrameter
shall be re-

in each quadmnt.

Location of Markers

8.1 The image

with

on

in ac-

6, shuw, s fin acceptable

NUTE
5. Radiographic
dutsities
may be mess.
ured by a visual comparison
technique
of known
accuracy.
such w calibrated
film strip>. When films
tire exposed sinlultancousiy
in one film holder, density variations
should be determined
on the single or
superimposed
films, referred to the manner in which
thej are intmpreted,
NOTE
6For
parts
of irregular
geometry
or
widely
varying
[hickmxs,
it may be necessary
to
radiograph
the first unit of a given design to determine proper placement
of pcnetrametcrs
for subsequent radiography.

meters shall range in thickness from 2 percent

to 0.5 percent of the material thickness,
If the
penetrameter

ti!

pl~ced

ptinttrametcr.

Sec[ion

Part or parts
simultaneously

pene~rame-

on the film

with

7. I ,2 Simultaneous

on the source side and a continuous

of a like

wcond

serve to qualify

side is impract;r~ble.

the pentameter
may be placed on the film
side if one of the following
conditions
is met:
demonstrated

thti

cordance

the coordination

the

markers

for

the film shall

on the film side. IF the Pcnelrameter

on the
source side indicates
tfre required
sensitivity,

the interpretation,
that it is evident

without interfering
with
with such an arrangement
that complete coverage was

obtained.

marker

the image of the smallest pcnetrameter

hole
visible on the film side shall be used to deter-

marked

on the part,

markers

shall

inside

along

the root

of penetrameters,

mine

the

holes

which

of the weld,

chosen

pcnetrameter
shall

and a serie$

as in 6.4.1,

and

appear

of the location
of the part with

placed

radi-

the film

ber,

not

penetrameter

vary

(Note

which
more

shall

represent

an

densities

do

or

-15

+30

5). At le~st one penetrameter

ograph,

exposed

simultaneously

imen, shall be used except

and 7.1.2 (Note 6).
7.1.1

When

15 or +30
penetrameter.
following

film

will

dur-

of Radiograph

may

appear:

laboratory,

the view,

the

name

the datt,

and whether

of

the

the part

original

in-

num-

or subse-

10. Multiple Film Techniques

percent

10,1 Film

per radi-

with
as noted

techniques

two or more films

with

of c.qual or different
speeds irr the same holder
will bc permitted
provided
that the appropri-

the spec-

ate

in 7.1.1

hole

in

the

penetramcter

for

a specific

area is demonstrated,
varies

more

than
11. Non-Film Techniques

percent from that adjacent to the

two perretrametms
used in the

manner

penetrameter
at the most

density

on the part

quent exposure.

radiographic

than

be

of the

of positive
identification
of
be provided.
Any or all of the

shall

following

specting

7. Number of Penetrameters
within

shall

position

9. I A system

6.5 In the inspection

of irregular
objects,
the penetrameter
shall be placed on the part
of the object farthest Irom the film.

7.1 One

positions

and the

be maintained

9. Identification

ographs

area

These

ing radiography.

penetrameter

be used on inspection

on the film,

be satisfactory.

11.1 The
niques

If one

shows an acceptable
sertsitiviIy
dense portion
of the radiograph

will

use of
be

non-film

permitted

applicable
penetrameter
in the resultant image.

imaging
provided

hole

techthat

the

is demonstrated

-19E 142

12. image Quality

12,1 The

detail~

radiographic

of blemishts

which

imagd

interfere

shall

with

bt

its interpre-

safety
15. ! Radiographic

ried out under

Distance

13.1 ..4n~ s.ource.film

factory

provided

distmce
will
the required

that

b~ ~hc inspeclig

15.

tation.

13. Sourc&Film

be maintained

shall

laboratory.

free

radiographer
whole bed}

be satisquality

p~rmitted

procedure

protected

~hrrll be car-

conditions

so that the

will
not receive
a maximum
radiation
dosage exceeding
that
by

city,

state.

national

codes.

of the National

or

Com-

level is attained.

The

14. Records

mittee on Radiation
Protection
published by
the Nalional
Bureau of Standards
should be
the guide to radiological
safety.

14.1 Complete

records

of

tht

TABLE

technique

recommendations

Examples of Femtmmter
Minimum

Identifimti~
Specimen

Thickness,

in. (mm)

ldmriifiPmetmmeter
Thickness,
in. (mm)

Cal;on

No. on
Pcnc.
tramctcr

0.035
0.036
0.00$
0.CQ9
0.010
0.011
0,012
0,020
O.lcm

5
6
8
9
10
11
12
2tl
100
I 50

Level Or
lnsptction

14
1,,
?,

(0, 127)
(O. 152)
(O. 203)
(0.229)
(O. 254)
(O. 279)
(o. 305)
(o. 508)
(2.540)
(3,810)

0,150

T.4BLE

Level
2- I T,
2.22Tid

Qu~lily

Level
.L?T

1,
Yn

(3.18)
(7.94)
(9.53)
(11.!1)
(12,7)
(14.3)
(15.9)
(25.4)

1,,
1,
;1,,
/8

)4
-1,
1

110
I 1,
2
10
15

(127)
(191)

:
711

b?elsofln~ction
Minimum
Pcrccp.
tible Hole
Diameter

Penetramctcr
Thickness

TABLE
Equivalent
Penetramcler
Sensitively,
percent

Level 0[
Inspection

2-IT
2-4T

1,. (2. percent) or

s~cirncn thick-

L,L-,/
2-IT

riess

I-IT

2.0
2,8

4T

Rodiog.oph,vl.

the IT bolt in a pcnctrametcr.

mcn lhickntss shall bcvisiblc.

Is,

(381)

37,

Special Le!cls of lnspxrion

Penetramcter
Thickness

Minimum
Perceptiblc Hole
Diameter

I,.. (I pcrcent)of
specimen thickness

Equivalml
Pcnctrxmcwr
%nsitivi\y.
pcrcmt

IT

0.7

?T

2T

lCVCi2-i T ~ddiography

(2 rxmmOOfikesw-

4-2T

Lefie!2-?TRadiogroph)-ln
2T hole in J penetmmcler,
thickness shall &visible,

(;.35)

(12.7)
(63.5)
(95.2)

1.~T

7,,
/,

I .4

IT
2T

(3.18)
(4 :76)

1,
2f,

~.lT

1,

(12.7)
(!5,9)
(19,1)
(22,2)
(25 ,4)
(28.6)
(31.8)
(50.8)
(254)

led
2-2Tradiogrwhy
[k
Is,, (? percent) orthespcimcn

Lrce/24TRudiographjin
lcve12-rTrAdl0graph~ lh~
4T hole in a penc!mme[er. /.s. (2 percent) of the specimen
thickness dIall bc vw!ble,
.Spwial Lccels oJlrrspection-Speed
\!on arc abatlxhle ah shown in Tlble 3.
Equi\filcnt
pcnctmmetm ,cm][ivity

levels of inspccis[h~t

thlcknc>sof

pcnctrarnt! cr. expre>wd as z lmrccnlage of the p=rt

nes>. jn wh]uh J 2T hole would be vl~iblc ucdtr thi
rad~ographtc condition>.
for the ap~roprtiatc lh,ck.r>ws
the outline .( i..
ldr pentlr>mclcr
shall! he >humn uhcn [hell hole i>
tird

!hlck.
~Jmc
circu.
.peci-

I:j (4 psrc.nt) of
specimen thickness

-20-

4Tdiom

Ploce Identlf#callan
Numbers
Here
Minimum

Pem?trometer

Minimum

Diameter

for I T Hole

Thickness_

Minimum

Diometer

Minimum

Diometer

!:-%,
for ZT Hole
for 4T Hole___ o 04@

.
,. 1+
II L{

-JL

,.

Holes shell be True and Normal

to the Surface of the Penetrometer

DO Not Chomfer

+-

See Note for

Tolerance

I+
Design for Penctrameter Thmkncss [rem 0,1X15 In, and Including 0,050 In.
From 0.W5 in. through 0,012. ,n. \cc Table I
From 0.012 tn. [hrough 0020 tn. Mddc !n 0W25 In. Increments
From 0.020 in, through 0.050 m Made In O.IW in. mcrcmcnls
Pcnetramc[cr thtckne?,scs ktwccn
the mcremcts indic~!ed arc pxrmiimd.
thickness rcqulred
4T

provided

[hey do not exceed the maximum

diem
T

dlam
ZTdiam

Ploce ldent~f!catlon
Numbers
Here

Set

Note for

L----2+----I
Omign ror Pcnclramcmr Thlckncss from O.O&l In. to and Including O. l@J m,
Made m 0.010 m. lncrcmcnts.

See Note

for

Toleronce

Design ror Pcnclrameter Thickness of O 180 in and Over

Made in 0.020 in Incremcms

NOTE
I -Tolerances on penclramctcr thlcknc~s and hole diameter shall be = 10 pmcsnl or onc half of lhc lhickncw
crcmcnt bawecn ~nctramelcr
mzcs. whlchc.cr M smaller.
NOT6 21 in, = 254 mm.
FIG. 1 Pmetmmettr
Detignk

in-

-21-

Wb

Designation:E 109-63

(Reapprowd

APPENDIX

1971)
Amwcan

AMERICAN

~aoenal 5t~ndard Z1661-19731R.19691

APProved Jm 18, 1973
By Arnacomn Matmnal Standards lnstmww

SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

St.. Phil*dclphia,

1?16 Rx.
Rtpri.md

from

rht

A.nud

of A5TM

Pa., 19103

Su.dards,

Copqrithr

ASTM

Standard Method for

DRY

POWDER

MAGNETIC

PA RTl~LE

INSPECTION
This Standard is wsued under the fixed dcsfignation E IW. the number immcd]ately followlng the dcsynd!,on lndlcatc~ The
year of original adoption or, In the CMC of revlsiun. the year of l&sI revtwon. A number in parentheses Iod IcJtes [he )mr of
last wapproval.

This method has been approved by fhe Departmem o/ De!rme o.i par: of Federal Te.sI Method Smndmd Vo. IS/b and/or
lm;iig in the DOD [ndcx or SpecIficQIIons ond Srandard.v. FUIUTE3
proposed =~1.rIooJ.Should be ro(~rdlnarvd u l!h lh~ F,>dprol
Govrrnmenl !hrou~h (he Arm t ItfoIer1a15 und Mechanmv Resrcwch Cen[cr. Wo[erfu WH.Mass 0?/ 72.

1. scope
method

dure for magnetic

of

powder

will

produce

results
upon
may be used.

1.2 The

procedure

this method

a uniform

satisfactory

which

outlined

provides
will

sitive

provide

and

in the body

satisfactory

of

There

where

are

many

This

the prod

technique

is either

not

specified

upon.

the method

Neither

or specifically

satis-

must

be interpreted

and then evaluated.

For this
must be a separate specification
aqreemcnt
inspection
cur~tely
tion

destructive;

agreed

other

define

the type,

1.4

Thedry

powder

method

and effective,
customary

for

a non-

is

detecting

cracks

which

are attracted

are

to rtgions

associated
with
[bus producing

observed

visually,

of a
The

of magnetic
defects
and
indications
This

method

deais with magnetic

particle
inspection,
dry powder
particles
as the inspection

using
me-

dium.
3. Apparatus

3.1 Inspection

and direc-

by the dry method

is carried

and

and

those

is more

sensi-

Thi\ method !s under the ]ur,sdictw.

u[ [he ASTM
Committee E-7 on Nondcstructwc Te<[lns.
Currcnl cdltion cKcctIve Sept. 30. 1963 Or fginAly issued 1955 RePlaCCS E 10~ - 37 T LHId A 272

Reprinted by permission of the American Society for Testing and

Materials.

and

at or near the surface in

materials.
Finely
divided
mag-

nonuniformity
disco ntinuities.

purpose
there
or a specific

those
considered
unacceptable.
where rework or repair is permitted.

parts where the

equipment
is

discontinuities

particles

out, howbeen pro-

acceptable,

norparts

netic particles
are applied to the surface
part which hss been suitably magnetized.

or classified

location,

considered

method

ferromagnetic

between those responsible

for the
and the purchas~rs or users, to ac-

of indications

of smaller

Particle Inspection
~,1 Maqne[ic parlicle inspection

1,3 This method doe$ not indicate or $ugof rhe indicagesr standards
for evaluation

they

more convenien[

1[ is nut

2. Magnetic

applicable.

duced,

or weldrments,

sur~~ces.
or aircraft
stationary

with
of large

IS therefore
large pares.

NOTF
lThe
values smtcrf in U.S.
units are to be regardcu as the standard.

nor the Appendixes

obtained,
It should be pointed
that atler
indications
have

It
of

forg,ings.

rough

used [or the inspection

usually

include the wet method of magnetic

particle
inspection,
which should be considered
where

tions
ever,

or for field inspection.

used for [he inspection

such as auromotivt
wet method
wi[h

factory
or not the most practical
method.
Other dry powder
methods
are outlined
in
Appendix
A 1, which should be considered and
be used when

10 use in conjunction
for the inspection

equipment

with

of

but is not as sen-

portable

mally

however.

in the detection

fine sur~ace discontinuities.

such as large cas[ings,

inspection

applications,

in detecting

or parts

of most parts intended

for general industrial
use where the dry powder method is applicable.

method

discontinuities,

It is also convenient
areas
often

magne-

contacts.

the wet

near surface

acceptance

for local circular

by the use of prod-type

technique

proce-

parts

that

consistent
standards

provides

particle inspection
with dry
such as castings and

large

weldments,

tization

than

tive

1.1This

-22-

451P E
on with

portable

tioned

adjticent

(Fig.

1), This

vided

with

control
It

being

type

of equipment

the

amount

of

readily

flowing

observe

for

each

to the unit

control

switch,

Magnetizing

prod

handles,

mits

the inspector

the

prods

being

the prods

been

mine

using

per-

applicator

and uniform
should

be taken

lightly

artd

pressure

ca-

powder.

to dust

Adcquatt

observe

rapid
Care

on the powder

very

low-velocity

low-

stream

[rorn

hose may

for

powder.

a hand

bulb

be used to remove
lighting

should

be

sur~ace

and dry,

paint

blast

being

does

not

surface

is

burned-in

or s

inspected

interpretation
powder

shitll

wiih

be

Maintain

sired,

or

or w-welded
if clean. A

be

the forrn:ition

difficult

trapped

of doubt

a light

determine

ir actual

spacings

of

hca[ing,

because

mechanically.

grind

may

bc necessary

indications

flrv

powder

This

[o

(Note

for

easy

3).

- Circularly

material

\hall

netic

particle

indications.

that

provide

8 in.

or burning

materials
produced

where htird
by improper

not

turn

on

until

positioned

Ihe surface

on high-carborr

being

or tilloy

spots or cracks could be

magrwtizing
technique.
after

prods

in contuct

OK the current

have

with

been

the sur-

before

the prods

be of

Direcrion

Oj

--Since

&lagnetiza[ion

poor indications
are produced
when the discontinuities
are perpendicular
to current flow,

be of high

contrast

6 and

of 2 to 4 in. (51 to 102 mm) and over

[acc, and turn

the prods Would bc initially

positioned
the current
flows cs$entially
parallel

and of suittircadil]
mag-

11 should

adequate

between

by
1).

are removed.

~hall bc used as the inspec-

color

will

removed.

be provided

Tt,chnique

spacing

arching,

properly

arc present.

permerrbility
and low retentivity
ble sizes ana shapes to produce

prod

particularly

6.2
5,]

shall

applied,

is being

of the indications

inspected,

Do

the

In case

5. Inspection Medium
~ion mcdiulm,

lighting

is being

is
of

4 and less than 6 in.. may be used as indicated

in T~ble 1, Take care to prevent local over-

Thin

rough,
such as with
a very rough weld bead,

may

is being

the powder
the excess

it

the formation

(152 to 203 mm) except when the geometry

of
the part does not permit.
In such cases. prod

must be removed
at points
contact
is [o be made. If the

unusually

carefully

Magnetization

6.

provided

for this purpose.

interfere

s~nd,

while
while

patterns

discontinuitics.

excess

be free t_rom oil,

is useful

indications
but
where electrical

subsurface

to observe

to recognize

held powder

magnetize
the area tobe inspected locally
means of contact electrodes
or prods (Fig.

Ioosc rust, or loose scale. As-cast

surfiaccs are generally
satisfactory
pressure

air stream.

2). In order
lightly

6,1 Jf,cr~r7e/izirr,y

It shall

a gentle

cation
miry taslly
bc m~de by ~~refully
prcssmg
tr;tnsparent
prmsure
>ensiti>c
[:ipe do%n over the
indic~tlon.
l-he tfipc i+ lhun removed
wl[b [he indication adhering
to il, This may then bc ploced on a
picct of while popcr. or directly
on a sketch or report 10 form s pcrnlanent
record.

indications.

4.1 The

inspected.

nlnl) of water will be pmductd

when mca~urcd with
a manometer
tube )ocmed ot an axial distance of 1
In. from Ihc nozzle.
NOTE
3-A
ptrmancni
rtcord
may be made by
phoiogmphs
or by transfers.
Transftirs
of any indi-

4. Surface Preparation

clean

being

by lightly dusting
surface and then

NOTE ?-It
is rccunlmended
that the no?zlc size
and air pressure shall be such thtit, when opem[ irig
in free air, a prcsmrd
Or approxi!m:ltely
i in. (?5.4

suilcicnt

be used

or dry

sparingly,

air

air

m~y

tipplication

aiso

Adequate

to deter-

that

by

observation

on

Ion:

(Note
fuzzy,

indications
and

is flowing.

3.2 An

small

essential

OF before

be taken

by means of the timmeter,

current

to

When

care should

produced

on atlcr

positioned

and turned

are removed.

is

the

which

be applied
over the

the excess with

patterns

the broad,

con-

into

the current

properly

der
is

A remote

be built

be provided

to turn

inspected

bles, particular

contacts

ctiblcs,

may

should

have

the part

prod

by flexible

which

be

currcn~

of the surface

The air stream shall be so controlled

that it
does not disturb
or remove lightly
held pow-

the inspector

adequate

inspection,

removing

to be

ammeters

that

that

the background

The powder shall

a small quantity

convenient

current

that

done by the usc of portable

nected

for

tht

and so positioned

posi-

inspected

may bc pro-

switches

is recommended

included
can

equipment

suitable

of

used.

magnetizing
to the piece

109

direction
of powible
or expected
Iies. Unless
otncrwise
specified.

with

scpartite

inspections

in each

area.

so that
10

lhe

discoritinuimake two
Make

the

-23E 109
second
that

impcction

with

current

flows

the

angles

the

to

inspection

prods

current

used

flow

or

current

prod

Table

in

does

not

spacing,

current

the

for

that

leave

ihv

Ifthe

1.

permit

the

use

the

prod

use

and

magrtctizing

also

while

removed

of

the

avtrage

Methods
hrspection

7. I Over-all
Appendix
particle
ods
such

Al)or

6 to

8.1

S-in.

that

on during

air

be

are

more

method

practical
is

used

for

of

magnetizing

technique,

01 magnetization,

magnetizing

type

and

current,

se-

Photographs

Examples

fourrd

of

in

discontirruities

ferrous

photographs

of

castings

various

using

prods may be found in ASTM

tographs
E 125, ror Magnetic

the

tions on Ferrous

th~t
and

degrees

produced

the
is,

medium

9. Acceptance

is

of

dry

may

reference
severity

powder

of

and

Reference PhoParticle
Indica-

Castings.

purchaser,

in
of magnetic

if such

certain

it shall

be

TABLE

If

mutual

Prod Sp~cin2, in.

(mm)

is rim

or parts
specified

by

inspected
this

standards are a matter of

the manufacturer
and the

or applicable

Prrul Smtcin~ and Ammxcs

%ccmn Thickness. In.
lJndcr 1, !n.. A

), tn and over.

2 to 4 (51 to
102)

200 (() 300

NM to 4W

over 4 (102) lU ICS5

than 6 (152)
6108 (152 t0203)

30010400

41M [o 600

400 [0 6M3

[OWN

prod distances of [CM Ihan 1 in. (5 I Imm) arc rrol

feasibk And some other inspmmon method ,nusl bc employed.

to

testing

specification

or code.

Appears in the A nnuul Book OJASTM Sfandurd~,

31. These reference pholograph~ arc also avatlablc on
Iargc charts arranged lor c~ch Iypc of discontinuity.
charts may bc purchastd from ASTM
Headquarters.
quest Adjunct No. 12-.fOl25O-fM

meth-

cases.
by

method

method. Acceptance
agreement
betwemt

Particle

(as specified
used

Standards

9.1 The acceptability

stretim.

the wet method

be

amount

indications

@f Magnetic

may

on

directions

pur-

is being applied

mtignetiza~ion

inspection

or

8. Reference

of the

this
7. Other

details

the

shall include

quence of operations.

1.

inspection

a gentle

and

magnetizing

current
medium

excess
with

of

spacing

geometry

shown in Table

is also

the inspection

being

specific

and

for testing

accord-

current

6.4 Sequence
o~ OperarionPerform
inspection
by the continuous
method;
period

first

magnetization.

and

manufacturer

chaser, The procedure

right

a source

Curren!USe

rectified

shown

part

[or

of the

agreement

so

at

direction

usc an average
magnetizing
ing to the section thickness
as

positioned

approximately

in that area.

6.3 Magneiizirrg
direct

the

Parl
four
The
Rc.

-25Designation:E 165-75

~l[b

Amm,cln thtmnal Standard ZI 669

American Nmmm4 Standard% Inmmne

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

1916 Il#ce St., Philadaiphis,
Rcprinmd

[rem [h. Annual

Book of ASTM

Pa., 19103

Standards, Copyright

ASTM

II .0! I!stcd!n !ht current mrnbmrd Index, wII ap~ar nnthe next edmon.

APPENDIX C

Standard Recommended Practice for

LIQUI13

PEN

ETRANT

INSPECTION

METHOD
Th!s Standard is issued under the Ilxcd dcslgnatton E 165: the number Immediately rollowmg the d.?s!gnauon indlcatcs [he year
01 or!ginal adoption or. in [hc case of revimon. the year of last rewsio A number !n parentheses ]ndlca[cs [he >car uf Idst
reapproval.

This recommended pracrlce has been opprovrd by the Departmen{ OJlle/emc m par{ OJFederal TesI <MethodSfondard *VO
15/ b and Jor Iisnng in {hr DoD Index o/ Speci/7catlom a?id S:andard~ Future proposed rrvisIons should be coord)nared w!lh
the Fedwd Government fhrough fhe Army Maierials and Mechanics Re~eurch Center. Water{own. MasI 02/72
be a scpfirate

1. Scope

agreement
This

1.1

recommended

practice

covers

pro-

code or specification

to define

direction

of indic~tions

cedures for liquid psnetrant inspection

or mtitcrials. Liquid
penetrant
processes are nondti-

and those considered

structive

2. Applicable

testing

tinuities

that

applicable

methods

to in-process,

inspection.

They

inspection

of

both ferrous
nonmetallic
tics,

and

for detecting

discon-

are open to the surface.

They are

nonporous

(General

materials,

D 808, Test

and nonferrous,
and of nonporous,
materials
such as ceramics.
plasglass.

Discontintuties

open

to

considered
unacceptable.

Bomb

E ?.70.

Products

Delimtions

Liquid

Products

Method)

for Chlorine

Petroleum

the

and

acceptable,

Documents

used in the

metallic

location,

2.1 A S TM S~andards.
fj 12$), Test ror Sulfur in Petroleum

final. and maintenance

can be cffectivtily

or a specitic

the type, six.

of

Pcnctrant

in New

(Bomb

~nd Used

Method)

Terms

Relating

to

Inspection

sur~ace such as cracks. scams. laps, cold shuts,

laminations,
through
leaks. or lack or rusion

3. Summary

are indicated

pene[ran~
InspectIon
methods
3. I Liquid
provide a means [or the detection of discon-

by these methods.

1.2 This recommended

vides a reference:
1.2.1
tion

By which

processes

individual
ascertain
1.2.2

organizations

JISO pro-

[]nuities

the liquid

penetrant

recommended

their
For

practice

can

applicability

or

required

by

be

reviewed

to

penetrant

is applied

evenly

In general.
over

[ime, the excess surface permtrant

is rctmovcd
and the part dried, A dev~loptr
is then app!i~d

O( process

specl!ications
dealing with the liquid perwtrant
inspection
of materials
and parts, Agreement

which

by the purchaser

part is then inspected visuolly to determine

presence or absence ol indications,

ing specific
mm-ided.

and the manulacturcr

techniques

1.2,3
facilities

Foruscin

penetrant

inspection,

is

recoin -

tht

indications

out, however,
produced,

that

after

It should

For this purpose

not
of

ha}e
or

penetr~nt

the developer.

out ot the
The [est
lhe

the n~turc
which

or the application.

the Inspection

IS to

conditions

be pcrrormed,

This recommended pract,cc IS under the junsdtction of

ASTM Committee E.7 on Nondcstruclive Tes!lng
Currcrd cd,cton approved April 25. 1975 Published June
1975, Originally published as E 165 - 60 T LsN previous
edit]on E 165 -65 (1971)
Annual Book OJASTM Standards. Par[s 23 and 40
Annuol Book of ASTM Sfondards, Part 23.
+ Armuu/ Book of ASTM ~mndard~, Part I I

be pointed

indications

they must be interpreted

and then evaluated.

upon
under

obtained.

staining

3,2 The selection of a particular

method and
type of penetrant inspection
procedurfi dtpends

the organization
of the
and personnel concerned in the liquid

1.3 This recommended

practice
does
indicate or su,ggest standards for evaluation

draws the entrapped

discontinuity,

regard-

strongly

the

surface of the part being tested and allowed to

enter discontinuities.
After
a suitable
dwtll

and comp]e[encss.

use in the preparfitlon

that are open 10 thesur~ace.

a liquid

inspec-

been

cltissilied

there must
1

Reprinted by permission of the American Soci@ty for Testing and

Materials.

-26E165
availability

of

Of materials
3.3

ing,

processing

to

Processing

time,

the specific

materials

part

inspection

surface

condition,

txpected,
methods

etc.
indictitc

some extent,
detected

the

and

type

such as preclcart-

etc., arc determined

used, the nature
(that

alloy),

during

insptiction,

parameters,

penetration
under

equipment,

perform

is,

size,

by

fluoresce

brilliantly.

many

times

hence easily
5.2,1,1
siyred

of the

4.!

The

in

trant

inspection,

which

E 270, shall apply

ommended

to liquid

appear

Methods

and

Types

penctr~nt

inspec~ion

I and ?) consist

visible
penctrants,
cmulsitiers
(oil-base
and
water-base;
fast fi:ld slow acting),
solvent removers,

tind

penctrtint

developcr~.

inspection

manufacturer.

family

materials

applicable
ptmetrant,
mover, and developer,
various

Intermixing

consists

Caution: The

inspection

affecl

5,2,1
spection

classified

in Table

as indicated

ter-washable

(Procedure

(Procedure

A-l),

A-2),

(2)

and

and

dure

pcnelrant
is

Flur.rrescent
trants
black

Inspection

qualified

that
light

fluorescent
to be retained

in

penetrant
Iluorc\ce
(see

unless

accordance

1.

inspection
brilliantly

6,8.1, I).

penetrants

The

depends

in th~ various

sensitivity

of

on

their

size discontinu

surface

of

is

which

the part,

free of fluores-

penetrant

that

not

as

established

remains
subject

emulsification

time

and

by wiping

with

repeating

the

does

of

pcnetrant

have

traces

shall

with

removal
shall

aretis

Flushin~

(o avoid

Me/hod

5,2.2

[ion

makes

in visible

ability

color

itics

contrast

light,
with

The
lightly

This type

portabihiy

and

TO

for

minimize

discontinuities,

the

use of excess

care
solvent.

to remove

the

is prohibited.

BVisible

penctrant

use of a pcnelrant

so that

material

solvent

most

by wiping

from

sur~~ce with

the

excess penetrant

mate-

removed,

remover,

Inspection.

of penetrant

be taken

Ilnt-tree
for

of

are

until

be removed

not

can be

lint-free

been

the solvent

primarily

localized

clean,

operation

to

must

maintained

over-emulsification

and

is intended

pencby

The

the surPace with clean,

S.2.

utilizes

the

removed

rnoistcned

the proce-

when ~xcited

appene-

mixture,

of the part

ProPtr

remaining

solvent-

wilh

excess

emulsification

so that excess surfidce penctrant

traces

removabic
(Procedure
A-3), Caution: Fluorescent penctrant
inspection
shall not follow
a
visible

of

properly

designed
rial,

post-em ul-

(3)

the

occur, resulting in loss of indiu~tions.

5.2,1.3 SOlvenl-Removable
Penetrants

M<fhod
AFluorescent
penetrant
inprocedures
arc categorized
as (1) WA.

si[iab!c

from

a separate

removal

a proper

discontinuity

that

are

the excess surface

from

be cxperirnentally

to 7.1 ror special requirements

for
and chlorine content.
NOTE
2These
mtiterials
can be flamnlablt
Or
emit ha~ardous
and [oxic vapors. Observe all mailu.
faclurcrs
instructions
and precautionary
statements

arc

given

the surface

assure

use of

be

They

removed

the
the

with

be rinsed

the

alone,

a water-washable

overwashing.

NOTE lRefer

types

combines

to

mcfhods

in

are cfe-

and cannot

The emulsifier

cent background.

used should

inspection

time,

within

the parts tested.

pcnetrant

and when

can

from

rinsing
by

aid

plied,

of lhe

sulfur

Liquid

to

tm.nt to form

recommended.

materials

Water-washable

Penetrants

bc selectively

penctrant,

leaving

proctss

penetrant

out of discontinuities

in water

wfiter

a part

liquid

of materials
is not

not adversely

of

emulsifier,
solvent
reas recommended
by the

manufacturers

5,2

to

surface

and

is
it is

step is too long or too vigorous.

of

emulsifier

materials

of Iluoresccnt

overwashing,

with

designed

of

penetra-

cmulsitier
proper

to exercise

to bc insoluble

surface

5,1 Liquid
(see Notes

the

of excess surface

can be washed

removed

Materials

Irom the

importtint
in removal

signcd

of

Because

S.2, 1.2 Post-Emulsifiable

practice.

5. Classification

Perrerrurrts are dc-

pcnetrant,

if the rinsing

in Definitions

LO the terms used in this rec-

are

surroundings,

water-washable

time.

penctrants

penc-

indications

their

Wushuble

to assure against
relating

the
th~t

to the water-washable

extremely

definitions

into

visible,

Water-

(dwell)

control

4. Definitions

than

out

indications

of the lest pnrt, after H suitable

built

discontinuilies,

to bleed

Fluorcscerrt

to bc directly

surface
tion

thtn

and produce

brighter

O( the

Liquid
pcnetrant
inspection
the presence. location, and, to
wrd magnitude

coating

shape,

type oldiscontinuities

the nature

processing,

developer

The pcrrelrant

the indications
the

white

inspcc-

that c~n be seen

is usually
produce

background

red in

a deiinite
01 the

-27E165
developer.

or the
under

pene[rant

the use of bl~cli

lluorcscenl

pmretr~mt

adequalc

white

(1)

light

post-emulsiri~ble

(Prcwedurti

B-1 ),

Wuler-

Wa~h[lhlc

5.2.2,3

to function
Visible

tluoresccnt
5.5.?

Pene[rotr{s

arc liquids

~hc excess oily

penetran[

part,

it wutcr

rendering

in

minutes,

on the surface

of the

(6.5.3).

viscosity,

from

depending

concentration,

tions

psrt

chcmictil

as supplied

and are either

depending
tion,

on viscnilty

High-viscosity

sctiny

slowm

Oil-base

are

.So/uhle

function

pmt

and

rate ofdi Kusion

5.3.2

by dlfrusing

rendering

ccntratm

EmulJ(/7rrs

to bti diluted

the cxctss pene~rant

of the

pm

through

film

detergent

the

and the part

h}

~uns

on [he

or

or

()[ lhc

pcnctr~nts

and

part

has been

conventional
by

or

:ierosol

spray

is not intended

for

~pplication.

(orm

H white

cotit-

when dried,

background

developing

for

The nonwque-

Ilow-on)

wet dtwclopers
surface

serves &is ~ contrasting

as con-

pcnetrunl

applied

parti -

ready

to the part by

has dried.

(dip-lonk

Nonaqucous
ing

carriers

applied

excess

tire

Developers

of dcveloptr

type of developer

This

immersion

which

for visible
fluortis-

medid

for

ccnt pcne[rants.

and used ~is a

trnulsifiers

after

removed

spray

{n

as recommended

solvent

spraying

ckvclopers

sup-

are

arc dissolved

Suspendihlt

T~q are

c.ms.

time

(dc~crgeni

supplied

wi[h water

W~tcr-btise

by displficing
surltice

emulsification

fire norm~lly

or sprti}.

(dis-

be in

(see 6.7.6).

use as suppllcd.

ous

on the surl~ce

Ttrc

\hall

Developers

tis suspensions

e]eclros[~t)c

it water-washable:

cstflblishcs

Wu/er-BZX$t

rmnoverj)

generally

are

in water,

recommenda-

that

usccl at concentrations

arc suppli~d

emulsifiers.

Or

Developers

pfirticles

powders

conlpo-

u>cd

or

OH the type

manufacturers

by ih~ manu[dcturcr
5.53 Nonuqueous

composi-

low-viscosity

inlo the excess pcnctranl

01 the

dip

as soluble

water,

or ftist ac[ing,

emulsifiers

thtin

umulsihers

solving)

slow

and chfimic:il

arc normally

bc susptnded

use. irnd maintcrmnce

with

surface,

are normaliy

Enlul~~lers

to

dtpcnding

CICS in rronaqueous

5,3. I Oil-Ea~r

be
with

(see 6,7.6).

plied

sition,

(ypt

powders

5,5.2. ? .4queous

There

1 Iew seconds

on

tind

the developer

ofd~vcloper

accord:ince

arc two busic types 01 emulsifiers: oi[-btise and

water-bast
(detergent removers), both of which
sevtiral

pow-

should

8s the specks can appear

in water,

suspensions

used to emulsify

washable

can act over u range of time

C~rc

W<t t%velo~er.r

as dry

concentrfi~ion,

5.3 Emuhiflers

n~nncaki~g

6.7.5.

aqueous wel dcveloptr.

5,5,2, I ,Aqlitou.c
Suspendible

Penc-

as describdd

Aqueous

Uissolvdd

5.2.1,3.

to

pcnetrant,

supplied

in 5,2, 1,?.

emovobl(

to func[ion

with

as indications.

as described

Solvetrt-i?

~rarr{$ arc dcsi;ned

is, free- llowing,

not to contamindlc

t:lken

(2)

orc designed to funclion

is descrihcd
in 5,2.1.1.
5. ~. ~, ~ Viy[h)e PO.St-k-r?ll(/.rlj fUh/L> PP?lPlrQfl~$
arc designed

(that

der) in accordance

B-2), tind (3) solB-3).

blotting
tr~nt
out of discontinuitifis
through
ac[ion or lhc :ipplicd developer, thus increasing
Ihc visibility of tht pcne[rarrt Indications.
.Developer.r
arc used as
5,S. I Dr,v Powder
supplied

Visible

are catc~orized

(Froccdure

Visible

Visible

however,

(see 6.8.2).

(Prnctdure

vent-remowrble
5.2,2. I

process.

procedures

water-washable

does

m in [he CHSC

be viewed.

must

inspwtion

prwxss

light

pcnctriin~

ind]cotions

penelran[
as

visible

The

not require

(unction

5.5.4

from the

or colloidal

action.

Liquid

suimhlc

Film

Developers

suspensions

are solutions

of resins/polymer

Th~w dcveloper~

carritr.

will

in a
form

ti

The ~orcc ot the w~ter spray or air a,gitfition 01

open dip tanks provides the scrubbing
action
while the detergent displaces the film of pene-

tr~nsparenl
or trtinsluccnt
co:iting on the surFJCCof the part. Certain types 01 film developer

lrant,

record

The

pending

emulsification

time

on the concentration

will

wiry,

may be stripptd

de-

o~the detergen[

the part and retaind

for

in
6. Procedure

waler,

5.4 S[j/verr[
the

lrom

purposes,

perretrarrt.

surface

Renfovers
making

runc[ion
it

describtd

the

pcnctr~nt

dures

is the process

:ipply

lluorescmt

in 6.5.4.

methods

5,5 Dtve/oper.rDevelopment
indications

towipe

possible

clean and free or residual

6. I The following

by dissolving

of ptne[rarlt

ol bringing

and

the surface

\isiblc

(set Fig.

the temper~ture

the penc-

general

processing

proce-

(SCC Figs, 2. 3. and 4) to both

peneirant

1): As a standard

of the penetrant

lhc

inspection
technique,

materials

of the purl to be processed

and

$hould be

-28ftlb E165
between

60 and 125 F (I6 and 52C). Where II

to comply with these tempera-

is not practical
ture limitations,
temperature
Section

qualify
of

the

intended

and

procedure

use

agreed

to

as

by

at

[he

described

~he

maxlmurn),
10 be
under

Conditioning

SurJace

6.4.1

Prior

to Pevre[ran!

as-cast,

or as-forged

preparation

necessary

conditions.

when

tiveness

of

Al .1.1.7

surface

the

for

surface

However,

by grinding

mask the indications

tinuities,
or otherwise

often

irregularities

general

(See

precautions

trant

inspection

upon

the
of

surface
any

interfere

and

to

contaminant

with

(soils)

the pene[rant

dry

before

Clean
must

is intended

perre~rant

to mean

be free of an)

spatter.
might

grease,

entering

with

penetration.

can preven~

processes

can

greatly

All

Residues

adversel}

reaci

If
is

1 In,

inspected

clean-

a section
(25,4

mm)

the

adjacent

must also be cleaned.

allowirrp

6.4.3
bc

a \,ariet>
ma~erially

A I

b}

warming

the

Dr>lng
parts

infrared

lamps,

forced

ambiem

tempera~ure,

not exceed 125 F (52C)

ma)

cleaninp,

ovens.

Par~ ~emperatures
prior

wl~h

6.5.2

10

has been cleaned,

mate

ambient

App/ica:ionAfter
dried.

and cooled

temperatures

the

of

hollow-

as pene[rwm
problems
sprays
means

through

the

booth

il

is

This

use of a

and

exhaust

on ~hc pari).

penetrant

dwell

time

or tlmc

the perretrant
proper
b~

must

penetration

the

penetranl

for

their

form,

pcnelrani

b}

and types of

characteristics

b) a pro)ongetl
difficult;

the

in

pcnelrant

are

dwell

time.

remoulng
for

the

lhe original

limt
of Excess

PenetranI:

Afler
the rtiquired
penetration
time.
the excess pene~rant as described
in
water-washable

pmtetrarr[sl

penetrarr[s.
penetrants,

6.5,3

and 6.5,4

for

ror sol-

6.5.2 Water-washable
penetrants
can be removed dtrectl}
from the part with water wash-

part

ing; [hey do not require

to approxi-

( 1250F

dutll

posi-emulsifiable
vent-removable

penetrant,
6.4 Penetram

reappl>

6.5.1
remove

shall

[o application

If

6,5 R en?oval

the entrance

or exposure

spray

entering

recommended

evidenctd

excess.

be accomplished

in drying
ho[ air.

from

can serve

pools of penclrant

affected

prescribed

of [he pene[rant.

Elcclros[at~c

spra)

of materials,

that the parts be thorough]}

dr} afler

spraying.

2).

as

as

residue will hinder

or

With spra} applications,

there be proper vtn~ilation.

The Icngth

for more detailed cleaning me[hods. )

6.3,2 Drying
AJ[er
CleaningIt
is essen~ial
since an} hqtnd

which

for proper

discontinuity,

to be

(See .Anneh

Into

manufdcturcr.
Table
2 however,
provides
a
guide (or scltiction of penetran~ dwell times for

arch

of the surface

surfaces.

rema~n on [hc part to allow

of a par~, such as a

be inspcc~ed.

to prelent

while

will

]n parhcul~r

brush~ng

accomplished

laken

the

or msrr> pene-

by

desigrlcd

(see Table

and perform-

the fluorescence

on]}
to

from

v.lth

brush-

parts are quim

6.4.2 Af~er application.

allow excess pent[rant lo drain from the parl (care should be

of these

from

Small

systc-m.

flux.

the pene[rsnl

of effective

and cause severe bleedout

propcrl}

etc., that

Acids and chroma[es

reduce

within

welding
dir[,

areti

with

ba$kets and dipped

penetrant

passages

is generally

applied.

the surface

and reduce its sensitivi~>

ance greatly
trants,

scale.

o!ly films.

disco ntinuities.

penetrant

wtld.

rust.

is

that

paint,

interfere

contaminants
ing

the

in suitable

of application,
importan[
tha[

parts

must he clean

or areas of parts to be Inspected

or spraying.

prevent

reservoirs

might

Al]

modes

such as dipping.

during inspection
of the part, Aerosol
are also very effect~ve and a convenient

being

that

process.

are various

to ~he par[

cored

dependent

the discontinuit~

surface
or

covcrcd

completely

cffectivelj

trants

and

is greatly

the
parl

appllcallon
can e]iminale
exctss liquid buildup
of penetrant
on the part. mlntmize
ovcrspra~,

procedure

to

ent]re

Bo[h conventional
and elec[ros[atic
spray guns
are effec~ive means or applying
Ilquld perre.

Annex

relative

is

the

o[ penetrant

placed

applied

might

of unacceptable
disconinterfere
with the effec-

examination.

preparation,

sur-

or machining

pcrrttrani

a tank of penetran~. On larger parts, and lhosc

with complex
geometries,
penetranl
can bc

6.3 Cleaning OJ Paris and Ma\erials:

6.3,1 PrecleaningThe
success of an} pene-

and

There

ing, flooding,

~?rspection-satisfaclor}
results can usually be
obtained on surfaces in the as-welded. as-rolled,

free

inspection

application

6.2

the
so that

prme[rant.

in

contracting

parties,

face

appl)

]nspec[ed

Remove

(52C)

excess penetrant

an emulsification
using

manual.

step
semi-

-29-

$lh
automatic,
sion

automatic

equipment.

moval

will

depend

ters as water

water

The

spray,

degree

and

water

the emulsifier

or immm-

6.5.3,1

speed of re-

on such processing

pressure,

parame-

temperature,

soon

and

the speed and degree of removal.

affect

is important

that the water-rinsing

of time

water
part

be

base)

pressure

should

that

be constant

and

(smooth

tion lime

controlled.
6.5.2. I Water

pooling

on the part.

dwell

time

has been

begins

the emulsifier

The

M allowed

the surface

condition

of the

Nominal emulsiJcabe as recommended

by the

should

Determine

manu~acturer,

(205

is an average

application.
The surfwx
fimsh (roughness)
the part is a significant
[actor in the selection

6.5.2,2

Maintain
a

[he

water

at

Most

water-washable

relatively

moved effectively
ture range

value).

Generally.

of

can

a water-wash

60 to 110F

the

and in the emuls]ficalion

In general,

temperature.

penetrants

within

from

temperature
constant

for consistent
results, maintain
temperature
recommended
by

several

be re-

tht

tempera-

to 43C),

them at the
the penetrant

penetrant

Effective
from

accomplished
automatic,

6.5.2.3
depend

The

duration

removsl

characteristics

ture employed;

ual background

the particular
will be evident

rinsing

o! the

to
of

emulsllicd

of the ptirt

either

or automatic

that

it experimentally

a few seconds
on the activity

the surface
using

of the penetrant,
the surface condition
of the
part, and the water spray pressure and temperadetermine

Or

of

can be

mtinual,

semi-

water spray or immer-

sion equipment.
For Method
A. perform
the
water rlnsmg operation
under black light so

of the rinse cycle will

on the inhcvent

specific

01 ~n emulsifier,

from

depending

each

emulsifier.
6.5.3.2

supplier.

for

rime

it can range

minutes,

but

(I6

time

the

actual

is recommended,

emulsification

experimentally

not exceed 50 psi (345 k Pa) (30 psi

kPa)

to

or rough).

and should
coarse spray

as

applied.

remain
on the part and in contact
with the
penetrant is dependent on the type of emulsifkr
employed (fast acting, slow acting, oil basti, or

It

operation

from

Emulsification

as the emulsifier

length

duratiorr
of rinse cycle. The inherent
removal
characteristics
of the penetrant
employed.
as
well as the sur~ace condition
of the part,
will
also

E166

it

can

penetrant

for

application,
The optimum
time
when no interfering
background

be determined
should

does not interfere

the

surrace

removtd.

Resid-

be minimtil

so that

with the inspection

and yet Indicates

remains.

when

has been ukquatel}

that

ctver-emulsi

of[he

It

part

ticatiun

ha<

not occurred.

6.5.2.4

Avoid

ing can cause

overwashing:
penetrant

excessive

wash-

Water

pressure

should

be constant

and should not exceed 50 psi (345 kPa) (30 p$l

(205 kPa) average), Gentrally,
a coarse spraj is

for Method

A under black light so that it can be

determined

when the surface

recommended,
6.5.3,4 Maintain
the [cmpcrature
of the
water
at a rtlatlvely
constant
temperature.

adequately
6.5,2,5
rinse

Perform

removal

penttrant

may

applications.

are
be

not

has been

water

performed

until

where

availtible,

with a clean, absorbent

ened with

oper~tlon

removed,
In special

facili~ies

surface

the rinsing

out

6.5,3,3

of

discontinuities,

to be washed

by

wiping

maten~l

penetrants

tire

the excess

penetration

time.

on the part

emulsify

by dipping,

flooding,

in the range

lrom

Iint-rrce

penetrarrts,
as possible,
materla[.

solvent

or

a lint-free

until

ail

have

been

penetrant

material

remaining

traces

remov~d.
rrom

To

mlnim!zc

discontinui~ies,

trant

the penetrant and prior to developing

ited.
6.6 Drying OJ Parts:

water

rinsing).

fier, drain

the mixture

After

removable

application

the parts in a manner

repeat-

removal
take

avoid

makes

reby

and wipe the surlace

0[ excess penetr~rrt

spraying the parts with the required emulsifier

(the emulsifier
combines with the excess peneand

60 to

tire cilective

ing thti operation

until most traces of pcnetrant
have been removed. Then Iigkf(y
moisten
with

not

required

[o 43C)

using wipes of clean.

pene-

the use or
After
the

tempertitures
(I6

6.5.4 With solvent-removable

move excess penetrant.
insofar

the

directly water washable; they require

an emulsifier
(oil or water base),
penetrant

110F

damp-

the excess surface

trant is removed.
6.5.3 Post-cmulsitiable

Water

water

penetrant

the use O( excess solvent.

surface with solvent

with

of the emulsithat prevents

following

cart

Flushing

the application

of
to
the
of

is prohib-

-30E165
6,6.1

During

the

preptiration

of

parts

for

or

dusting.

condition,
Iollowin:
theapplication
oftheaqueous
WC~d~velopcr
or etc., will
6.7.5
todry the rinse water prccmling the usc of dry
inspsct~on,

drying

or nomrqueous
6,6.2

is necessary

can be dried

recirculating

hy using

oven, a hot-air

blasl,

h hot-air

or by expo-

size

In

surFact

configuration,

ot parls

to be procmsed,

inllucnce
the choice
Apply
dry powder

drying,,

developers.

Parts

The

number

either

accordance

of developer,
devclopm
after

wilh

6,6,

Apply

dry

powder
developers
in such a rnanncr
as to
assure complete
part coverage.
Parts can hc
immersed

or dipped

into

a container

of dry

done in a therm ostaticsdly controlled

recirculating hot-air drytr. The temperature
in Lhe dryer

developer

or

into

a fluid

of dry

is normally

powder

sure

to

ambient

temperature.

maintained

(79 and 1070C)

Part

should

Local

provided
otherwise

Do

the part.

not

pwts

which

than is necessary

time

in the dryer

can impair

or a powder
efrective

chamber,

removed

oithe

the sensitivity

of

speclmcn

dried

with solvent

wipe-off

the part,

by

evaporation.

normal

drying

techniques

processing
125*F

dry the surface

Norm~lly,

are necessary,

temperature

no

other

so long as the

range

is within

60 to

the process

the penctrant

of bringing

the penctrant

of the discontinuities
and spreading
its visibility
6.7.2

indications

through

back

blotting

it out orI the surface

M
out

action

to incretise

to the eye,

Use developers

either

dry or >uspended

in an aqueous or nortaqueous
solvent that is
evaporated
10 dryness before inspection to form
a particulate
6.7.3
the

excess

part

developers

penetrant

surlace,

aqueous
part

or resin/polymer

Apply

prior

developers,

has

been

dried

liquid

film.

immedlatc]y

has

been removed

to

drying

in the

and immediately
for

all

after

Irom the

other

case of
iiftcr

the

developer

There

are various

application
of the vtirious
such as dipping, immersing,

modes

of effsctive

types or devclrrpers
flooding,
spraying,

fiqucous

air.

Other

with

the part and prior

Prep:ire

a convento the part

with

assure

caution

water-washable

aqueous

on

deve-

in such a manner

even,

when

The

coating

the manufacturers

them

complete,

has been

to drying.

as ~ white

and maintain

and apply

is

being

spray gun.

developers

appears

of the

surface

after tht cxccss penetrant

lrom

bc

the powder

entire

powder

snd

may

(5 to 10 psi (34

compressed

the

in ticcorcfarrcc

using

part

covera~e.

a wet developer

penctrants

10 avoid

possi-

loss of indications.

6,7.6.1 Apply aqueous developers by spraying, ilowing,

or immersing
the pm-t. With
aqueous
immerse
bath,

wet developers,
it is most common to
tht parts in the prepared
devtloper

Immtrsti

all ofthc

paris

part surfaces

only

long

tinough

to coat

with the developer.

Therr

remove par~s from the developer bath and allow

LO drsin.
Drain all excess developer
from recesses and trapped
cies of pooling

sections

to eliminate

of developer,

which

tenden-

ctin obscure

discontinuities,
6.7.6.2
with 6.6.
6.7.7

forms.
6,7.4

Apply

developer

as to

hlt

over

most

the part gently,

Parts can bc sprayed

instructions

wilh

Indications:

Developing

6.7,1

or tapping

may be used provided

removed

lopers

powder

to the size and geometry

immediately

Exercise

(16 to 52C).

6.7 Developing

6.7.6

md

sn effec~ive

Excess

or electrost:itic

size, nature,
tion,
pene6,6,4 In the case O( solvent-removable
trants (6.4.4) where excess penetrant is removed
technique,

creates

cletin,

the
bulb

in an enclosed

with Iow-pressure

evenly

extimmcd,

with

a hand powder

powder

cloud.

dry,

sultcd

tional

dry

by shaking

dusted

be dusted

through

which

dust

medns

also

bed

gun, It is qui~e common

contr~olled

LO dry

can cause

can

to apply

to 69 kPa))

Drying time will vary withthe

and number of parts under inspec-

the inspection.

lhey

developer

in ihe

as evaporation

well

dipped

or by blowing

parties

to remain

developer;

dust
In

unlcw

to by the umtrticting
allow

ExcessIvc

is permitted

60 to 125 F (16 to 52C),

to the part as

penetrant,

125

of the part remains

oven any longer

damage

Caution:

exceed

or cooling

heating

agreed

6,6,3

175 and 225 F

not

the temperature

the range from

drying

between

is best

for most applications.

temperature

(529 C).

Drying

Then
Apply

dry

the

nonaqueous

the par~ by sprtiying

after

parts
wet

in

accordance

developers

to

the excess penetrarrt

has been removed and the part has been dried.

This type of developer evaporates
very rapidly

-31E165
normal

at

room

therefore,

the

bc used, lrowtivcr,
6.7.7.1

Apply

of

prop~r

pfirt

not,

It should

light

developers

with

aqueous
flush

6.7.8

a thin,

even

with

nom

irrtcrfcring

throu:h

film

Spra)

covcragt

on the part

nut bt ltss thin

immediately

prior

7 min.

to inspection

Developing

developer
carriers

ness). [t hlccdout
results.

is to

coating
have

apphcable

tled

in

6.7.9
from

penetrant

periods

ularly

is.

to dry-

the inspection

inspection

dlscontinui[ies
1! is good practice

6,8,1
tions

technique.

Water

the

out

spray

vapor

b:~ke developer

the

part

Ilght

is unob-

surf~ce

of

suitablt
irrlensi[~

black light
pertodicallj

hcmg

mendcd)

to fissure [hc required

intensity,

output,

can ht the cuuse ofdccre[wed

light output

and should bc checkud

Iinc

volt;ige

inconsistent
constant
6.8.1.2

fluctu~tions
black

voltage
Allow

light

at J

exist

with

prior
can

ContentWhen

Chlorine

inspection
steels,

materials

titanium.

the need to restrict

satnpling

techniques

methods

Drops In

between

specific

black

and

or

chloride

on austennickel-base
ion content,

pcriodic~ll!.

should

cause

includes

use

or titanium.

lo warm

and

limits

should

analytical
be

test

agreed

upon

contracting
parties. Irr the absence ofa
requirement,
the chlorine
content

which

perlormonce.
light

adequate.

chlorine
content,
and sulfur
content
should be considered.
If such a need exists,

transformer.
the black

generally

should be removed
Vapor
decreasing

on parts.)

and

stainless

alloys.

Check black light

30 days is recorr -

line voltage
lf

after

fix on the part.

MW/cm~onthtitotal

inspected,

meter.
(uvcrj

is

that it

Requirements

7.1 .$uljfiur
itic

of 800

rinse,

01 3

~ainablc.
black

in-

it is recom-

as possible

it does not

decreasing,

using penetrant

minimum

it is particperretrant

is necessary,

as promptly
rinsing

for noncritical

ir darkness

or

proc-

such as a simple water

so that

7. Special

inspections

is neces-

penetrant

might combine
with other
to produce
corrosion.
A

(Caution: Developers

indica-

maximum

residual

that if posi removal

inspection

as an aid

penctrant

mea,

cleamng

In the case of developers,

be carried

of

to observe

suitable

to

fluorescent

Measure

at the inspec-

with subsequent

where

materials
in service

footcandles
(32 lx) ambien~ light is allowed Ior
critical
inspection,
Higher levels may b~ u$cd

6.8.1,1

to

(350 lx) is recom-

service requirements.

spection
Iactors

mended

the devel.

the developer

in J dmkcned

recommended

required

in the inspec-

intensity

interfere

important

Al.2).

parls

indic~tions,

lnspcct

of

m~chinc wash. vapor dcgreasing,

solvent soak,
or ultrasonic
cleaning
may be employ~d
(see

fis spcci -

bleedmrl

onto

tipplying

of

titnc

ossure
proper

surface

in eva]oating

light

could

essing or with

and

of over 30 min am

opcr co~ting.
while

is

CleaningPost

Post

developer

powder

is dry (that

Lievelopmcnt

to

illumination

site of 32.5 footcandles

6.9

lime begins

cv~porated

6,8 irrspecrion-Per[orm
tttc

free

housekeeping

sary in those cases where residual

perrnitt~d.
Jlier

area

good

no loss of the sensitivity

A minimum

tion

should

or dry

does not ~ltcr

dtvclopmcrit

inspection

Practice

at least 5

his eyes will

mended,

the cfevclopcr

a~tcr the application

solvmrt

tion.

as

a thin,

and M sonn w the wet (tiqumus

nonaquwms)

the

debris.

Adequate

ensure

developer,

01

dcvclopcr

light.

by

by the

with

Keep

so that

6.8,2 Visible
penetrant
indications
can be
inspcctcd
in either natural
or artificial
white

action.
developers

that the inspector

at all times.

the

pflrts in such J manner

part

The Icn,gth of time

remain

tht

tilm-[ype

within

as recommended

compldte

6.7.9

since it will

(rem

its solvent

liquid

mfirrufacturer.
even

is prohibited,

or dipping

10 tissurc

p~rts

the penetrant

Apply

spraying

flooding

or

developers

(dissolvt)

dtscontinuities

It M recommended

6.8.1,4

Elipplng

of the ultraviolet

emitted.

min prior [o inspection

adapt to dark viewing.

of developer.

6.7.7.2

of the intensity

inthedarkened
inspection
area
for

bc

as to

5 rninprior
to itsuseor

of

6.8,1.3

by

by the man-

in such u manner

covmrge

minimum

measurement

ventilation.

normqueous

Spr:iy. parts

does

dryer.

as rtcomtnended

assure complele
IIlm

usc

with

spray application
ulacturcr.

ond

tcmpcr~[urc

require

be limited
application
Method

to

1 7c where

to austcnitic

potential

use

stainless

steel

D 808 can provide

reliable

analytical
results for total chloride contents of
1000 ppm (0.1 7.) or more. Similarly.
in the

up for

-1

-32E165
absence

of

content

spdcific

should

requiremcnl,

be limited

lhe

sulfur

to 1 % where

poten-

tial use includtis apphcatlon

alloys at tlevated temperatures,
can provide
contents

7,2

rchable

Method D 129
rmults for sulfur

~rralytical

pwretrant

Inspection

is per~ormed

on parts that must

be
vated temperature
during

maintained
inspection,

materials

techniques

required,

and

proccsslrrg

Such inspection

in accordance
mendations

with
should

and Requalification

10 nickel-base

of 1000 ppm (0,1 %) or morti,

Where

8. Qualification

requires

at eiespwial
may

be

recom-

of

procedures

requires
approved
b~ direct

comparison
on penetrant comparators
or representative tesl parts, or both. as mutually
agreed
10 by the contracting
K2

parties,

Requaliflcalion

ts

or subs~itulion

penetrant

mii[tirials

required

is made
or

in

the

in

when
the

type

processing

a
of

tech-

nique.

bc observed.

TABLE

Quallfica~ion

change

qualification

8.1. Manulacturers

8.1

proof of equivalence
10 the currenll~
procedure,
Equivalency
is determined

Classificmion or Liquid PcnctrmN Impection

Methods and Types

Method AHuorcsccnt.

l.lquld Pme[ran[

lnspect!on

Iwater.washable
(Procedure A- 1)
Type 2pos!.cmulsLfiahle IProcedurc A-2)
Type 3solvcnl-relnova ble (Proccdurc A-3)

T}pe

Melhod Bvmhlc.

Llqu]d Pmetran!

T} pe 1wa[cr-washable

(Procedure

Inspcct]on
B-f )

TIPe Zpus[.cmulvhahlc
(Procedure B.2)
T}pc 3solL>cnl-remova hld (Proccdurc 0.3 I

TABLE

Recommcndcd Dwell

Timfi
Dwell Tlmcs (In
m!nulcs) [or Melhod$
Al. A-2, A-3, B.1.
B.?, B.30 b

Alumlnum. rnapne<]un, steel,

brass and bronm, Iltanlum
and h)ph.wmpera!urc allo>s

wrwfhr-cxtrus

ldp~, cracks (all [ormsl

10

lack of [usion, porosII),

cracks
cracks
cracks
cracks. porwt>
1

5
5
5

7
7
7

took

Plastic
Glass
Ccramlc

Dmeloper

?a.flcasl, ngs and weld,

for.mnps.

Carbide-iipped

Pcnctran[+
cold shu{>, p0r05kt>, IJCL oi
fus]on, crack> (all [urrns]

all [orms
all forms
all rorm<

joni

plale

For mmpera!urc range from bC 10 1250F (IS 10 500C)

All dwell urncs p~vm ~rc rccommcmdcd mImmums
ptnc[rant dwell [,mc 60 rm. m accordance with (J43
e Developmmt IIrnc bcg!os dlrcctl> af[cr apphcatmn of dr> developer ad as soon
0 Maximum

surface of parts (rccommendcd

m!mmm)

as VW! dcveloptl

coz,I\ng

ha$ dried on

-33fll]bE 166
INCOMING PARTS

I
PRICLEAN
(See

ALUALIME

STEAM

PAINT STUIPFE@

6.3)

PENCTRATC
(See

6.4)

REMOVE
(See

6.5)

DRY

DEVELOP
(See

(See

DEVELOPER
(AQUEOUS)

6.6)

Ie

T
SOLVENT

WIpE. Of F

(DrEmou.EG
f

6.7)
1==1
Dry ., N.ruqu.oum )

DRY

(s,, 6.6j

(See

INSPECT
(See

6.8)

FOST CLEAN
(See

6.9 and
A1.2)

OUTGOING
FIG.

Fluor-mt

iud Visible PcwmmIt

PARTS

Inspection Genera! Processing Procedure

Flow$hecf.

6.6)

eclean

See: 6.3, I
63.2

CIzz

! APPhcalIorI

See

6.4
6.4.1
6,4,2
6,4.3

C2E

$CC 6.5.2
65.21
6.5,2.2
6.5.2.3
6,52.4

r--v

2E!WLI
Dry

See; 6.74
6.7.5
6.7,8
6.7.9

Nonoqueous

67.6
6.76.1
6,1.8
6.7.9

See

6.6.2
6,63
6.6.4

See: 6,77
6,7,71
67.7.2

6.7.8
6.7.9

-1~
A-1 (Fluorescent)

See

S..: 6.8. I
6,8.1,1
6,8 I 2
6.8,1.3
6.8.1.4

Spccia[

Rcquiremcn

IS
7.1

B-1 ( W.vb/e)

1,2

See 68,2

Prorcdfwe Requwcmcnrs
8.1
8,2

Post clean
See: 6.9

FIG.

TYIM! lW*ter-Washabie

Pcnctrant Inspection Processing Procedures A-l (I%oresmnt)

10

ond E-l (Visible).

-35~S]b E

165

{reclean

S..

64
64.1
64.2
64,3

See: (1.5.3
f)s .1,1

se?

6,53.2
b533
6.534

..,, .

.. 1
r Drv Parts

--.
1

6.7.8
(>.7.9

-r

+cl

. .. .
Apply Dcvch3pcr

Dr>

See

Nonaqucou.f

s..

614
67>

h 6.2
66.3
6.6.4

677

671.1
611.2
6.7.X
(,79

1
I

SW

Inswxllon
,

--------

--p., (F,,,or,s,L..l)
see ,.* I
68)1
6s,12
().8.1.?

6.R I 4
SpecIa/

Rfqumn!cn

15
7.1
7?

F!G.

Type 2FOsr Emulsifiable Procedures A-2 (Fluorescent) and B-2( Visible).

II

-36-

SCC:6.3I

See 6,4
6.4.1
64.2
6.4.3

1
WIDC.Off
Solvcnl

See 65.4

See 664

See 67.1
6.73
6.75
678
67.9
Nonoqueous
See

671
6.73

67.7
67.7 I
6.77.1
6.7.8
61,9

4.3

(F/uorPscenl)

Scc 681
6,8I I
6812
68.13
b8.14
Y-3 ( Vmblr)

see

6.82

Special Requfr?menfs
7.1
1.2

See b 9

Procedure Reqtiiremrnrs
81
8.2

FIG.

Type 3SoIvent Remcwnble Penetrsnt lnsp~tio

Proc~ing

Procedures A-3 ( Fluorwent)

mnd&3 (Vkible),

ANNEX
A]. CLEANING OF PARTS
Al.]
Al

Choiccof
ClemninEMcthod
1,1 Thechoice
ofasuitable

cleaning

in[o a small degreaser or ultrasonic

cleaner): and (4)
specific cleamng requirements
of the purchaser. The
followinp
cleamng methods arc recommended.

mcthodis

based on such factors as; (I)type

ofcontaminantlo
be removed since no one mclhod removes all contaminants equal]> well; (2) tffect of the cleaning method
on the parts; (3) practicality
oflhe
cleaning method
[or the part

(for

exampk.

a Iargt

part

cannot

AND MATERIALS

A 1.1.1.1
Dc/ergenr
CfeaningDctcrgcnt
cleaners
arc nonflammable
water-soluble
compounds containing specially selected surfactants
for wetting.
pnmtrating, emulsifying.
and saponifying
various typs of

be put

12

37E 16S
soils,

such

as

grease

and

oily

films,

cutting

and

machining
fluids,
and unpigmented
drawing
compounds,
etc. Detergent
cleaners
may be alkaline,
neutral. or acidic in nature, but must be noncorrosive

remover
or disintegrating-type
hot-tank
alkaline
paint strippers.
In most cases, tbe paint tilm must be
comvlctelv removed to txoose the surface of the
met;l.
Sdlvent-type
paint ;emovers
can be of the

to the item being respected. The cleaning

high:viscosity

of detergent

solutions

facilitate

complete

properties
removal of

Cleaning
time should average 10 to 15 min at 170 to
200aF
(77 to 93*C)
with moderate
agitation,
us]ng
concentrations
(generally
6 to 8 oz/gal
or 45 to 60

or

brush

reammg.
grlnd]ng,
Iiquld honing, sanding. Iathc cutting, tumble
or wbratory
dtiburring.
and ~braslve
blasting,
including
abrasives
such as glass beads,
sand, aluminum
oxide, Iigno-cellulow
pellets. metallic shot, etc., are often used to remow
such SOIIS as

spatter.
and in general,
inorganic
soils. Caution:
Some cleaning
solvents art flammable
and can be
toxic,
Observe
all manufacturers
instructions
and

carbon,
rus[ and scale. and foundry
adhering
sands,
as well as to deburr
or produce a desired cosmetic
the
effect on the part. These processes may decre~e

precautionary
notes.
degreasmg
is
Al 1,1,3 Vapor Degn?mingVapor
a preferred
method
or removing
oil or grtast-type
SOIIS from
the surface
or parts
and
from
open

EJJecriv&ne$S
OJthe
wetrflnt
cxomlnollo~
b?SM@Qring or

peening

[inuities

discontinuities.
It will not remove inorganic-type
soils
(dirt,
corrosion,
salts, etc.), and may not remove
resinous soils (plastic coatjngs,
varnish.
paint. etc.).

containing
pmtctrating,

spray

Cleaning
and
Surface
A 1.1.1 7 Mechanical
Corrdirioning-Metal-removing
procmses such as filing, burhtg.
scrap!ng.
mechanical
milling,
drilling,

dissolve such soils as grease and oily films, waxes and

sealants. paints. and in general. organic matter, These
solvents should be resldut-free.
tspccially
when used
as a hand-wipe
solvent or as a dip-tank
dcgrcasing
solvent,
Solvent
cleaners are not recommended
for
the removal
of rust and scale. welchng
flux and

solutions
wetting,

for

w~/gal (60 to 120 kg/ins) of water at 180 to 200n F (82

[o 93aC).
Afttr
paint remo~al,
lht parts must be
thoroughly
rinsed to remove all contamination
from
the void openings and then thoroughl}
dried.

kg/ma)
recommended
by the manufacturer
of [he
cleaning compound.
AI. 1.1.2 Solven[ CleflnirtE-There
are a variety of
solvent cleaners
that can be effectively
utilized
to

over metal surJoces and filllrig dlsconsurface, especialiyJor

soJt metals

open IO the

such as aluminum,
riranium,
magnesium,
and beryllium alloy,
A1.l. f.8 Acid .E~chirtg-Inhibi
ted acid solutlons
(pickling
soluhons)
are routinely
ustd for descaling
part surfaces. Descaling is necessary to remove oxide

contact t!me, decreasing

may
out deep discontinulties
and a

subsequent solvent soak M recommended.

Cleaning:
Al. 1.1.4 Alkaline
(a) Alkaline
cleaners
are nonflammable

type

or can be of low viscosity two-layer

type
application.
Both types of solvent paint
removers are generally used at ambient tempmatures.
as received.
Hot-tank
alkalint
strippers
are watcrsoluble powder compounds
generally
used at 8 to 16

soils and contamination

from the surface and void
areas, thus preparing
them to absorb the penetrant.

Because of the short

not completely
clean

thickened

application
for dip-tank

scale, which
can mask surface
disco ntlnu][ies
and
prevent
penetrant
from
entering.
Acid
solutions/
etchants arc also used routinely
to remove smeared

water

specially selected detergents

for
emulsifying,
and saponifying

metal that petns ovtir surface discontinuities.

Such
ctchams
should
bc used in accordance
with
tht

various types of soils. HOC alkaline solutions are also

used for rust removal and descaling to remove oxide
scale which can mask surface discontinuities.
Alka-

manufacturers
NOTE

recommendations.

Al Etched

rinsed completely
free
tralized
and [horoughly

line cleaner compounds

must be used in accordance
Caution:
with the rnanu[acturers
recommendations,
Parts cleaned by the alkaline
cleaning process mus[

parts

and

Caution:
materials

must

be

of etchants,
the surface neudried by heat prior to appli-

cation of pcnttrants.
4cids and chroma[es
can adversely affect the fluorescence
of fluorescent
materials,

be rinsed completely
free of cleaner and thoroughly
dried by heat prior to the penctrant inspection process
(part temperature
at the time of pmtctrant application
shall not exceed 125 F (52 C).
(b) Steam cleaning
is a modification
of [he holtank alkaline cleaning method, which can be used for
preparation
of Iargc, unwieldy
parts. It will remove
Inorganic
soils and many
organic
soils from
the
surface of parts, but may not reach to the bottom of
deep d!scontinu~tles,
and a subseauen[ solvent soak is
recbmmcnded.
Al, 1,1.5 Ulrraronic
C/eaninEThis
method adds
ultrasonic
agitation
to solvent or detergent
cleaning
to improvt
cleaning efficiency
and decrease cleaning
time. It should be used with water and detergent i(the
soil to be removed
is inorganic
(rust,
dirt,
salts,
corrosion
products, ctc, ), ad with organic solvent if

NOTE

hydrogen
etching,

A2Whenever
there
IS a posslb]llty
of
embrlttlement
as a result of acid solunon/
the part
should
be baked
at a suitable

temperature
ior an appropriate
lime to remove tbe
hydrogen before further processing
After baking, the
part shall be cooled to a t~mperature
below 125 F
(52C)
before appl)lng
penetran[s
AI. I.I.9
Air
Firing
OJ Ct=ramicsHeating
of a
ceram]c
part in a clean, oxidizing
atmosphere
is an
eifective
way of removing
moisture
or Ilght organic
soil or both, The maximum
temperature
that WIII not

the SOII to be removed

M orgamc
(grease and oily
films, etc.). Ahtr
ultrasonic cleaning, parts should be
heattd to remove tbe cleaning fluid, then cooled to at
least 125F (52eC),
before application
of penetrant,

cause degradation
of the properties
or [he ceramic
should bc used,
A 1,2 Post Cleaning
powder
deAl .2.1 Removal of DeveloperDry
veloper
can be tfftcuvcly
removed
with
an air
blow-off
(free of oil) or i[ can be removed with water
rinsing,
Wet
developer
coatings
can be removed
effectively
by water
rinwng
or water
rinsing
with

Al, 1.1.6 Paint

fectively
removed

dettrgem
either
(scrub brushing.

Remova/Paim
films can be efby bond
release
solvent
paint

13

by hand
washing

or with a mechanical
assist
machine,
etc.). The soluble

-38-

developer coalings simply dissolve off of the part w!th

a waler rinse
Al 2 2 Residual
penctrant
may
be removed

niques arc rccommendtd.

In some cases, it is desirable to vapor degteasc, then rollow with a solvent soak.
Th~ actual time required
in the vapor degreaser and
solvent soak will depend on the nature or the part and
should be dcltrmmed
expcrimenlall
y,

through

solvenl
action.
Vapor
dcgrtasing
(10 min
solven[ soaking (15 m!n minimum),
and
ultrasonic
solvent cleamng
(3 min minimum)
tech-

minimum),

The Americon Society for Tes!!ng and Mawrml~

connecoon
validtry

wtrh

any rtem

OJQIIY such potent

mennoned
nghu,

in this smndmd

and the risk

takes no POSIIIOR respecting

the vahdity of any purenr rights asserted in
Users of this siandard
ore expremly
advised that determlnatiov
of the

of infringement

of such righls,

14

is enmely

[heir own respon.ribilily

-39.

APPENDIX D
The Contact Ultrasonic Inspection of Welds*
Test Method
General - The procedures given apply to the contact
Weld inspection
ultra-nspection
of butt welds.
is accomplished by introducing shear waves into a plate at
a selected angle and manipulating the search unit
(transducer) so as to scan the entire weld.
(Fig. D.1)

D-1 - Technique for

Fig.

>k

Inspecting

Butt

Welds

with

Shear

Waves.

b d d version of A Guide for Ultrasonic Testing

an?E%luation
of Weld Flaws by R. A. Youshaw, SSC-213,
Ship Structure Committee, Washington, D.C. 1970.

-40-

/,

//
//

LAMINATION

\x/

\,

Fig. D-2 - Mask~ng Effect of a Base Metal Lamination

.#,/AcTUAL

DEFEcT

LOCATlON

DEFECT

LOCATION

LAMINATION
\%
,/

INFERRED

Fig. D-3 - Position Errors Introduced by Base Metal Lamination

-41Equipment - The ultrasonic

instrument
shall be of the
pulse-echo
type with an A-scan Presentation.
It shall be
capable of generating,
receiving, and displaying screen
The
pulses from 1 to 5 MHz on the cathode ray tube.

instrument shall have a circuitry to provide a continuously

increasing amplification with respect to time or distance
of travel.
A calibrated decibel attenuator control is
recommended.
Battery powered equipment must contain an alarm
to signal battery depletion prior to instrument shut-off due
to battery exhaustion.
Search Unit - The maximum dimension (manufacturers
specifications) of the transducer active element shall noc
exceed one inch.
A ratio of 2:1 width to height of the
active element is recommended.
A nominal test frequency of
2.25 MHz is recommended.
The transducer shall be mounted
on a suitable wedge to produce the recommended shear wave
angle in the material being inspected.
The following shear
wave an,gles are recommended:
60 or 70 for plate thicknesses 1/2 inch to 1-1/2 inch
45 or 60 for plate thicknesses 1-1/2 inch to 3 inches
- A liquid such as glycerin diluted with alcohol
or water an to which a wetting agent has been added is
recommended for acoustic coupling between the transducer and
the plate.
Most oils are acceptable.
For overhead work
and for places of difficult access certain types of grease
may prove useful.
Any couplant should be removed upon
completion of the inspection.

Surface Preparation - The average plate as received from

the mill has a surface that is smooth enough for ultrasonic
inspection.
Plate with loose scale, flaked paint, excess
rust , or pitting will require grinding.
After welding,
the surface of the base metal where the probe is to be
manipulated should be cleaned of weld splatter.
If
surface irregularities on the weld bead cause difficulties
in interpretation, the weld bead should be ground sufficiently
smooth to permit adequate inspection.
Base Metal Inspection - Although the presence of
laminations in the base metal may not be a basis for
rejection, these reflectors may mask a part of the weld
from the ultrasonic beam, (Fig. D-2), or cause the operator
to incorrectly locate a discontinuity, (Fig. D-3).
Laminations can be detected ultrasonically with a straight
beam (longitudinal waves).
When laminations are encountered, the inspection should be made from the other side of
the weld.

-42-

SCANNING

1/16

SURFACE

T
1-1/2

+-f-T~
t
2

~
1-3/4

2-1/4

2-1/2

1
*

SCANNING

SURFACE

SURFACE
FINISH
ON THE SCANNING
SURFACES
TO BE APPROXIMATELY
250 RMS PREPARED
BY GRINDING
METHOD
WITH THE DIRECTION
OF
GRIND
P,ARALLEL
TO THE LONG DIMENSIONS
OF THE BLOCK.

Figq

D-4

- Typical

Reference

Calibration

Standard

for

Angle

Beam Scanning

100

. ______ _
o

90
- 80 ARL
70
60
50

L .

___

_____

40

DRL

30
20
10
(

NOTE:

Fig.

D-5

14!!

+!

0/

CALIBRATION
IS PER FORME13 WITH THE REFLECTION
OBTAINED
FROM THE WALL OF A 1/16 DRILLED
HOLE
USING DISTANCEAMPLITUDE
CORRECTIONS.
- Typical
Nithout

Viewing
Decibel

Screen
Cal ibration
for
Attenuation
Controls

Instruments

-43CALIBIUTION STANDARDS
A test block shall be prepared from material experimentally determined to be defect free and which is acousThis block should
tically similar to the work material.
be 1-1/4 inches thick with a series of 3/64-j.nch diameter
drilled holes spaced to provide path lengths equivalent
to the longest and shortest path lengths to be used in the
Intermediate distances should also be
weld inspection.
The scanning surfaces should be approximately
provided.
250 RMS, prepared by the grinding method with the direction
of grind parallel to the long dimension of the test block.
Fig. D-4 illustrates an acceptable design.
INSTRUPIENT CALIBRATION
TWO levels of signal amplitude are defined in this
Appendix - ARL (Amplitude Reject Level) and DRL (Disregard
These two levels are established as follows:
Level) .
The delay controls are used to position the initial
pulse at the left of the viewing screen at a location marked
The instrument range
zero on a reticule or screen scale.
controls can then be adjusted to display signals from the
reference calibration drilled holes for the distances to be
considered.
The distance amplitude correction controls are to be
adjusted to compensate for signal loss due to distance of
travel, i.e., the height of signals from all the reference
drilled holes should be made equal.
The instrument gain control is to be adjusted to set
the equalized signals from the reference reflectors at 60%
of full screen height, (Fig. D-5).
For this setting the
40% line shall be the DRL and the 80% line shall be the
ARL, (Fig. D-5).
The ultrasonic j.nstrument shall be calibrated at
the job-site; and verified at least once every fourThe calibration shall be
hour interval thereafter.
verified whenever the instrument is jarred, or moved
to a new location; and at any instance of questionable
performance.
WELD INSPECTION
Longitudinal defects are found by directing the
sound beam normal to the length of the weld and moving
the transducer back and forth to scan the entire weld

44.
s~ARCH

NOTE:
[

USE

IJNITSONIC

(a)
SCAN
PATH

SIMILAR

OF WELD
1

ON

SAME

nN

mppn.ir.

.-.--.!-=,,

.I~.
LU,

LJC

SURFACE.
1

(b)

Fi.z.D-6 - Technique for Inspecting Butt Welds

/

/4

RCHUNIT

//

/300

Fig

/
//

with

Shear

Wa~wv;

/
ANGLE

OF

ROTATION

D-7 - Supplementary Technique for Inspecting Butt Welds

when the Weld B@ad is Ground
Flush

Fig. D-8 - Supplementary Technique for Inspecting Butt Welds when

the Weld Bead is not Ground Flush

45-

Simultaneously, the transducer

as shown in Fig. D-6.
The back and forth
is oscillated through a small angle.
motions should be repeated at intervals which do not
exceed 80% of the width of the transducer as the probe
is moved along the weld.
Transverse defects are detected as follows:
a.

For welds ground smooth the transducer

is placed on top of the weld and moved
along its length , (Fig. D-7).

b.

For welds not ground smooth the transducer is placed along-side and not quize
parallel to the weld and moved along the
length, (Fig. D-8)

The entire weld and heat affected zone should be

The weld should be inspected in two opposing
scanned.
directions, e.g., Fig. D-9, a--e.
DISCONTINUITY LENGTH DETERMINATIONS
When discontinuities are detected, the sound beam
should be directed so as to maximize the signal amplitude.
The transducer is then moved parallel to the discontinuity
and away from the position of maximum signal amplitude.
The extremity of the discontinuity is defined as the point
at which the signal amplitude drops to one half of the
peak value.
This point is marked using the centerline of
In a similar manner, the other
the wedge as an index.
extremity is found and the distance between marks is defimd
The minimum recordable
as the leng~h of the discontinuity.
length of a discontinuity shall be l/8-inch.
RECORD OF INSPECTION
The record of each weld inspection should include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
;:
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.

Operators identity
Date
Instrument identity
Transducer type, size, frequency and angle
Identification of test object
Location of the weld
Type of material
Thickness of base plate
Type of joint and configuration
Condition of the weld bead
Couplant
Flaw data
Inspection coverage, including reference points

-46-

uSE HALF SKIP (OVERLAPPING

WELD COMPLETELY)
FROM
OF THE WELD ON THE SAME SURFACE
OF T14E PLATE

BOTH

SIDES

(OBSTRUCTION)

USE HALF SKIP (OVER LAPDING TIIE WELD cOMpLFTELY)

BOTH SURFACES
OF PLATE ON SAME SIDE OF wELD

Fig.
D-9-a - Minimum
Scanning
Procedure
with
Weld Bead
Flush and Both Sides
of
!Jeld fi~(ccc;sible.

Fig.
D-9-b - Minimum Scanning
Procedure with Both Welds
Flush-Ground and One Side
of Weld Obstructed.

ON

(OBSTRUCTION)

Fig. D-9-c - Minimum Scanning

Procedure with only One Weld
Bead Flush-Ground and One
Side of Weld Obstructed.

USE BOTH FUI. LAND

FROM tJNE SURFACE

USE FULL

SKIP

ON BOTH

FIALF SKIP (OVERLAPPING

ON SAME SIDE OF WELD

SIDES

OF WELD

FROM

THE

SAME

WELD}

SURFACE

OF PLATE

Fig. D-9-d - Minimum Scanning

Procedure with Weld Bead not
Flush-Ground and Both Sides
of Weld Accessible,

(OBSTRUCTION)

/
/
/

Fig. D-9-e - Minimum Scanning

Procedure
with
Weld Bead not
Flush-Ground
and One Side
of Weld Obstructed.

/
f

usE

FULL

SKIp

ON BOTH

SURFACE50F

PLATE

FROM

SAME

SIDE

OF WELD

-47-

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
A-Scan

A method of data presentation on a cathode

ray tube utilizing a horizontal base line
which indicates elapsed time when reading
from left to right.
A vertical deflection
from the base line indicates reflected s
signal amplitudes.

Acoustically
Similar

The same type of material as that to be

inspected, or another material which has
been experimentally proven to have acoustic
velocity within +3% and an attenuation for
shear waves at tKe frequency to be used
within ~0.25 dB/inch of the material to be
inspected.

Active
~t

The piezo-electrical
sonic probe.

ARL (Ampli-

level on the cathode ray tube

established by calibration.
After calibration the ARL is 80% full screen height
or 6 dB above the 40% line if a decibel
attenuator is available.

material in the ultra-

The horizontal

Decibel (dB>

A logarithmic function of the ratio of two

values .
In ultrasonics the two values are
the signal amplitude and a reference
amplitude.

Decibel

A Sain control

calibrated

in decibels.

Attenuator

An electronic means of horizontally shifting

the pattern obtained on the cathode ray tube.
The horizontal level on the cathode ray tube
established by calibration.
After calibration the DRL is 40% of full screen
height.
Frequency

The number of cycles in a unit of time.

In
ultrasonics the frequency is usually expressed
Megahertz or ~z
(million cycles per second).
A wave form in which the particle
motion is essentially in the same
direction as the wave propagation.

-48Mefiahertz (MHz)

- A million cycles per second.

Pulse Echo

- The sending of sound into a material

in the form of spaced pulses and
recording the length of time necessary
for each pulse to travel through the
medium and return to the source of
energy.

RMS

- A type of average used in describing

surface roughness.

(Root Mean

-)

- The angle formed between the ultrasonic beam as it enters a medium of

different characteristics than the
one from which it came and a line
drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media.
- The surface of the base metal where
the ultrasonic probe is manipulated.
Search Unit

- A transducer affixed to a suitable

device to obtain the desired wave
propagation.

Shear Wave

- A wave form in which the particle

motion is perpendicular to the direction
of wave travel.

Straight Beam

- A scan technique in which the sound beam

is directed into the material perpendicular to the scan surface.

Transducer

- A device for converting energy of one

An ultrasonic
type into another.
transducer converts energy from electrical
to mechanical and vice versa.

METRIC CONVERSIOM FACTORS

Approximate

symb*l

Whan

Conversions

to Mmic

Multiplr

Yon Unnw

by

lQ F,nd

svmb*!

lENGTH

1,

h
Yd
ml

.2.5
30
0.9
1,6

,nch,,
f., 1
y.d ,
mile,

--

Maasures

:
:

Appmximnle
Symbol

Conversions

from

Mu{lrpl

When YOU KnOW

Measu

Mdtlic

TO F

LENGTH

,..11,,

cm

th

cm

,.

4,,,

Y.,~
roll.

krr

km

AREA

0,4

he,,.,,,

2,5

110. Oca J1

MASS

MASS[weight)
0,

.nce,

lb

pwcd%

0,45

k 11.xy,m,

,hmu cm,

0,9

brln

20

0,16
12

=w,,~ ~,,,!,m,e,l
square me,,, ,
w.,, k,lcme,.-r,

0035

9 tam,

g,.,,

k,lq,

am,

mm,.>

.,

(weighl)

2,2
1.1

(1OIW kga

42000 Ibl

VOIUME

tea5pJwl,

VOLUME

!ahlesm,

15

IIu,d wnces

30

cups

0,24
0.47

o,nls
Qa,ls.

3.8

Cbmc 1,.91

0.03

Cbl C a/d.

0.76
TEMPERATURE

+_

0.95

Qal Lms

m,ll, l,, a,
1,!,<,
14!,,5
1,,,,,
,Uhlc m.91,,,,
Cuh,c -1,,,

ml

{met)

Cel,l..

003
2.1
1,06
0.26
35
1.3

.
.

TEMPERATURE
C,l$. b,

9!5

,,m?mr, t.r*

{ermcf)

i!hen

F,hmc

add 32]

le

t.mlpn ,, t u,.

E
.

40

I
-40

~c

906

12

OF

-*O
. .

IL

/
-20

so

1
&

160

12Q

20
37

40

60

UNCLASSIFIED
. ...
>.,,.,,-,/.-,

1,, ...

f,,,

., f,?>.

0/

!,ll..

,!,

,,(

,Ib.

rr.1(1

.irl~

Jr, c?!..\
it), ~ .!f)rl,J,<,,J

77 !, !.-!

J,.

,,,i>, ,,

vr,!--!.!

f,h

,,v.,rdl~

r.,(,c,rf

l..

Cl, i., ..i(i.

d)

.,,,;:~.!)~?r:,.,r.f .
Sb~p hesearch Lommlttee
UNCLASSIFIED
National
Academy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C.
2J9
...~
-LPOR ,.TIIL.
L.
GUIDE FOR INTERPRETATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF ORDINARY-,
MEDIUM-, AND HIGH-STRENGTH,
LOW-ALLOY STEEL WELMYENTS Iil SHIP
HULL STRUCTURES
J+,Llk.

\-,

.JG

.-~lvl

(L.,

rhclr;

55. :: UF<IIY

CL

A:51F8

CATION

.
~E5CRl

PTl

~U

VE

(Fir+.

Tt.i0R15J

NO

TEs(Typ

t name,

o.fru

mrctd!..

orc

Jnfl

ial,

ts.

inc/u.s

JvL

d:l[e$)

Final Report
lriit

r n.lmc)

WELD FLAld EVALUATION COMMITTEE

-EPORT

L!ATL

April,
.

CONTRACT:~>

1977

GF7At4TN0

NAV5tC-USN
,,, ,Ro,zl~4-69-005Y25
SR-lW

c.
d
n

n15TR1E11JTlnPJ

STATEMENT

Appendices A, B & C cannot

be reproduced
permission
from ASTM.
Existing
ASTM permission
first
printing
of 1500 copies.
1.

SUPPLEMENTARY

12.

NOTE5

SPONSORING

MI,UTA=Y

without
extends

additional
only to this

ACTIVITY

Naval Ship Engineering Center

Department of the Navy
Washington, D.C. 20418
3

A!35IRACT

A survey
Incerpretatlon

was made of various

codes and standards
applicable
to the
of nondestructive
tests
of welds
In ordinary-, m~diwn-,
This guide has been developec!
for
and
Mgh-stwzgth low-alloy steels.
application
to steel welds in ship
hull structures
of the general
cargo,
tanker
and passenger
class
as differentiated
from naval ships.
The guide
exhibits nondestructive test results of several classes of defects with
suitable test to delineate the maximum s~ze and/or distribution that would
as acceptable for ship hulls.
be recommended

LINCLASSIFIED
!jecurit.i

AUS

GOVERN MENTPRINTING

OFFIGE:

1977 -240-s97:200

Classification

Marjtjme
National

interagency

Pmdemy

SHIP RESEARCH COMMITTEE

Transportatj~n Research
of Sciences-National

Board

Research

Council

The Ship Research Committee has technical cognizance

Ship Structure Convnittees research program:

PROF. J. E. GOLDBERG, Chairman, Sc?zooZ ofCW2

Eng~g., Georgia
M. i3AR53M, Seckfon %pewiso~,
U.S. SteeL Corpo?akion
DRAVO Coz=pmation
MR. D. P. COURTSAL, Vica Pwsidmk,
MR. E. S. DILLON, Consultant, SiZv8P Sprixg, Mcwyland
DEAN D. C. DRUCKER, College
of Engiweting,
Urioersity
ofIlzinoi~
of flydzwulie
%seareh, The University
PROF. L. LANNIEBER, Inst.

of the

In;t.

of Teclz.

DR. J.

fdcLam,
Vz%g<n{a
MR. 0. H. OAKLEY, Con=.lltmtij
HR. D. P. ROSEMAN, Chief Nazzr2 Architect, E@onmtics,
DEAii R. D. STOUT, G~aduate School, Lehigh University

MR. R.

W.

RUMKE,

Fzawtitie

of Iowa

Inc.

See~etary, sh{p Research Committee

The Ship Materials,

Fabrication,

and Inspection

Advisory Group

DR. J. M. BARSOfl, Chairman, Sect<on

s-uperu{so~,
U.S. Stee2 Coqorafim
Senio? Siaff14etaW..wgist, ARMCO Steel Corpo?ak{on
MR. J. L. HOWARD, .Pees<dent,l@aawer-Moss, Inc.
MR. J. G. KAUF[$fli~~,
Lhug.?m,
Technical Devebpment= ALCOA
W1. T. E. KOSTER, Naval A~chiteet, AMOCO International Oil Company
DR. H. I. McHENRY, C~yogenics
Division,
Ictional %reau of Standmds
The Wzbwsity
of.lihnsa~
PROF. S. T. ROLFE, C~V~l Er@zeetingDepk.,
DR. J.

N. CORDEA,

PROF. G. C. Sills

InSk~titie

PROF. J. H. WILLIAMS,

of Fractme d SDL% ~hehanics,Le%h

JR., Dept. ofMeeh.

The Weld Flaw Evaluation

MR.
MR.
DR.
MR.

Engrg., Massaebsetts

un~v==i%
Inst- of T~ch

Committee

W. W. OFFNER, Chairman, Consulting Engineer= San F~aneisco

E. L. CRISCUOLO, Senior NDT Specialist, Naval Surface Weapons CQnter
W. D. DOTY, Senioy F?gsgamh
Consultant, U.S. Steal Corporation
F. D. DLJFFEY, l~z.ldingEnginee~, IngaZZs Shiptiilding Co~poration

MR. W. J.

LESTER, Welding Engineer, Todd Shipyapd Coqo~ation

MR. S. R. NYSTROt4, Ultrasonic Inspection Specialist, Maw Island NavaZ

Shipyamd

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEEPWLICATIONS

These documents are distributed by tha flatiwal Technical

These 6bcInformation Service, Spz+qfield, Va. 22151.
uments tie been awwuneed in the Clearinghou.w journul
U.S. Gooerrumnt l?asearch& Development Reports
(USCRDR)
under the indicated AD rumkw.

SSC-231, Further Studies of Compute~ Simulation of SZmuning and Otha

IruiueedVibratorg StiYWcturaZLadings on Ships in Waves by
P. Kaplan arid T. P. Sargent.
1972. AD 752479.
XX-232,

Study of the Factors ohich Affwt the Adequacy of<High-St?ength, LOU

AZZoy, Steel WeZdments for Ccwgo Ship HuZZS by E. B. Norris.,
A. G. Pickett,

5X-233,

wave-

and R. D. Wylie.

1972.

AD 752480.

Comelat-ion of Model and FuZZ-Scale ResuZts itiR+edieting

Vave
Bending Monwnt IYends by D. Hoffman, J. Williamson, and E. V. Lewis,
1972.

AD 753223.

SC5C-234, Evaluation of Methods fop .Ektrapolatiioz

of Ship Bewlir~ Stnxs Data
by D. Hoffman, R. van Ilooff,
and E. Y. Lewis.
1972. AD.753224.
SSG-235, Effect of Tenpz~aturearx?Strain l!ponship Steels by R. L. Rothman
1973.
and R. E. ilonroe.
SSC-236, A Method fo~ Digitiizixg,Prepa??xg an? Using Library Tapzs of Sk<p
J. A. Flaherty,
%zwss and Ewirownezt Data by ii. E. Johnson, Jr,,
1973.
and I. J. Walters.
SSC-2373 Computer Pwgrms
for the Digii&<ng acd usirg of Library Tapes of
Ship Sz!~essan&73zvirormmt Data by A. E. Johnson, Jr.,
J. A. Flaherty,
~!ui 1. J. Ualters.
1973.
S5C-238,

Design md InstalZatiionof a Ship Response Instrumentation System

Aboard the SL-7 Class Contuinership S.S. SEA-LAND McLEAN by
R. il. Fain. 1973. All 780090

SSC-239,

Wave Loads in a Model of the SL-7 Conta!nersiaipRwmin~ at ObZique

lkaiings in F?egwh.rWaves by J. F. Ilalzell
and H. J. Chiocco. 1973.
AD 780065

SSC-240,

Load Cri&er+a fop Ship Structural Design by E. V. Lewis, R. van Hooff,

AD 767389
D. Hoffman, R. B. Zubaly, and W. M. Maclean.
1973.

SK-2413

Tkemoebstic kiodeZ Studies of C~~ogenie T~.ker Structures by

H. Becker and A. Colao.
1973.
AD 771217

SSC-242,

Fast Fraciww

SSC-243,

str=uchmaZ

Resis+&cc
and CPack Arrest in Structural Steels by
G. T. Hahn, R. G. Hoagland, M. F. Kanninen, A. R. Rosenfield and
AD 775018
R. Sejnoha.
1973.

Ar??l.ysis
ofS.L-7 Coztainepship
Under Ccmbined Loading of
v.ezvhka~, Lateral m?d Torsions% JVori?ents
Using Finite EZernent Techniques
by A. M. Elbatouti,

SSC-244,

D. Llu and H. Y. Jan.

1974.

A 002620

Fracture-control GuideLines for W~Zded SteeZ Ship HY~h

D. M. Rhea, and B. 0. Kuzmanovic.
1974.
AD A 004553

by S. T. Rolfe,