T>-.r.

a.

Republic of Kenya
Tana River Development 1 ^
Authority
%

Tana River Delta

Irrigation Feasibility Study
Proposal for Consulting Services

December 1980

13 H V
DHV Cons ting Engineers

HVA-lnternational

BV

Stichting voor Bodemkartering Wageningen

13 H V
DHV Consulting Engineers
HVA-lnternational

BV

OHV Raadgevend Ingenieursbureau BV

PO Box 85
3800 AB Amersfoort - The Netherlands
Laan 1914, no 35/Tel. (33) 68 91 11
Telex 79348 dhv nI/Cables dehave

Stichting voor Bodem kartering Wageningen

Managing Director
Tana River Development Authority
P.O. Box 47309
Nairobi
Kenya

Amersfoort, December 17 1980

Our rf.: HvDij/lMei/BL-499
File no.: 9.2020.56.03
Subject : Tana River Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study

Dear Sir,
With reference to your invitation of November 3 1980, we have
the pleasure to submit to you herewith the proposal in triplicate of the association DHV/HVA Intemational/Stiboka for consulting services concerning the Tana Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study.
As leading partner of the association DHV Consulting Engineers
will assume full responsibility for the proper execution of" the
studies.
In the presentation of our proposal we have followed your instructions. The approach and methodology we propose to adopt
are based a.o. on the knowledge and information we possess on
the local conditions of the project area, on useful suggestions
and clarifications regarding the Terms of Reference obtained
from TRDA during a site visit and on related background papers.
Apart from professional ability and experience, key personnel of
the team we propose has been selected on former experience in
the Tana delta area itself or elsewhere in Kenya or East Africa.
For the sociological aspects, which form an important part of
the study, the Consultant proposes to collaborate with prof. Mbithi
of the sociological department of the University of Nairobi.
Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU
World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe
depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued
information available for consultation, following Fair Use '
Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the
materials within the archives where the identification of the
Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the ,
originators. For questions please contact soil.isric(awur.nl
indicating the item reference number concerned.

~2~

I5S89

-2-

Aerial photography, ground control, aerial triangulation

and mapping required.for the semi-detailed topographical
survey shall be entrusted to Geosurvey International Ltd.
in Nairobi.
By utilizing the facilities and services of HVA (Kenya)
Limited, a subsidiary of UVA, based .in Nairobi, our association is able to arrange for all required logistics on
very short notice, which would permit the start of the
study as early as January 1981. Thus at least the major
part of the reconnaissance field surveys could be completed before the next flooding season.
In order to meet such a time frame a provisional agreement
should be concluded on or before February 1st 1981 while
at the same time agreement should have been reached on the
principle contents of a contract which should become effective on or before May 1st 1981.
We like to emphasize our availability for discussion of any
detail of our offer and for providing additional information.
We sincerely hope that we will shortly have the pleasure of
commencing this most interesting assignment.
Yours faithfully,
for the association
DHV Consulting Engineers

H. van fijken
Regional Director Africa

E n d . : proposal

ISRIC LIBRARY

Republic of Kenya

ftp-

Wageningen, The Netherlands

Tana River Development ' W

Authority
\d

Tana River Delta

Irrigation Feasibility Study
Proposal for Consulting Services

December 1980
DHV
DHV Consulting Engineers

^
IT
'^Z^y

HVA-lnternational

BV

P.O. Box 85 / Telex 79348 dhv nl / Cables dehave

3800 AB Amersfoort - The Netherlands

Stichting voor Bodemkartering Wageningen

PAGE

CONTENTS
SECTION 1 THE CONSULTANT
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.

General
Description of DHV Consulting Engineers
Description of HVA International
Description of Stiboka

2
2
5
6

SECTION 2 RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

11

SECTION 3 PROJECT EXECUTION

15

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

15
16
20
20

Team composition
Task dexcription
Reporting
Organization of the project execution

SECTION 4 METHOD OF WORK

22

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.

22
23
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
34

Outline of the project

General planning consideration
Reconnaissance survey
Semi-detailed soil survey
Topography
The settlement pattern
Hydrology
Irrigation and drainage
Agriculture
Organization and Management
Marketing and Financial analysis
Lifestock

SECTION 5 COMMENTS ON TERMS OF REFERENCE

36

SECTION 6 CONSULTANTS' REMUNERATION

40

SECTION 7 CURRICULA VITAE

LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

42'

-4*

2*

SOMALI
REPUBLIC

-0*

LEGEND
+ + + inter-Territorial
E E E E = Study Area

SECTION 1 THE CONSULTANT

1.1.

General

For this project an association is formed by:

DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
HVA-International BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Stiboka, Stichting voor Bodemkartering, Wageningen, the Netherlands
(Netherland Soil Survey Institute)
In this way an optimal combination is acieved of the following key
elements necessary for a successful execution of the project:
specialists' know how in settlement planning and implementation
specialists' know how in the implementation of agricultural development
knowledge of local soil conditions
As regional director for East Africa Mr. H. van Dijken will be
responsible for this study.
Consultants will use the following postal address:
DHV Consulting Engineers
P.O. Box 85
3800 AB AMERSFOORT
The Netherlands
1.2.

Description of DHV Consulting Engineers

DHV Consulting Engineers (officially registered in the Netherlands as

"DHV Raadgevend Ingenieursbureau BV") is an independent firm of Consulting Engineers. It was founded in 1917 and employs at present 1050 people
(1980).
DHV's executives and its senior staff members are members of the Netherlands Association of Consulting Engineers (0NRI) which is affiliated to
the Fdration International des Ingnieurs Conseils (FIDIC).
DHV is a limited liability company.
Six technical department cover the following range of engineering services:
1.

Urban and regional development department:

urban development
regional development
industrial development
socio-economy and agronomy
institutional aspects (organization and management)

2.

Hydraulic, port and road engineering department:

irrigation, drainage and reclamation
ports, harbours, hydraulic structures
road and railway engineering

river training and flood control

hydrological and hydrographie surveys and (model) studies
3.

Building and architecture department:

power stations
factories
hospitals
monument preservation

4.

Structural and geotechnical engineering department:

geotechnics
materials, specification and control
structural design, steel, (pre)stressed concrete, timber

5.

Public health and environmental engineering department:

water supply and water treatment
urban drainage
domestic and industrial sewerage and sewage treatment
solid waste collection and disposal
hydrogeological surveys
pollution surveys and control
ecological aspects

6.

Transportation and traffic engineering department:

transport planning
traffic engineering
road design
cargo handling, physical distribution networks, port management

The work of these departments is supported by a number of specialized

technical groups and laboratories:
geotechnical, data processing, mechanical and electrical engineering
sections, water laboratory, soil and road laboratory.
Included in the scope of services are:
inventory and assembly of necessary studies
pre-investment studies
technical and economic feasibility studies
multi-disciplinary studies and co-ordination of studies
preliminary engineering studies and designs
final design, cost estimates, specifications, tender documents
quantity surveying
construction and supply contracts
preparation of working drawings
co-ordination, inspection and management of construction
on-the-job training
arbitration

DHV counts among its clients: Asian Development Bank (ADB); International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank); Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO); World Health Organization (WHO); United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP); Inter-American Development Bank; Netherlands
Government, Directorate of International Technical Assistance.
DHV has provided professional services on behalf of government agencies
of more than 50 countries in all parts of the world. In the Netherlands
DHV executed assignments for government agencies as well as for regional
authorities, such as provincial councils and water-boards, municipalities
and for private companies.
Outside the Netherlands DHV has undertaken many assignments, not only
under it own name but often under the name NEDECO (Netherlands
Engineering Consultants).
In Tunisia DHV is known as ICN (Ingnieurs Conseils Nerlandais) and in
Venezuela as C.A. Dehave.
List of DHV Publications
DHV Consulting Engineers:
A general brochure containing a description of the organization, fields
of activities, scope of services, financial statement and review of
experience.
DHV Information:
Extensive information on the organization, branch offices, representations and participations, available personnel, overseas experience,
clients and registration with international financing agencies.
TTA-Brochure:
Project experience of Transport and Technologies Advisors (incorporated
in DHV) on ports, transshipment, terminals and physical distribution.
Brochures with descriptions of projects executed by DHV in the field of:
River Basin Development
Ports and Navigation
Environmental Engineering
Water Supply
Industrial Wastewater
Urban and Regional Development
Transport and Traffic Engineering
Roads and Railways
Building and Architecture
Construction

Brochures with descriptions of programmes and systems developed by DHV:

SWANA, a computer program for water distribution networks
SRIODIM, a computer program for the optimal design of a sewerage
system
CARROUSEL, an oxidation ditch for treatment of wastewater requiring
low investments
Shallow Wells, a handbook on experience and construction of shallow
wells for water supply to the rural population
Published in co-operation with the Directorate General for International Cooperation of the Netherlands Government (DGIS)
A methodology for slum-improvement studies
Guidelines for Rural Centre Planning, a handbook on the physical
planning aspects of rural centres
Published for the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific (ESCAP).
1.3.

Description of HVA-International

HVA-International is a Private Limited Liability Company, established

and organized under the law of the Netherlands, with a share capital of
Dutch Guilders 10,000,000.-, which is wholly owned by United HVA Companies. It employs some 60 staff at home and 90 abroad including agronomists, factory engineers, factory technologists, economists, financial
analysts, training officers and marketing experts.
HVA-International provides management and consultancy services to agroindustrial projects in tropical, sub-tropical and arid zones.
In general, its clients are governments or government-controlled organizations.
Furthermore the company undertakes commissions on behalf of international and national financial and development institutions, as well as
for private interests.
HVA-International's services include:
country-wide studies to determine areas most suitable for development of the agricultural, horticultural as well as agro-industrial
projects concerned
pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, giving detailed production
and financial estimates as well as the best cultivation, harvesting
and processing methods; all such studies are presented in the form
of bankable reports
detailed tender specifications and tender selection
expert supervision of quality of equipment and of implementation of
the project including, where necessary, erection of the factory,
its plant and equipment, including stores and workshops
management, technical assistance and staff recruitment
training of personnel at all levels including overseas training
marketing studies

establishment of financial administration including computerised

programmes
assistance in the acquisition of finance for agricultural, horticultural and agro-industrial projects
HVA-International has been active mainly in sugar cane and cane sugar
projects, in oil palm projects, in tea, cassava, fibres and rubber, and
in horticultural projects.
Although sugar projects are usually the most complex, the Company includes also less intricate projects in its programme such as the cultivation and processing of grains, oil seeds and other crops, the cultivation of fruit and vegetables under field and greenhouse conditions, and
the establishment of irrigated pastures for dairy and beef cattle.
Following the project's completion, the Company may provide management,
if so desired, over a number of years and train local personnel in
agricultural, industrial and management skills.
1.4.

Description of Stiboka
INTRODUCTION

Stiboka (Stichting voor Bodemkarting), is the Netherlands Soil Survey

Institute, founded in 1945. It is a department of the Research Devision
of the Ministry of Agriculture. The institute is governed by a board of
representatives, nominated by various Ministries and by farmers' organizations.
Dr. R. Dudal, Director of the Land and Water Development Division of the
FAO in Rome acts as adviser to the Board.
Work is carried out on a contract basis for a number of clients (governmental and private enterprises) covering a wide range of agricultural
and non-agricultural applications.
MAIN ACTIVITIES
The main activities of Stiboka are:
1.
Research on and sampling of the soils of the whole of the Netherlands for the purpose of classification into soil types and the
preparation of soil maps.
2.

An on-going systematic survey of the soils of the Netherlands and

preparation of soil maps to scales of 1 : 200,000 and 1 : 50,000.

3.

Interpretation of soil survey data for advice on various types of

land use, for example crop production, grassland farming, forestry
development and urban and recreational land use. The carrying out
of the relevant research into land use.

4.

Carrying out of specific soil surveys and advising on the interpretation of soil survey data for the purpose of determining land
use and for advising the client generally on land use. The
commissions have covered such fields as:
rural development and reconstruction
water management and drainage
layout of new water courses
routing new roads
planning future land use
rural and urban zoning
lot grouping
agricultural extension work for farm management
soil improvement
forestry management
urban development
ground water management
drainage planning
horticultural development
Each year some 50-70 projects are carried out and soil data and
soil maps on various scales are produced. Clients range from
government departments to private enterprise organizations.

5.

Provision of specialist personnel, technical services for site

activities and home office back stopping for soil survey and land
evaluation projects in developing countries. Preparation of the
relevant reports and maps for these projects.
ORGANIZATION

The Stiboka organization comprises the following departments:

1.

Soil Surveys
Departments for the in the Netherlands on-going, country wide, soil
survey and preparation of maps to a scale of 1 : 50,000 and
1 : 200,000 and for soil surveys and map preparation for clients on
any scale from 1 : 100,000 to 1 : 5,000. Interpretation is also
carried out on behalf of clients.

2.

Soil Research
For the study of the soils, their properties and classification,
there are specialist departments for:
soil chemistry
clay mineralogy
geology
geomorphology

paleobotany
information system earth sciences
micromorphology
3.

Soil Data Applications

For the interpretation of data for land use and advice to the
government and clients, there are specialist departments for:
hydrology
applied soil physics
soil physical farming
forestry
horticulture

4.

Cartography
Personnel and equipment are available for the preparation of maps
and drawings for soil classigication, soil types and landscapes
concerned with soil usage.
PERSONNEL

A total of 154 staff are employed. These include:

32 university graduates with specialities in different field such as:
soil survey
agronomy
forestry
horticulture
arable and grassland farming
land evaluation
soil chemistry
soil physics
geography
geomorphology
hydrology
mineralogy
micropedology
cartography
computer sciences
53 agricultural officers of diploma level
17 field and laboratory assistants
20 draughtsmen/cartographers
WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE NETHERLANDS
1.

A soil map of the Netherlands to a scale of 1 : 200,000 has been

published. The accompanying tests include an evaluation as regard
to suitability for arable land, grassland and forestry.

Work is in hand on a systematic soil survey of the Netherlands to a

scale of 1 : 50,000. 60% of the total has been completed with 5%
already published in the form of coloured maps with detailed explanatory texts. While the project is mainly concerned with land
suitability for arable land, grassland and forestry, evaluations
for other purposes are carried out on request.
For the need of governmental and private clients, the Institute has
developed a soil classification system for the Netherlands, a
systematic soil legend and a standard framework of terms of reference
for the execution of soil survey interpretations and evaluations.
The Institute has also co-operated with FAO in the development of
the FAO soil classification, the legend of the soil maps of Europe
and the FAO framework for land evaluation.
In addition, a continuous study is in hand on the determination of
the most effective survey and interpretation methods.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
The Institute is an active participant in the work of international
scientific organizations through the involvement of its scientists.
Stiboka staff fill the following offices:
International Society of Soil Science:
Vice President Section Soil V, Soil Survey Classification
Chairman
Working Group on Soil Information Systems
Chairman
Working Group on Soil Micromorphology
International Clay Conference:
Secretary General
International Working Group on Submicroscopy of Indisturbed
Soil Materials:
Secretary
International Geographical Union:
Chairman
Working Group on Geomorphology of River
and Coastal Plains
International Soil Museum:
President of the Board
Stiboka co-operates with national organizations in other countries,
for example the United Kingdom, Germany, Rumania, Portugal, the
USA, China and advises on matters related to soil survey and land
evaluation.
The Institute is also involved in the execution of EEC financed
projects on soil survey and land evaluation in Western Europe and
advises the US Environmental Protection Agency.

10

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1.

At the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs

(Directorate for International Technical Assistance) Stiboka has
been involved in technical assistance for, and implementation of,
the following projects:
Kenya Soil Survey - technical back stopping, soil investigations, training of local staff.
Micromorphology of the Soils of India - micromorphological
investigations.
Soil Departments, National Agricultural Research Institute,
Mozambique - technical services, technical backstopping,
general advice.
Soil Survey and Land Evaluation Project, Mano River, Liberia
-technical services, technical backstopping.
Soil Survey and Land Evaluation (for rainfed and irrigated
agriculture), Luena Flats, Zambia - executions of surveys and
recommendations for intensified land use.
Soil Survey and Soil Cartography, Soil survey organization,
Bogor, Indonesia - technical advice.
Soil Survey and Land Evaluation, Leziria Grande, Portugal Soil survey and hydrological investigations of a reclaimed
river clay area with recommendations for future land use.

2.

Other activities have been:

Soil Survey and Land Evaluation for sugar cane cultivation,
Kagera, Tanzania - at the request of HVA-International.
Establishment of a Soils Institute for the Government of
Libya - at the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture. Advice and assistance on the execution of soil surveys, evaluation of soil surveys and land evaluation.
Soil survey and soil suitability for irrigated horticulture in
four areas, Government of Lybia - recommentation for planned
land use.
Soil Survey Institute, Surinam - technical backstopping, staff
recruitment, cartography.
Exploratory soil survey, Northern Botswana - at the request of
the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences.
Surveying and recommendations for the planning of land use.

3.

Staff members and agricultural officers have been seconded on

different occasions to international organizations (FAO) and
private consultants for soil survey and land evaluation projects in
such countries as Brazil, Iraq, Egypt, Malaysia and the Netherlands
Antilles.

11

SECTION 2 RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

Following a number of relevant projects elsewhere are described.
All recommendations given in these projects were accepted by the client.

I3HV

KAFUE FLATS HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES

D H V Consulting Engineers

ZAMBIA

Client

Government of Zambia
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development
Government of The Netherlands
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Directorate General for International Cooperation

Location

Southern Zambia

Period of assignment

1977-1980

Situation
The Kafue River is the main t r i b u t a r y of the Zambezi River. In its
lower reaches it floods an area of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 500 0 0 0 ha, w i t h
consequent large evaporation losses. Its f l o w is at present m a i n l y
used f o r the generation of hydro-electric power.
Long t e r m irrigation development is under consideration in order
t o make the best use of the limited water resources available. The
preservation of flora and fauna also requires careful water management.
Assignment
a. T o carry out a water balance study f o r the Lower Kafue catchment area, by means of simulation of the hydrological phenomena o f t h e area.
b. Development of a mathematical model that w o u l d simulate
water levels and flows in the area liable t o f l o o d i n g .

T h e project
Field operations c o m p r i s e d :
the establishment of a network of h y d r o m e t r i c stations along
the Kafue River and its tributaries, measuring streamflow and
collecting meteorological data
c o n t o u r m a p p i n g based on triangulation measurements and
p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c processing, aerial photography of w e t / d r y
boundaries of the f l o o d e d area at d i f f e r e n t water levels.
A cell t y p e s i m u l a t i o n model has been elaborated, the in-flows
being river f l o w , t r i b u t a r y flows and r a i n f a l l ; the o u t - f l o w s diversions t o a power p l a n t , abstraction f o r irrigation, spillway f l o w
and vapotranspiration. The area liable t o f l o o d i n g has been split up
i n t o 7 0 storage cells. The Kafue River is represented by 6 0 river
nodes. Physical laws regarding river f l o w , storage and vapotransp i r a t i o n have been incorporated in the model t o ensure a sound
simulation.
A f t e r calibration water balances were c o m p u t e d f o r critical d r y
years when availability of water is at stake. The possibilities f o r
additional irrigation development outside the Kafue Flats under
present c o n d i t i o n s were first analysed. In a d d i t i o n t o this, consideration was given t o substantial irrigation development in c o m b i n a t i o n
w i t h technical measures t o p r o m o t e a more efficient use of water.
These measures, c o n t r o l l e d f l o o d i n g , impoldering and an improved
surface water reservoir management were included in the water
balance c o m p u t a t i o n s , together w i t h several degrees o f development.
Consequences for the present water-right holders were derived
f r o m the c o m p u t e d water balances.

ID U V

HILLA DIWANYA IRRIGATION PROJECT

DHV Consulting Engineers

IRAQ

Client

Government o f Iraq
Ministry of Irrigation

Location

Iraq

Project executed under the name

NEDECO Netherlands Engineering Consultants

In cooperation w i t h

I L A C O , A r n h e m , The Netherlands

Period of assignments

1958 - 1960 Drainage studies

1965 - 1970 Irrigation studies, design and preparation o f tender documents
1974 - 1981 General supervision of execution

Situation
The area involved in the study forms part of the Mesopotamian
Plain between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers and comprises
approximately 400 000 ha.
The Euphrates River, from which the area is irrigated, is practically the only source of water. Although the salt content of the
water is low, inadequate natural drainage and the lack of artificial
drainage have resulted in high subsoil water tables and salt accumulation.
The way of maintaining a water/salt balance favourable to sustained productivity is to control the subsoil water table and to
gradually wash out the salts from the root zone. This can be achieved
by artificial drainage and a well controlled irrigation system.
-f

-**>**
(^TOX

': >.

t,-

Assignments
a) period 1958-1960
Collecting of the principal data and the design^of a drainage
system to meet the requirements of the area.
b) period 1965-1970
Investigation of the irrigation system in the area to be reclaimed
and the design of improvements.
Preparation of tender documents for the required irrigation and
drainage works.
c) period 1974-1979
General supervision of execution of the works.
Project
The design of main and secondary drainage systems, surveys of seepage from canals and of soil composition, land and drainability
classifications, and the drawing up of a reclamation programme
were important aspects of the study.
The surveys and investigations resulted in the following conclusions
and proposals:
1. Precipitation in the area is low and contributes very little to the
drainage flow. The drainage run-off consists largely of field percolation, irrigation wastage, and canal seepage. Since reclamation of land and development of an irrigation system must be
a gradual process, the drainage system for the area will be
applied in two stages. In the first stage the drainage run-off will
be 0.7 mm/day over the gross irrigated area, increasing in the
second stage untiii it reaches i mm/day.
Allowance is made in these calculations for the inevitable percolation losses of irrigation water from canals, ditches, and
fields.
2.

During the first stage, 85-90% of the total area, excluding the
large, closed complexes of waste land, will need artificial subsurface drainage to relieve salinity and poor groundwater conditions. During the second stage, the system will probably
have to be expanded to include the entire area.

3. After reclamation, most of the project area will come within

land class 2, i.e., arable land moderately suitable for irrigated
crops.
The land classification is based on the properties of the soil as
such and evaluates the land as to its productivity.
4.

The subsoil permeability increases with depth. Most of the area

falls under drainability class 1, i.e., subsoil with a permeability
greater than 7 m/day beginning at a depth of less than 2 m. This
drainability level permits a wide spacing of the drains. Adequate
drainage for the class 2 and even the class 3 areas can be provided by applying a drainage system 3 m below the surface
where the permeability is better.

5. The criteria to be applied in designing the drainage system are:

a. 1.50 m as the minimum permissible depth of the subsoil
water table.
b. 3 m as the minimum permissible depth of the water level in
the drains.
6. The proposed system of deep drains 750 to 1000 m apart has
the following advantages over a system of shallow drains
narrowly spaced:
a. Fewer drains are needed, which results in a simplification of
control and maintenance.
b. Construction and maintenance are less expensive.
c. Fewer structures are necessary.
d. The drained land is better suited for mechanized farming.

7. The drainage system is to consist of open field drains, collectors, main drains, and outfalls. The outfalls will discharge the
flow to a main river branche and to a depression, where necessary with the aid of pumps.
8. The total cost of the drainage works for stage 2 is estimated at
U.S. $ 42 000 000 or approximately U.S. $ 135 per gros ha
drained.
As the available quantity of water for the region will not be sufficient for intensive summer and winter cultivation, intensive use of
the water will be required to increase the agricultural yield.
Investigation of the existing irrigation system, started in 1965,
clearly showed that remodelling of the whole system is essential,
because of lack of controll structures and inlet and outlet structures
to regulate and measure levels and discharges and to control water
supply.
Tender documents for the required irrigation and drainage works
were prepared and finalized in 1970, on the basis of the results
of the two studies.
The works include the construction of approximately 3000 km of
deep open drains, 1300 km of new irrigation canals and the remodelling of 350 km of existing canals, as well as the construction
of the following structures:
2 drainage pumping stations, capacity 25 m 3 per second
5 irrigation pumping stations, as the area will partly be irrigated by pumping
240 inlet structures
130 check structures
3300 headgates
60 spillways
2000 culverts and aqueducts
50 drop structures
630 footbridges
The total cost of construction is estimated at U.S. $ 110 million.
All nine construction contracts were awarded to one contractor
in April 1974. The execution of the works was to be realized
within 5 years. However, it proved necessary to extend the period
for completion up to the beginning of 1981.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS SYSTEM

CATCHMENT

CATCHMENT AREA
BATMAN

(km?)

RIVER

(km?)

64,100

BATAN

RIVER

*+>+ + ++ i + + +

108.000

MOSUL
120,650
MOSUL - GREATER

54,900
ZAB

RIVER

80.000

234,600
LESSER

264,100

'

ZAB

RIVER

105,600

FATHA

SAMARRA

ADHAIM

RIVER

-125,600

ABU DIBIS

BAGHDAD

LEGEND
DIYALA
STATE

BOUNDARY

ON-STREAM

RESERVOIR
PROPOSED

OFF-STREAM

RESERVOIR

BARRAGE
PROPOSED
CANAL P R O P O S E D OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION
TOWN

RIVER

164,400

AREA

13

ABU GHRAIB AGRICULTURAL PROJECT

DHV Consulting Engineers

IRAQ

Client

Government of Iraq
Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform

Project executed under the name

NEDECO Netherlands Engineering Consultants

In co-operatin with

ILACO, Arnhem, The Netherlands

Scope of services

Planning, design, tender documents and supervision of irrigation and drainage works

Period of assignment

1975-date

Situation
The Abu Ghraib Agricultural Project Area, west of Baghdad is a
flat stretch of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, covering
some 273 000 ha.
Although it is one of the major agricultural regions of Iraq, the
salinity of soil and groundwater prevents intensive cultivation.
Most of the area is irrigated by the Euphrates River. Since the completion of the Tharthar-Euphrates Canal in 1978 the discharge from
the Euphrates can be supplemented by water from the Tigris River.
The existing irrigation network consists of six main canals taking
off from the Euphrates River. Along the head reaches of all these
canals irrigation takes place by pumping; further downstream by
gravity flow. A strip along the Tigris and Euphrates is irrigated
direct from these rivers by pumps. A t present a barrage across the
Euphrates River near Falluja is under construction as well as a main
canal on the left bank of the Euphrates, running from the barrage
to Iskandariya. The existing main canals will then receive their
supply from this Falluja main canal and serve as feeders for the
distributaries. However, the most upstream of the existing main
canals (Saqlawiya) will in future also take off direct from the
Euphrates, just upstream of the new barrage.
Assignment
The consulting services have comprised the following activities or
phases:
Phase I
: preparation of a planning report (1975-1977)
Phase II : preparation of detailed designs and tender documents
for the main irrigation and drainage system and service
roads (1977-1979)
Phase III : general supervision during construction (1979-present)
Phase IV : planning and detailed designs for an experimental farm
and seven technical support centres, including an action
programme for agricultural extension and training
(1977-1978).
Project
The planning report comprises a regional plan for the Abu Ghraib
area, including proposals for irrigation, drainage, roads, land consolidation, land reclamation, on-farm development, rural electrification, domestic water supply, village construction, agricultural
extension, social services, project management, etc.
The regional plan is based on technical and socio-economic considerations.

The main objectives of the development of the area are to improve

the standard of living of the population and to increase agricultural
productivity. The stages involved are:
regional planning
design and preparation of tender documents for sub-projects:
- irrigation, drainage, service roads
- land reclamation, on-farm development
- experimental and demonstration farms
- rural development: electrification, domestic water supply
implementation of sub-projects
project management
The water allocation to the project allows an average cropping
intensity of 90% in winter and 30% in summer.
The proposed production plan comprised a number of cropping
patterns, each of which will, in principle, be confined to specialized agricultural zones. Cropping patterns will be introduced for
fodder crops, (mainly for dairy-farming); for sugarbeets/wheat and
for potatoes/maize/wheat respectively. Certain regions will be reserved for specialized vegetable farms and orchards and cotton will
be produced on a minor scale. Production will take place on private
farms as well as on State Farms.
An efficient system of irrigation and drainage will be established.
Much attention will be paid to the construction of water course
units (40-65 ha), land levelling and land consolidation. The water
course units are to be set up in a regular pattern of graded fields
rf o f f n i o n t C7P

The Abu Ghraib Agricultural Administration will be reinforced to

deal with the various aspects of agricultural and project implementation, with emphasis on the establishment and improvement of cooperatives. An agricultural extension worker will be stationed at
each local co-operative serving 100-150 farmers. Such co-operatives
will be combined with an agricultural machinery rental station.
The project area has been divided into a number of relatively small
construction units, each of which will be developed as an entity
including main works, pipe-drainage, land levelling and land consolidation. In principle, the construction work should not take
more than one year per unit. Three or four construction units will
be combined to form one contract unit. It is proposed to develop
an area of about 8000 ha net per annum.

LOCATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND CONTRACT UNITS

SCALE APPROX. 1 : 600,000

BAQUBA

1.2

'SAQLAWIYA?;-

23

^ - v ! r % GARMA ,

*,

--

aO0/,

[BAGHDAD*

'ABUGHRAIBI

21

>

1-'

~ l - ^ , ' A G 2.3
I
^.

at^2.a - ~ C ^

J^~

2"

4.2

/"L

^goods station 1

A~'
^3

YU

^ S L 2 / 2.2
/?

^G\5.4\

S A L M A N PAK

?y

LEGEND

boundary

of the project area

SUWAIRA ,

construction unit

contract

wmm

high

unit

desert

irrigation & drainage

experimental farm SOSLR

1KARBALA

Some project statistics:

Water requirements
Irrigated from Euphrates
Irrigated from Tigris
Contracts

2000 mem per annum from Euphrates

500 mem per annum from Tigris
136 000 ha (8000 ha by pump)
24 000 ha (24 000 ha by pump)
27 irrigation, drainage and road
contracts, each taking 3-4 years
Separate contracts for some 40
irrigation and drainage pumping
stations and for the offices and other
buildings.

Total quantities for engineering works:

asphalt concrete
Roads
surface treatment
unpaved
Irrigation canals
main canal, lined
branch canal, lined
distributaries
water courses
field channels
main drain
Drains
branch drains
collector drains
plastic field drains
total cut
Earthwork
total fill
lonrl lowllrtri
- -
3

Concrete

Materials

reinforced concrete
(structures)
unreinforced concrete
(structures)
concrete for lining
construction steel
reinforcement steel
asphalt concrete
bitumen

380
1500
10000
52
365
1200
2500
8500
55
335
2200
16 000
92 x 10 6
94 x 10 6

km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
m3
m3

C ^ >, m 6

rv,3

\S~T

I U

III

250000 m 3
15000
373 000
4300
19 000
640 000
28 000

m3
m3
ton
ton
ton
ton

13 H V

REHABILITATION OF 3 IRRIGATION PROJECTS

PROSIDA-SERIES B
INDONESIA

Client

Government of Indonesia

Location

Java - Indonesia

In cooperation with

Netherlands Engineering Consultants " N e d e c o " , the Hague

International Land Development Consultants L t d . , " I l a c o " , Arnhem
Land Improvement and Reclamation Consultants, " G r o n t m i j " , de Bilt
Consulting Engineers and Architects "van Hasselt en de K o n i n g " , Nijmegen

Period of assignment

1970-1974

Situation
The extensive gravity irrigation systems in Indonesia have suffered from
an almost complete lack of maintenance works over the last 20 to 30
years.
In the First Five-year Plan the Government of Indonesia has given highest
priority to rehabilitation of these irrigation schemes, mainly to increase the
rice production.

DHV consulting engineers. Amersfoort The Netherlands

Assignment
The Government requested the International Development Association
(I.D.A.) for financial assistance and created a special agency (Prosida) for
implementation of the rehabilitation program under the I.D.A.-loan
agreement.
Foreign consultants are e m p l o y e d for technical assistance t o the projects.
Project
The Prosida-Series B projects included the f o l l o w i n g areas:
Ciujung sub-project in West-Java
Pemali-Comal sub-project in Central-Java
Sandang sub-project in South-Sulawesi

24,300 ha;
123,000 ha;
54,000 ha.

Consultant's c o n t r i b u t i o n in the rehabilitation program consisted of the

preparation of designs and tender documents and supervision of
construction f o r the f o l l o w i n g civil w o r k s :
a. Repair and rehabilitation of Pamarayan Barrage on the Ciujung River,
Benteng Barrage on the Sadang river, and 4 5 weirs on various rivers in
Pemali-Comal.
Complete reconstruction of 4 destroyed weirs at Cisadap, Cawitali,
Danawarih and Kaliwadas in Pemali-Comal.
Modernization of the desilting w o r k s at the headworks.
Repair or reconstruction of structures in primary and secondary
irrigations canals and drains.
b. Desilting and cleaning of p r i m a r y and secondary canals, repair of canal
sides slopes and embankments, including protection against erosion and
construction of washing places, b u f f a l o pools and cattle bridges.
c. Construction or rehabilitation of structures in tertiary canals.
Earthwork f o r the first 50 m of these canals was included in the
contracts, the remainder was supposed t o be constructed by the
farmers under guidance of the Government.

d. Rehabilitation or construction of drainage canals and structures.

Especially in the Sadang sub-project a complete new drainage system
was designed.
e. Repair of existing and construction of new service roads along primary
canals and inspection paths along secondary canals.
f. Construction of new canals, structures, drains and inspection roads in
the extension areas of Sadang sub-projects and in some areas of PemalComal.
g. Installation of measuring devices in primary and secondary canals for
accurate distribution of the water available for irrigation.
In the field of irrigation-agronomy the following activities can be
mentioned:
a. Determination of water requirements in the 3 sub-projects.
b. Planning of an action program for tertiary unit upgrading and
development.
c. Operating of the irrigation networks in the sub-projects, including
collection of information on water demand, determination of the
water allocation and regulation of the allocated flow throughout the
irrigation system.
d. Planning and setting-up of Pilot tertiary units.
e. Installation of agro-meteorological stations.
Lack of maintenance was the main reason for the deterioration of the
irrigation systems. A proposal for the set-up of a maintenance organization
in the three sub-projects has been prepared, complete with staffing,
required equipment and an estimate of the annual maintenance costs.
All available data on hydrology have been collected, scrutinized and
presented in a report. A hydrometric organization was established to
collect further data in the sub-projects.
The drainage of coastal areas was studied for the sub-projects on Java for
Prosida Series A as well as for Prosida Series B.
Proposals for setting-up of an organization for coastal investigations have
been submitted; these surveys have a high priority because recent data are
hardly available.
Programs and recommendations for improvement of drainage in areas
flooded regularly have been submitted.

D H V consulting engineers, Amersfoort The Netherlands

iDUvr

WADI RIMA' IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Client

Ministry of Agriculture,
Tihama Development A u t h o r i t y
International Technical Assistance Department of the Netherlands Government

Location

Tihama Coastal Plain, Y A R

Period of assignment

1978 - 1979

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

Situation
An extensive irrigation infrastructure has existed along the wadis in the
Tihama Coastal Plain for centuries. Farmers traditionally build deflectors
of brushwood and rubble to divert the flood waters onto their fields
(spate irrigation).
Vulnerability of the deflectors and uncertainty in occurrence and
magnitude of the floods limit the reliability of irrigation, so that only
parts of the fields are reached.
Assignment
A technical and an economic feasibility study of primary and secondary irrigation systems for wadi irrigation development;
Preliminary design for a diversion structure, primary and secondary
canals with distribution and control structures;
Final design, preparation of tender documents and supervision of
construction.

DHV consulting engineers, Amersfoort The Netherlands

The project
Hydrology
A typical characteristic of wadi f l o w is the large f l u c t u a t i o n of discharge
rates.
While in the Wadi Rima' baseflows may vary f r o m 0.5 - 5 m3/sec, peakflows of short duration of 100 m3/sec and over are n o t unusual.
Elaboration of the wadi f l o w data showed that 8 9 % of the total f l o w
volume is discharged at f l o w rates below 15 m3/sec. As this phenomenon
appears t o be typical f o r all the wadis in the Tihama Coastal Plain, it was
taken as a basis for the design of the irrigation scheme.
Irrigation
A n assessment of f o u r possible solutions showed that wadi-water diversion
at l o w f l o w rates w o u l d be the most feasible system, both technically and
economically. The main advantages are:
o n l y one diversion weir w i t h intake and flushing structures is required;
the supply canal can be relatively small (iength 2 0 k m ) w i t h small
intake, c o n t r o l and drop structures;
water d i s t r i b u t i o n in the project area can be f u l l y controlled w i t h
automatic gates;
more irrigation water is available due t o increased efficiency of the
system.
Economy
A n analysis o f the f o u r alternatives showed that the system chosen had
an internal rate o f return of 13% on investments in irrigation development.
In n n m h i n a t i n n w i t h agricultural e x t e n s i o n , the internal rate of return for
the entire project w o u l d increase t o 19% .
These IRRs prove t o be considerably higher than those for similar wadi
improvement projects in the Tihama Coastal Plain, so that the chosen
solution may be considered very effective.
Total construction costs w i l l a m o u n t 50 000 000 Y R (US S 11 000 000)

12

FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR A MECHANISED RICE FARM AND A RICE MILL IN THE
MAHARUNGA BASIN, MTWARA REGION, TANZANIA
by HVA-International
The HVA-International Feasibility Study for the growing of rice in the
Mtwara Region, Tanzania, related to the development of a mechanized
rice farm of 2,300 hectares and a rice mill in the Maharunga basin of
the Mtwara Region of Tanzania. This basin covers about 8,900 hectares
in total of which 2,300 were found to be of suitable quality for the
establishment of a compact rice farm under irrigation. It was found that
the Ruvuma river carries enough water to ensure irrigation for growing
rice throughout the year. This would make it possible to grow rice twice
a year.
In order to reach a yield of 8 tons of paddy per hectare, irrigation of
the rice by flooding was a must. In connection herewith a preliminary
design has been made for an irrigation system. On the other hand, in
order to prevent flooding of the rice area in periods of high river water
levels and/or of big rainfall, a protective dyke and a rather extensive
drainage system had to be designed.
The paddy harvested would be collected at the paddy collecting centres
near the drying plant (later: drying plants). Milling of this paddy
would continue throughout the year in a modern rice mill.
The rice farm cum mill would produce a quantity of rice increasing from
some 2,300 tons per year during the first year of production to some
11,500 tons per year 6 years later.
The financial calculations made, showed that the ex mill price for rice
was sufficient for the new farm to obtain a positive, though modest
financial result.
Apart from rice as main product, rice bran (and polish), paddy husks and
rice straw would become available as by-products, however, it was assumed
that at that time only bran could be sold.
In the final stage the rice farm and -mill would employ more than 700
people of whom over 300 on a permanent basis.
The investment cost for the project would be Shs. 129,000,000 of which
Shs. 123,000,000 for fixed assets and Shs. 6,000,000 for working capital.
The shareholders could expect a modest eventual return on their investment over the fifth and sixth operating year, each of 3% dividend per
year and 3k% over the following years.
In order to evaluate the project from the point of view of the national
economy, the economic rate of return was calculated at 12%. In the three
years before it would be possible to introduce double rice cropping,
soja beans would be grown.

13

The proposal has not been implemented yet because of the insufficient
financial rate of return of 5% as shown in the HVA report. As a consequence the Client was unable to attract sufficient financial support to
allow the implementation of the project.
THE RIO GAMBIEL AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(Guinea-Bissau) by HVA International
The Rio Gambiel site studied by the experts of HVA-International is
suited to the cultivation of rice, maize, sugar cane, groundnuts and
cotton. In addition, to establish an agro-foodstuffs industry in GuineaBissau would benefit the country, in creating jobs, raising the standard
of living, encouraging the building of a work force and in reducing the
country's economic dependence on foreign suppliers.
Among the crops which could be established within the framework of the
project, rice could be grown either in rotation with other plants or
during the rainy season as a rainfed crop.
Sowing could be carried out under irrigation prior to the start of the
rainy season. Different varieties would be tested at the pilot farm. A
strong-yielding rice variety could be expected to give around 2,500 to
3,000 kg per hectare.*
Besides the study on climatic and topographic conditions, the project
will include earth moving works, the construction of a dam and an
irrigation system and construction of a pilot farm.
Following ploughing, the land will be levelled and worked, with the
standard agricultral treatments applied.
The project's water requirements will be covered by an irrigation system.
A pumping station erected close to the reservoir on the Rio Gambiel
(with a 50 million cubic metre capacity) would supply the plots through
a network of underground pipes.
Total costs of the project is estimated at US $ 42,189,000. This sum
will cover the expenses arising from agricultural works, the purchase
of materials and of consumables, construction of the dam, farm and
accomodation for personnel, as well as salaries for the latter.
The results of the study and the HVA experts' recommendations have recently been presented to the Government of Guinea-Bissau which is currently studying them.
In the event of a favourable outcome, the initial work for the project
could be put into effect without delay.
*

To rice could be added edible crops such as maize, soya, groundnuts

and sugar cane.

14

NIGERIAN GRAINS BOARD MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE AND MARKETING STUDY

by HVA-International
At this moment HVA-International provides management assistance to the
Nigerian Grains Board, who is responsible for the procurement and
storage of a strategic maize, sorghum and rice stock. HVA is also
carrying out a marketing study for the Federal Ministry of Agriculture
in Nigeria.
The objective is two-fold: firstly, to provide during the 1980/81 season
adequate marketing services and facilities at existing points and ensure
that as many producers as possible have ready access to the official
support process. Implicit in this object is the need to make better use
of available storage to prevent deterioration of grains purchased and to
re-distribute and sell stocks in accordance with government policy and
to meet domestic demand.
The second objective is the preparation of a longer term development
plan and associated investment proposals to enable the Nigerian Grains
Board to fulfil a continuing positive role in the market and provide the
Federal Government of Nigeria with reliable information and the planning
capacity essential for the design and implementation of a grains production and pricing policy.
The project started in November 1980 and will take 1 year, with a
possible extension to 3 years.

15

SECTION 3 PROJECT EXECUTION

3.1.

Team composition

The Consultant proposes to assign the following experts for the Tana
Delta project:
disciplines

name

teamleader/irrigation
and drainage expert
topographer
hydrologist
pedologist 1
pedologist 2
pedologist 3
pedologist 4
agronomist
rice and foodcrops expert
organization and management expert
marketing economist/financial expert
sociologist
regional and social planner
lifestock expert

w.A.

in 't Veld

F J.W. Kappers
M.M. Schenkeveld
J Stolp
J J. Vleeshouwer
J Mulder
G van der Veen
C M.R. Drayer
C A. de Vries
A J.S. Looyen
G Stegwee
J D. Heijnen and Kenyan expert
P G. Blok
M M. Veldman

The curricula vitae of the experts mentioned above have been compiled
in section 7 of this proposal.
We are particularly pleased that we can propose as teamleader mr.
W.A. in 't Veld of DHV Consulting Engineers. In our opinion he brings
most appropriate qualifications for the successful completion of the
study. He has ample experience in project management and design of
irrigation and drainage projects. He has been assigned to a number of
important projects in Indonesia, South Korea and Iraq.
To carry out the soil surveys the Consultant has sought the cooperation
of Stiboka of Wageningen, the Netherlands. Stiboka is well aware of local
conditions in Kenya due to the fact that it has worked in close cooperation with the Kenya Soil Survey during a long period.

Government
of Kenya

Government of
the Netherlands
Neth. Embassy

Tana River
Development
Authority

Liaison officer

DHV Consulting Engineers

HVA International
Stiboka

Consultant's team

Teamleader

Logistics

Topography

Soil investigations
Surveysection
Hydrology

Sociology

Agronomy

Irrigation and
drainage
Design
section
Livestock

Regional planning

Organization and
management

Economic
section

Marketing

Economy/finance

Back stopping

1
1
1
1
!

!i

i
i

!i

LU

-9

iI

cc
o.

: i

I1 i

cc
LU
>

i1

o
*-

co

es

Qi
-

eo

es
^-

CS

co
es
es
. * -

e^
CO

CO

1
"o

2
s

S
g

c
O)
SS
CO

a>

+
3

Lifestock expert

<

co

Regional planner

o
cc

co

Sociologist

Marketing/financial expert

<

ys
es

Organization and management expert

U.

O
cc

es
o

Rice and food crops expert

Q.

es
^-

Agronomist

CC
UI

es

Pedologists

Z
Z
O
to

es

Hydrologist

UI

es y^
es
i r } e s c s i - - ^ e s c o ^ -

Topographer

1IIf

es

Teamleader/irrigation and drainage exp.

OJ

Li.

Backstopping

1 1
1 1
1 1

Draftsmen

<
UI

~c5

o
1-

o
"35
<o
03

**
w
**
es

S.

1
o

-C
**

B
*

c
S
E
s
w>

!2
<

16

3.2.

Tasks descriptions

Teamleader/Irrigation and drainage expert

The teamleader shall perform the following tasks and duties:
coordination and control of the Consultant's team activities with
respect to the project
liaison with the Client in all matters concerning the project
organizing all fieldwork and home office activities
supervision and coordination of all investigations, surveys and
design work
coordination of the preparation and editing of all documents and
reports to be submitted by experts of the team
preparation and submission of progress reports to the Client
advise the Client in all matters related to the project
As irrigation and drainage engineer he shall in collaboration with the
agronomist be responsible for:
collection and evaluation of existing data, documents and reports
preparation of the design of the irrigation and drainage systems by
designing the appropriate blocksize, capacity of primary and secondary canals, etc.
preparation of cost estimates of the works to be executed
establishing of design criteria for canals, roads, including bridges
and culverts
prepare a rotation procedure for the operation of the system
Topographer
The topographer shall be responsible for:
a steroscopic analysis of the existing aerial photographs with a
view to preparation of a map showing topographical features (reconnaissance phase)
drawing up of technical specifications for aerial photography to be
flown for the semi-detailed survey
guiding, supervising and checking the subcontractor for aerial
photography
levelling alignments of main canals, surveying sites of major
structures such as intake structure, deversion works, etc.
preparation of basic network of reference benchmarks
Hydrologist
The hydrologist shall be responsible for:
review of existing hydrological data
study of available mathematical models of the Tana River
study of the impact of future reservoir projects on flows of Tana
River near the project area

17

checking of chemical properties of the river water with view to

usage for agriculture
study and analyse of siltation in the delta
study and design of the drainage of the area
study the routing of floods through the delta in relation to the
change in regime due to the construction of flood protection works
(frequency curves, flood levels, extent of storage zones, etc.)
study of available flows in river near project area
Pedologist
The team of pedologists shall be responsible for:
carrying out the reconnaissance field survey
taking of soil samples and arranging for analysis thereof at the
National Agricultural Laboratories in Nairobi
during the semi-detailed soil survey augerings shall be made incl.
sample taking
a semi detailed soil map shall be made to scale 1 : 20,000
Agronomist
The agronomist shall be responsible for the following activities:
irrigation, drainage and road systems within tertiary units, including land forming requirements (if any) and estimates of crop
water requirements
evaluation of various possible crop rotations and their integration
into a land utilization plan
selection of rotation schedule to the proposed
defining the set-up, scope and requirements of an "Agricultural
Service" which covers:
extension services
demonstration fields
provision of mechanization services
provision of high quality seed and other agricultural inputs
such as fertilizers and pesticides
coordination of diseases and pests control
training facilities
research on such practical subjects as fertilizers (formulation, application), varieties, planting periods
Rice and food crops expert
The rice and food crops experts shall be responsible for the following
activities :
collection of all relevant field data
presentation of all details of rice and food crops growing in the
project area, such as:

18

physical inputs and outputs

crop calendar
crop rotations
varieties and seed supply
diseases and pests control
research subjects
presentatioh of processing and storage facilities for the produce
of the scheme
Organization and Management expert
The organization and management expert shall be responsible for:
regarding organizational set-up:
indication of organizational structure and description of
tasks and responsibilities
manpower requirements
phasing of manpower during project implementation
specification of manpower per organizational level, discipline,
educational level and experience required
functional classification and wage resp. salary scales
job descriptions of key functions
regarding recruitment and training:
available labour in terms of number, disciplines and skills
recruitment schedule
training requirements and methods
regarding foreign assistance:
details on expatriate assistance in case local qualified
personnel is expected not to be available
Marketing Economist/Financial Analyst
The marketing economist/financial analyst shall be responsible for:
presentation of all relevant financial and economic aspects of the
irrigation scheme such as:
local and foreign demand of agricultural produce
development and recurrent costs
sales proceeds
cash flow schedules
internal reate of return
benefit cost analysis
investment schedule and time table for implementation
Sociologist
The sociologist will, in close cooperation with other team members:
study the socio-economic characteristics of the population in and
around the project area, including the (semi-)nomadic pastoralists
who use the area only during the dry season

19

study the function of the project area as a resource base for dry
season grazing and other uses and estimate losses which could be
incurred as a result of the implementation of the irrigation project, in cooperation with the lifestock expert and other team
members
propose ways in which these losses can be avoided or minimized
formulate proposals for the recruitment of the prospective settlers,
including priorities as to their origin and other selection criteria
propose, in cooperation with the agronomist and, if necessary, the
lifestock expert and other, a programme for training of the prospective settlers
estimate the cost of the various measures proposed
identify possible other social and economic constraints which could
have negative repercussions on the project and indicate how these
negative consequences could be avoided
Regional planner
The regional planner will, in close cooperation with other team members:
estimate the number of people living in and around the project area
together with their chief demographic characteristics and the main
causes of moridity and mortality
study, together with the sociologist, the main socio-economic
characteristics of the present population
asses the availability of socio-economic services in the villages
and other centres in the surroundings of the projects area and, if
necessary develop a centrality index for these centres
study the proposed location of the 10,000 ha scheme in relation to
existing/planned roads, existing population and future markets,
taking into account the results of the hydrological, topographic
and hydrological investigations
Once the location of the 10,000 ha scheme has been decided upon, he will
concentrate on the settlement planning aspects and:
determine the best possible locations of the future farming villages
and of one or more order service centres, taking into account especially the existing infrastructure in and around the project area,
the need to minimize road construction while still maintaining good
access and an optimum utilisation of the irrigable land, giving
preference to higher, better drained land for settlements
establish, in close contact with the responsible authorities, the
agronomist and the marketing economist/financial expert, the area
of irrigated land which will be allocated to each settler and
derive from the figure the number of families to be settled
study and establish, in dialogue with the authorities and other
team members, the type and level of socio-economic services required and whether or not these services will be provided at
government expense

20

estimate the non-agricultural population which will be necessary to

provide these services
prepare a map, showing the location of existing and future settlements in and around the project area, together with the proposed
road network
develop a prototype lay-out of a village centre, of a houseplot and
of a higher order service centre
provide the relevant cost estimates for the overall socio-economic
and financial cost-benefit analysis of the necessary roads, settlements and of the socio-economic services provided
Lifestock expert
The lifestock expert shall be responsible for the following activities:
survey of present grazing grounds in and around Tana Delta
assessment of prevailing practices in production, distribution and
consumption of cattle
making proposals as to new grazing areas keeping in mind the reduction in area due to agricultural developments
3.3.

Reporting

In agreement with the terms of reference the Consultant shall submit

reports of its progress of work every month. The first report will be
submitted two months after signing of the contract, the last progress
report at the time of submitting the draft final report.
The interim report containing the results of the reconnaissance surveys
and discussing the selection of the area of 10,000 ha shall be submitted
at the end of project month 7. The draft final report containing the
Consultant's proposal as to the layout and organization of the irrigation scheme together with the cost estimates and the financial and
economic studies shall be submitted at the end of project month 13. The
final report, incorporating the outcome of the discussions with the
Client shall be submitted at the end of project month 16.
3.4.

Organization of the project execution

The Consultant shall organize his activities in such a way as to make

optimum use of the dry seaons.
In the wet season the terrain is virtually impenetrable.
Reportedly the dry seasons in the projects area are from January to
March and from August to October, but in some years, with prolonged
rains the period during which one can enter the delta may be even
shorter.
The Consultant plans to carry out his activities:
a.
in the field to collect all required field data
b.
in Nairobi where an office will be set up and from where regular
contacts with the Client will be possible and
c.
at the Consultant's headquarters in the Netherlands

21

The field work will be executed from a temporary camp that will be set
up near the project area. In the second phase (semi-detailed studies)
the camp can possibly be set up closer to the selected area of
10,000 ha.

22

SECTION 4 METHOD OF WORK

4.1.

Outline of the project

The study area is defined as approximately 40,000 ha of river basin

lands lying between Garsen and the Indian Ocean.
The area is extremely inaccessible even by Landrover (KSS-Site evaluation report nr. 23) because of:
the absence of roads or tracks except in the direct surroundings of
Garsen
the presence of many old river courses which are filled with water,
even in the non-flood period
The basin lands of the Tana Delta are usually flooded in April-July and
again in November-December (personal communication Mr. Mbara) and
covered with 30-50 cm water (KSS-Site evaluation report nr. 23).
The field activities can therefore only be carried out when the areas
are not flooded, e.g. January to March and August to October.
The area is inhabited by three different groups of people, viz. the
Pokomo, the Orma and the Galla people.
The most important town in the area is Garsen.
The sedentary Pokomo people are principally dependent on crop production. Due to the relatively low annual rainfall the scope for rainfed
agriculture is very limited; therefore crop production is confined
mainly to the narrow strip along the Tana River. The crops are usually
grown in a traditional way during or shortly after flood recession of
the Tana River.
The main crops, such as maize, rice and pulses are cultivated almost
exclusively for subsistance.
Agricultural inputs are low, resulting in low yields. The people's diet
is supplemented by fish locally caught. It is estimated that not even 1%
of the total area of the central and southern division is used for crop
production; the remainder of the area is used for extensive livestock
reared by the Orma and Somali people.
The villages are situated on the higher parts of the river plain complex
mainly on the high levees or on the higher terraces.
A valuable source of information, especially for the initial stage of
the Consultants' services are the aerial photographs at scale 1 : 60,000
which were made by Japanese Institute for Cartographic Assistance in
1978.
According to data given in the KSS-Report the areas which in part can be
expected to be more or less suitable for irrigation are all situated in
the flood plain proper.

ACTIVITY FLOW CHART

Analysis of
present situation

'

"

Present policies

Policy objectives

Delineation
of irrigation areas

Ii

'1

''
Problem setting

Problem analyses

Evaluation

Reports

'i
Development
strategy

'
Elaboration

'1
Instruments/
projects

Draft final
report

'1
Revision

Final report
and designs

Combination for
project area

"
Implications
for areas

1X1

>
o
<

u.
O

LU
I

uu
X

V3

t
o
a
oc

>

<

Final Report

Discussion on DFR

Draft Final Report

Interim Report

Editing

Economic and financial analysis

Study of biological aspects

Q.

Sociological studies

UI

Infrastructural development study

<r
O

Irrigation and drainage engineering

>
10
5

Agricultural study

Soil survey

Ground control and mapping

O)

Aerial survey

>

Hydrological study

Reconnaissance

Project area flooded

Mobilization

oc
Q

<

00
0)

Signing of contract

a
<
w

tl.

09

Z
O

u
O

o>
3

<

a
<

ja
IL

23

The boundary between flood plain and terrace land/lagunal sand ridges
can be distinguished on the aerial photographs fairly accurately
(personal communication dr. Sombroek).
The basin lands area consist predominantly of deep and very deep, noncalcareous, heavy clay soils, which are normally non-saline and nonalkali till at least 100 cm (KSS-Site evaluation report nr. 23). Soil
conditions seem to be rather uniform in this basin lands and therefore
an augering density of 1 augering per 250 ha for the reconnaissance
survey and 1 per 20 ha for the reconnaissance survey and 1 per 20 ha for
the semi-detailed survey is amply sufficient. If however during the
survey soil conditions in some areas appear to show considerable variations over short distances, more augering will be done.
The annual rainfall varies from 757 mm in Ngao, to 1090 mm on the
(narrow) coastal strip.
The water supply for any irrigation scheme in the area should come from
the Tana River, being the only perennial river in the area.
Groundwater appears to be brackish; the quality of the river water is
good for irrigation purposes and its minimum flow (once in 10 years) is
some 30 m 3 /s.
A general drawback of the river water is its high silt content.
4.2.

General planning considerations

The study area is known to be sparsely populated and is used as dry

season grazing by roving pastoralist groups.
The study should therefore inter alia pay attention to two important
issues:
The establishment of a large irrigation project may cause losses to
the pastoralists and ways must be studied how these losses can be
minimized or even avoided altogether. In many similar situations
elsewhere stockowners have suffered losses as a result of the
development of irrigated agriculture. The Awash valley in Ethiopia
is a sad example in this respect. Nomads saw their precious dry
season grazing land diminish considerably and their normal stock
routes barred, which forced them to make long detours.
In a number of cases this led to clashes and social tension between
the settlers and the pastoralists.
Irrigation, with much higher yields in terms of nutritional and
monetary value, must take precedence over much less intensive forms
of land use, whenever feasible. It can bring considerable benefits
to the national economy and to the settlers. At the same time,
social justice demands that this does not go at the expense of
others.
The second issue is the origin and selection of the new settlers.
If there are not enough people in the area itself (and they must
have preferential treatment), it will be necessary to attract
people from outside.

24

Irrigation demands a considerable investment and hence it will be

essential to establish stringent criteria for selection and to make
provisions for the training of the settlers even prior to their
settling in the new villages.
No farm plans etc. have of course been prepared yet and, at least
equally important, it is not known to us how much irrigated/rainfed
land will be allocated to each settler. This is an essential element
in the planning of the project and a decision in this respect will
have to be taken by the responsible Kenyan authorities at an early
stage of the study. For the physical layout of the project two
alternatives exist which are very consequential.
For the sake of greater equity, the government may decide to allocate
only small plots of say 0.5 ha, per family. In this way many more
people can benefit from the project. However, marketable surpluses
and farmers' incomes are likely to b smaller. Important from a
physical planning point of view is that such a small irrigated land
area per family implies the need for additional rainfed land,
within a reasonable walking distance.
This means that it may be necessary to divide the 10,000 ha into a
number of smaller schemes, surrounded by sufficient rainfed arable
land for the settlers' needs.
If the plots allocated are larger, say between 1 and 2.5 ha, the
need for considerable areas of rainfed land is no longer present
since all family labour will increasingly be absorbed (especially
if two of three crops can be harvested each year). For family farms
with more than 1 ha of irrigated land the use of oxen and/or mechanized traction becomes rapidly a sheer necessity since the family's
hand labour no longer suffices.
At any rate, the population in the project will be considerable. At 0.5,
1.0 and 2.5 ha of irrigated land per family the total number of people
(not counting the non-agricultural service population) will be in the
order of 100,000, 50,000 and 20,000 respectively (assuming an average
family size of 5 for the initial phase).
These people require not only land, houses and roads, but they have
other needs as well, including:
agricultural extension services, research
marketing and storage facilities, input distribution
agricultural industries such as rice mills
credit and banking facilities
domestic water supply and sanitation
schools
medical care
retail shops and market places
sport/play grounds
churches and/or mosques
social/cultural community centres
power for pumps, local industries and perhaps domestic use

25

bus services
postal services
local government offices, police etc.
These services (which can, moreover, be of a different level, e.g.
dispensary and district hospital) cannot be located just anywhere, but
require a carefully planned distribution, within a hierarchical system
of centres to maximize their efficiency. Thus it will be necessary to
include not only farming villages in the plan, but also service centres
and perhaps still higher order rural centres.
At a minimum, however, the study will have to take the need (and the
costs) of the necessary services into consideration and the settlement
plan will have to be based on the hierarchical principle as this ensures
the most effective and efficient distribution of essential social and
economic services to the settlers.
For this reason it is proposed to include an expatriate regional/area
planner in the team, who has experience both in the field of developmental
planning within the framework of irrigation projects and local experience
in Kenya.
It is furthermore noted that it will be necessary to consider carefully
the standard norms, employed in Kenya and elsewhere in the world, for
the planning or upgrading of social and economic services. Whenever
possible, the Kenyan standards and norms will be applied, but there may
be instances when it is advisable to depart from these standards, because
of the specific problems encountered in large irrigation projects.
Medical care is an example. Irrigation increases the risk of widespread
occurrence of schistomiasis, malaria and other water-related diseases.
Certain preventive measures (including, for instance, the introduction
of specific tilapia species which feed on the intermediate hosts of the
Schistosoma flukes) will be considered, since S. haematobium, for
instance, is already prevalent in the area, with infection rates of over
60 per cent recorded in school children. Malaria is classed as holoendemic,
with a spleen rate of over 75 per cent in children aged 2-9 years, which
leads to an infant mortality rate directly from malignant tertian malaria
of about 10%.
The fact that some settlers may come from outside the area further
complicates the matter, since they may not have the same degree of
immunity which local people have built up. Preventive measures in the
design can be introduced, but may be too expensive (e.g. the concrete
lining of irrigation canals and drains). Hence other measures will have
to be considered too (e.g. improved sanitation and domestic water
supply) as well as more intensive medical preventive and curative health
services. Highton (in Health and Disease in Kenya, 1974) noted further
possible increase in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis, onchocerciasis, leptospirosis, plague and arboviruses.
At stake are both the well-being of the future settlers (and this is
what development is about) and their productive capacity, which may be
severely curtailed by the prevalence of these diseases.

26

4.3.

Reconnaissance survey

The topographical work during the reconnaissance survey will concentrate

on a stereoscopic analysis of aerial photography.
In order to reduce the overall cost of the project, the Consultant
proposes to use as material for the analysis the photography to a scale
1 : 60,000 which was prepared in 1978 by the JICA of Japan. The Consultant
requests that prints and enlargements of all photographs of the project
area be made available to him at the start of the project by the Survey
of Kenya through assistance of the Client.
The Consultant shall prepare a map of the project area (covering 40,000 ha)
showing general topographical details and features, such as levees,
river courses, high and low lying spots, roads, villages, etc.
This map will assist the Consultant in selecting the area of 10,000 ha.
Also differences in vegetation, land use, drainage etc. will be taken
into account.
Before the fieldwork for the soil survey is started, the results of the
photo interpretation will be discussed with the Client. If the Pi-map
gives rise to specific questions, during the fieldwork special attention
will be given to answer these questions. During the fieldwork:
Augerings will be made till 220 cm depth, 5% of them till 500 cm
depth if soil depth allows. Augering density: 1 per 100 to 200 ha.
In areas where the soil pattern is complicated, more augerings will
be done than in areas with little variation in soils.
pH and EC will be measured at 5 different depths e.g. 0-20 cm,
20-50 cm, 50-80 cm and 120-180 cm.
If groundwater is encountered, its pH and EC will be measured.
Of the major soil units 3 profile pits will be described in detail
and sampled for physical and chemical analyses.
At these sites also infiltration and hydraulic conductivity tests
(Hooghoudt method) will be carried out. At the same places core
samples from topsoil and first subsoil will be taken to determine
the soil moisture held at various pF values*.
After completion of the fieldwork the preliminary results of the
survey will be discussed with the Client.
The flood period will be used to analyse soil samples, prepare soil and
irrigation suitability maps on scale 1 : 100,000 and write a comprehensive
report.
Tha laboratory work on soil samples will be done by the Soil Laboratory
of the National Agricultural Laboratories in Nairobi.
*)

Soil physical determinations in clay soils require special techniques

which have been developed and applied at the Netherlands Soil
Survey Institute. Some backgound data are provided in an appendix.

27

The following laboratory tests will be carried out on soil samples:

Routine analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

particle size analysis (sand, silt, clay %)

pH-H20, pH-KCl and EC in 1 : 2.5 soil: water suspensions
% C
% N (topsoil sample only)
CEC at pH 8.2
Exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na (on non-saline soil samples only)
CAC03
gypsum content

On soil samples with EC 1 : 2.5 exceeding 0.8 mmho/cm:

1.
pH and EC of saturation extract (incl. % H 2 0 paste)
2.
soluble Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, HC0 3 , C0 3 and boron in saturation
extract
On composite topsoil samples (0-20 cm) a "mass analysis" method for soil
fertility evaluation ("Mehlick" analysis) in which the following is
determined: % C, available Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Mn.
Special laboratory tests
These special tests include:
1.
determination of pF-curves on core samples from topsoil and from
subsoil horizon from all sites with infiltration measurements
2.
clay mineral analysis (X-ray) on at least a topsoil and subsoil
sample from one representative profile of a few major soil units
The soil map will be prepared on the basis of data collected during the
fieldwork and the results of the laboratory analyses. The map will be on
scale 1 : 100,000.
Topographic information collected during the photo-interpretation and
the fieldwork will be added.
In the Interim Report the following aspects will be dealt with:
physiography
vegetation and land use
drainage pattern
soil conditions
detailed description of the sampled pits with the results of the
field and laboratory tests
4.4.

Semi detailed soilsurvey

The areas to be surveyed will be selected in consultation with the client

and on the basis of the data collected during the reconnaissance survey.

28

In the selected area of 10,000 ha augerings will be done, profile pits

will be described and sampled as mentioned in 4.3. above.
However augering density will be 1 per 10 to 15 ha.
After completion of the fieldwork, the preliminary results will be discussed with the client.
The period after the fieldwork will be used to analyse soil samples (by
the Soil Laboratory of the National Agricultural Laboratories in
Nairobi), to prepare soil- and suitability maps (scale 1:20,000) and to
write a report.
In the report a.o. the following subjects will be dealt with:
vegetation and land use
drainage pattern and drainage conditions
soil conditions, describing the physical and chemical properties of
the distinguished mapping units
suitability for irrigated rice and the limitations of the mapping
units
survey methods
detailed description of the sampled pits with the results of the
field and laboratory tests.
At the end of the project all profile description sheets and a map
indicating the location of the augerings and the pits, will be handed
over to the Kenya Soil Survey.
4.5.

Topography

The topographical survey to be carried out following the reconnaissance

survey should result in a map of the selected area of 10,000 ha showing
topographical features and contours with an interval of 0,5 m. The map
scale chosen is identical to the mapscale of the semi-detailed soil
survey, viz. 1:20,000.
The Consultant proposes to carry out aerial photography with a photoscale of 1:20,000. This scale is required with a view to the required
contour interval of 0,5 m.
The photography allows the Client the preparation in a later stage of
maps with a larger scale, which may be necessary during the construction
phase of the project.
For the rectification of the photographs a ground survey shall be undertaken followed by aerial triangulation.
The topographical work includes the preparation of alignments of the
main canals and site surveys at the location of major structures.
4.6.

The settlement pattern

In all new settlement areas, the problem how to organize the spatial
patterns of land use and human settlement is a prime concern.
A farmer must live near his land, but he also requires socio-economic
services, while his surplus production must be marketed etc.

29

In many tradional farming areas, dispersed settlement is the rule.

However, for modern projects this type of settlement is invariably
rejected because it increases the costs and lowers the efficiency of the
necessary distribution of services. The choice, therefore, is between a
nucleated- and a lineair plan of settlement in clearly delineated
villages.
One village normally has a population of around 500 families perhaps
split into several smaller units. This is sufficient to support the
normal range of services and allows the farmer to live within a reasonable walking distance from his land.
In locating individual villages the following planning considerations
should be observed:
an optimum utilization of all economically significant land within
the project area
good accessibility to an all-weather road by each village
minimalisation of the total cost of road construction
rational distribution of social and economic services
easy access from the village to higher level centres
minimization of future investment costs, when public utilities such
as water and electricity could be introduced to individual households
the possibilities for phased development to utilize infrastructural
investment to the fullest possible extent
A land allocation in the project of 1 - 2 ha per family means that it
will probably not be necessary to reserve land outside the project for
rainfed farming (which would complicate the spatial planning).
In the other hand, a project of 10,000 ha implies a total agricultural
population of at least 5 - 10,000 families, i.e. 25,000 to 50,000
people, to which must be added the non-agricultural service population,
which may amount to 10-15 per cent of the agricultural population during
the initial phase of the project.
The above figures and their range are presented to demonstrate the need
for an early decision as to the area of irrigated land allocated to each
family.
The physiographic map of the project area shows the existence of terraces,
also within the land area which is potentially suitable for irrigation.
In pricipe, these terraces could be suitable for settlement, as they are
higher and usually better drained than the surrounding floodplains.
The required socio-economic services will have to be planned carefully,
within a hierarchical system of rural centres of which the village
constitutes the lowest tier. In view of the relatively large number of
new settlers and the fairly isolated location of the project area, it
will be necessary to plan one or more higher order centres, where
necessary services with a higher threshold population than the 500
families of a farming village can be located.

30

It will of course be up to the Kenyan authorities, and in this case

especially to the Tana River Development Authority, to decide whether
and to which extent these services will be provided at government expense and how much will be left to private initiative and spontaneous
development. Also in this respect the study team would expect a certain
amount of guidance from the responsible authorities.
Nevertheless the study will have to take the need for these facilities
into consideration and, at a minimum, reserve the required space for the
necessary buildings and for the houses of the non-agricultural population needed to provide these services.
For the required socio-economic cost-benefit analysis and for the financial analysis it will be necessary to develop a prototype of the farming
villages and of the higher order centre(s). This will require the design
of a layout of a village centre showing the ideal distribution of land
uses and the relation of the centres to adjacent villages, smaller
housing units etc.
The design criteria employed should, as far as practicable, be
established taking into account microclimatic considerations (e.g.
orientation of buildings and roads in view of prevailing winds, shelter
belts).
In a similar fashion a prototype houseplot and a prototype of the higher
order centres will be developed.
The above work will require the participation of an experienced settlement/ regional planner in the study team, who has experience both in the
field of area/settlement planning and of conditions in Kenya.
It is noted that in the case of irrigation projects the standard and
norms usually adopted for new settlemts (or for the necessary upgrading
of services in already settled areas) are not necessarily applicable and
require a careful analysis because of the specific problems encountered
in large irrigation projects.
Finally, it should be remembered that settlement planning cannot take
place in a void. In the surrounding areas several villages are located
and it will be essential to incorporate the project into a larger spatial
entity. This will ensure also that the residents of the area, even if
they do not participate directly in the project will also reap definite
benefits from many of the services provided to the settlers, especially
those services which are available at a higher level in the settlement
hierarchy. This obviously implies the need to study the existing
patterns of settlement and services in (part of) the surrounding
district.
4.7.

Hydrology

The irrigation project in the Tana delta shall be supplied with water
from the Tana river. Reportedly the quality of the river water is good
for agricultural usage (The Consultant plans however to check this
through a number of laboratory tests).
The abstraction of water requires a detailed study of the hydrology of
the river.

31

In this respect a study shall be made of the records of flow and gauge
height which have been collected by the Ministry of Water Department.
Stations are or have been operational in the northern reaches of the
river and near Garissa, Hola and Garsen. These studies involve also
investigations into the climatological phenoma such as rainfall, evaporation, sunshine, temperature, wind. No new stations are to be set up. The
Consultant shall study and analyse the data collected by the Kenya
Meteorological Department at stations in and around the project area,
Kipini, Witu, Ngao, Adu and Bellazoni, possible also stations located
somewhat farther away.
Detailed hydrological studies shall be carried out to obtain frequency
and duration curves of discharges and riverstages, to study the effects
of planned and ongoing projects in the river reaches upstream from the
project area. The effect of the construction of the storage dams for
hydropower development will have an important impact of the discharges
to be expected in the future. It can be said that in general the higher
flows will be reduced, but the lower flows will be increased. The average
flow at Garissa will according to TRDA amount to 40 m3/sec or about
38 m3/sec at Garsen, the 80%-flow will be 60 m3/sec at Garissa or
57 m3/sec at Garsen. These volumes are thought to be sufficient for the
development of irrigated agriculture on the planned areas.
4.8.

Irrigation and drainage

During the reconnaissance phase the following activities will be carried

out:
review of irrigation and drainage possibilities
identification of river flow and flooding conditions
inventory of water resources
assessment of water requirements
selection of irrigation areas
formulation of design criteria
preliminary design of irrigation and drainage schemes
formulation of possible solutions for flood protection works
preliminary estimate of costs
In principle, the following factors determine the suitability of an area
for irrigation development: soil type, topography and the availability
of sufficient water. The nett area is then further limited by the land
configuration.
The soil survey will, in the first instance, indicate the suitability of
the land for irrigation.
The topography, which can be sufficiently assessed form aerial photographs, at this stage, further dictates the command area.
Hydrological data must provide information about the availability of
water for irrigation throughout the year.
Water requirements will be calculated from the data available at present, applying calculations methods which are commonly used in Kenya.
The following basic data will be used:

32

cropping pattern chosen

water needs because of vapotranspiration and percolation
irrigation efficiency (distinction between water losses in primary/
secondary systems and at tertiary level, taking into account operational procedures)
dependable rainfall
nett irrigable area
water needs for other purposes
Prior to the actual preliminary design work basic design criteria will
be formulated including such items as method of hydraulic calculations
and standards for flow velocity, free board, drainage requirements,
loadings, material strengths and other basic values for outlets, weirs,
diversion structures, bridges, inverted siphons, checks, drops, culverts, drain inlets, spillways, protective structures and discharge
measuring devices.
Standardization must be aimed at to enable effective operation and
maintenance.
In general the following aspects and measures to improve drainage should
be considered:
rehabilitation of river embankments
separation of areas with a different hydroligic regime
combination of small outlets into one outlet channel
improvement of existing drains
The general layout for the drainage control works will be made after
field visits and study of maps made of the aerial photographs.
In irrigated areas the secondary drains are the key collectors of excess
water and should be aligned as much as possible according to the existing drainage channels to minimise the cost of earthwork.
4.9.

Agriculture

The agronomist on the Consultant's team shall present a design of the

irrigation, drainage and road systems within the tertiary irrigation
unit, and indicate suitable field sizes and shapes of individual holdings (the latter in cooperation with the foodcrops expert, the agroeconomist, the sociologist and the regional planner).
These presentations will be based on a evaluation of climatic data, soil
characteristics and topography of the project area as well as of farm
facilities, farm sizes and other relevant data obtained from other
comparable irrigation projects in Kenya.
He shall also, in close cooperation with the foodcrops expert and the
economist, prepare a land utilization plan which is based on the land
suitability map provided by the soils experts and taking into consideration the pro's and cons of various possible crop rotations.

33

The agronomist shall furthermore give an indication of the set-up and of

required facilities of an "Agricultural Service" which provides such
services as extension, provision of high.quality seed and other agricultural inputs etc. This indication will be based on visits to comparable irrigation schemes in Kenya. This shall be done in cooperation with
the foodcrops experts, the organization and management expert and the
sociologist.
Two visits, one in the period February-March and one in August-September,
are planned to the project area and to existing agricultural settlements
in or near the project area for an assessment of climatic and soil
conditions of the project area and of crops and agricultural activities.
The rice and foodcrop expert shall present all relevant agricultural
details of rice and foodcrop growing at the project area (such as
physical inputs and outputs, crop calendar, crop rotations) and of
processing and storage facilities on the basis of an evaluation of
climatic data, soil characteristics and existing agricultural activities
in the project area and an assessment of comparable irrigation projects
in Kenya.
He shall provide the agronomist with all relevant information re an
"Agricultural Service" which has a bearing on rice and foodcrop growing
by smallholders.
This information will be based on an appraisal of existing agricultural
activities in the project area as well as an evaluation of comparable
irrigation schemes in Kenya.
Two visits of the rice expert are planned (February-March and AugustSeptember) to the project area and to existing agricultural settlements
in and near the project area are planned for an assessment of climatic
and soil conditions of the project area and of crops, agricultural
activities and labour standards.
During these trips visits will be paid to comparable irrigation projects
in Kenya for an assessment of standards and methods of rice and foodcrop
growing and the related role of an "Agricultural Service".
4.10.

Organization and management

The Consultant shall present a design of the organizational set up for

proposed development of the project area. This design will emphasize the
importancy of establishing a strong and adequate management body which
will arrange the start up and subsequent progress of planned production
by small holders. At present it is envisaged that this body will consist
of a planning department, an agricultural service and administration
section.
The design includes an organizational chart, description of tasks and
responsibilities and total manpower requirements in terms of number,
functional classification and skills.

34

Consideration of the start-up and subsequent development will also involve determination of manpower availability planning in conjunction
with project implementation schedules, a drafting outline of a practical
training programme on the basis of available skills and functional
requirements, as well as an assessment whether and if so, in which form,
foreign assistance will be needed for the management, supervision on
operations and training of local personnel.
Special attention in the design shall be given to initial management
structure and requirement during start-up and possible alterations when
the farmers have become more experienced.
The presentation will be based on evaluation of local human resources
and conditions, outcome of project recommendations of the study, successful organizational practices applied at similar agricultural schemes in
Kenya and will be worked out in close cooperation with the Client and
other team members, in particular the sociologist and regional planner.
One trip to Kenya is planned for the expert (August/September) in order
to visit:
the project area to assess the local situation and conditions
regarding human resources
similar existing agricultural settlements to observe and discuss
organizational practices adopted and labour conditions
relevant government departments to collect information on labour
market and conditions, resp. educational and training systems and
facilities.
4.11.

Marketing and financial analysis

The Consultant shall investigate the internal and external demand for
project outputs.
The financial expert shall in close collaboration with and based upon
the findings of other team members, and taking into account data
collected from relevant local sources, make a calculation pertaining to
devel. opment and recurrent costs, thereby separating foreign and local
components.
He shall calculate annual sales proceeds at prices assumed for the
various crops (mainly rice) on the basis of the local and foreign market
investigations as indicated above.
Furthermore he shall prepare a benefit/cost analysis showing the economic justification of the project using relevant economic indicators
incl. internal rate of return and discounted nett present value.
In collaboration with other team members he shall propose a time frame
for the proposed development. Also the implied investment schedules will
be prepared.

35

Two visits to the project area and to existing agricultural settlements

in and near the project area are planned for the collection of relevant
data.
During these trips visits will be paid to government and private organizations as well as to comparable irrigation projects in Kenya, among
others to collect information required for an assessment of the demand
for the project output.

36

SECTION 5 COMMENTS ON TERMS OF REFERENCE

In this section the Consultant shall discuss a number of items of the
Terms of Reference which in his view require some explanation.
Project area
The project area is located within the triangle formed by the MalindiGarsen and Garsen-Witu-Lamu roads and the Indian Ocean. This area, of
about 100,000 ha, can be reduced by discarding a stretch of land along
the sea having a width of 5-7 km and the high-lying areas along the
western and northers limits of the area indicated in the beginning of
this paragraph. The area that remains covers approximately 40,000 ha. A
map showing the "triangle" and the project area thus delineated is shown
on the next page. The final project area of 10,000 ha should be selected
out of the 40,000 ha mentioned above.
Irrigation system
The irrigation system to be designed shall as much as possible comprise
one area or two areas.
The employer favors a gravity supply of irrigation water which might be
possible against rather low cost due to the fact that the river is, in
its lower reaches, fairly steep. The canal intake, however, will be
situated north of the Garsen-Witu road. The drainage of the land should
also, preferably take place by means of gravity. In this way no installation and running of pumping stations will be required.
Organization of project
The future project shall be run by an independent organization owned by
the Tana River Development Authority (TRDA) and the National Irrigation
Board (NIB). In making proposals for the organization structure the directive in this respect to be issued by the Government of Kenya shall be
taken into account by the Consultant. It was made clear to the Consultant during his discussuons with TRDA in Nairobi that the project
shall consist of a great number of small holders each having 1-2 ha. A
demonstration farm of about 20 ha shall form part of the project.
Sociological implication
At present the area is used rather extensively by people belonging to
different tribal/linguistic groups. For roving pastoralists the flood
plains provide valuable grazing during the dry season. Near the edges of
the flood plains several farming villages are located and a number of
farmers uses small patches in the flood plains to grow some rice and
other crops. In and around the project area stretches of (permanent)
water occur which are used for fishing. Despite a very low population
density in the area itself, it cannot be said that the available resources are not used at present.

APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

c
.

' %
/
/
/
o
10

/
/'

co

s\
\

CD

u
O
D
C9
u.

\\

C
co

TJ
\ Q

CZ

<3

<B

i
8

J
2 '
a

\o

iw^;^'
WW

37

The study should, therefore, pay attention to two crucial issues:

to what extent losses will occur as a result of the establishment
of the irrigation project and how these losses can be avoided, or
at least minimized for the present users of the delta's resources
since there are few permanent inhabitants in the project area and
its immediate vicinity, who will be the new settlers and how will
they be selected and trained
The establishment of a large irrigation scheme almost invariably causes
losses to the former users of the area and pastoralists are a particular
vulnerable group in this respect- The mouth of the Tana river has long
been a meeting place for people from the north (Bajun and Swahili) and
the south (Giryama) as well as from the interior (the riverine Pokomo).
During the dry season the area provides much needed grazing for their
herds and it is clear that a major intendification of land use which
irrigation implies, with probably several harvests per year, means a
threat to the traditional livelihood of these pastoralists. It should be
kept in mind that it is the areas of dry season grazing which determine
the possible size of the herds. Reduction of the dry season grazing land
will in the short run probably lead to overgrazing of the remaining
land, but on a longer time perspective lead to a greater mortality among
the herds (especially after an extremely dry year) and a reduction of
the number of cattle.
In many similar situations elsewhere stockowners have suffered losses as
a result of the development of irrigated agriculture.
Social justice demands that development does not take place at the
expense of others, or at least that everything is done to prevent this
from happening and/or to avoid or minimize the damage.
In part the solution(s) to this problem will be technical in nature.
Hence the livestock expert in the team and the agronomist will have to
pay a great deal of attention to this problem. The same holds true for
the planning of the scheme and of the settlements (e.g. in relation to
the existing stock routes). It is obvious, however, that the problem has
also a major sociological component. For this reason a (Kenyan) sociologist has been added to the study, team.
In much the same way there may be problems related to (inland) fisheries
which must be studied. If, for instance, permanent water occurs in the
area selected for the project, it might be possible to itensify exploitation of this resource, e.g. in relation with the introduction of specific Tilapia species which feed on snails and mosquito larvae etc.
This could increase the availability of much needed protein, raise the
income of the fishermen and contribute towards prevention of shistosomiasis
and malaria at the same time.
Another important issue which merits intensive study is the recruitment
of the new settlers. Rather than recruiting immigrants from other regions
in Kenya, it is preferred to select settlers from among people living in
the vicinity of the project. Are the farmers living in the surrounding
areas interested in this opportunity to improve their living conditions;
is this the case also with the Bajun, for whom farming is often only a
part-time occupation (in addition to fishing and/or animal husbandry) or
even the true pastoralist groups who will lose part of their dry season
grazing?

38

Most of the new settlers will require special training, perhaps already
before they join the scheme, since they are not accustomed to intensive
irrigated agriculture on a commercial scale. At the same time, some kind
of selection will be necessary, to minimize the risk that the considerable investment which a project of this size and nature represents will
be wasted.
There are of course technical aspects here too, but a solid sociological
study will provide at least part of the many answers needed to solve
these problems.
Soil physical determination in clay soils
Many standard soil physical methods have been developed for application
in homogenous, non-swelling soils. The study of water movement in clay
soils is very complicated and cannot be characterized adequately with
existing soil physical flow theory. In recent years, alternative procedures have been developed at the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute. They
have been published in International Journals and results have been presented at various International Conferences.
In clay soils, water does not infiltrate as a horizontal plane but
follows vertical cracks. This implies rapid downward movement of water
which does not adequately wet the soil between the cracks. Upon wetting,
the soil will gradually swell and this, in turn, may result in closing
of the cracks, allowing very little vertical movement during wet conditions . Water transmitting properties of the soil govern the suitability
of the various soil types for irrigated agriculture. To asses adequately
these properties, some tests are needed a.o. study of the specific
effect of cracks. In dry, cracked soils infiltration rates are initially
very high. These rates will be measured with standard infiltration-rate
measurements. In addition, it is necessary to establish the depth of
penetration of water along the cracks and the degree of wetting of
surface soil. As stated, the latter may be limited due to the downward
flow along the cracks. A dye (methylene-blue) will be added to the infiltrating water at some selected locations and a pit will be dug afterwards to observe the patterns of water infiltration along the cracks and
the depth of infiltration.
Experience with similar soils in the Netherlands suggests that wetting
of the surface soil can be achieved most efficiently by applying trickle
or sprinkling irrigation rather then by ponding. The lower application
rates allow better up take by the surface soil and less downward flow
along the cracks. An attempt will be made for some selected soils to
define application rates and quantities which will not result in significant downward flow along the cracks. Techniques for determining these
have been developed and tested. The soils will be wet after the period
of flooding. The vertical hydraulic conductivity (K
) is very important
now because it determines the maximum infiltration rate at the soil
surface.

39

A test was devised (column method) to measure this value in large,

undisturbed columns which are carved out in situ. Experience with
similar soils in the Netherlands suggests that K
may not be very low
after swelling because the cracks do not close completely. K
values
should be measured in some major soils with the method discussed, which
is suitable for measurements above the water table. The Hooghoudt auger
hole method will be used to asses K . below the water table.

40

SECTION 6 CONSULTANTS' REMUNERATION

The fee for consulting services as described in this proposal amounts to
Dfl. 2,280,000 specified as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

professional services
mobilization, demobilization and international
air travel
daily subsistance allowance and camping
facilities
local transport
aerial photography, grond control and topographical mapping
local personnel
topographical and soil survey equipment
local office and communications expenses
soil analysis
reporting, mapping and reproduction

Total

Dfl. 1,507,700
Dfl.

126,500

Dfl.
Dfl.

215,800
92,500

Dfl.
Dfl.
Dfl.
Dfl.
Dfl.
Dfl.

170,900
35,500
20,300
32,200
8,600
70,000

Dfl. 2,280,000

The calculation of the Consultant's fee is based on the following assumptions :

The Consultant and their personnel will be exempted from payment of
any taxes, charges, duties, rates, levies, revenues and fees of
what ever nature.
In case any of the above taxes, charges etc. have to be paid in
accordance with the law of Kenya, such payments will be reimbursed
to the Consultant by the client upon submission of the vouchers.
In compliance with the wish expressed by the Client to start the
study early 1981 it has been assumed that the starting date will
not be later than February 1, 1981 which would permit the execution
of at least the major part of the reconnaissance surveys before the
flooding season of April-June.
In case no contract can be concluded on or before February 1, 1981
because of procedural reasons, the Consultant is nevertheless
prepared to start the reconnaissance surveys on the basis of a
provisional agreement to be reached on or before February 1, 1981
provided the contract would be signed on or before May 1, 1981. A
draft provisional agreement has been included as an example.
The Client will make available all aerial photographs of the project area taken in 1978 and any other material and data collected
and published in Kenya, the cost of which shall be born by the
Consultants.

41

PRATT
TANA DELTA IRRIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
PROVISIONAL AGREEMENT TO PROCEED WITH INITIAL OPERATIONS
The Tana River Development Authority of Kenya and DHV Raadgevend
Ingenieursbureau BV (DHV Consulting Engineers), Amersfoort, the Netherlands, representing the consortium of DHV Consulting Engineers BV, HVA
International BV and the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute:
having agreed on the principles contained in the draft contract for
the Tana Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study
intending to draw up a contract in order to formalise the said
agreement
are nevertheless desirous to start the execution of the project
before the next flooding season
Agree that the consortium will start initial operations pending the
signature of the contract under the following conditions:
parties hereby declare that they are adequately acquainted with the
principle contents of the draft contract so that further details
need not be included here
the initial operations include:
the reconnaissance topographical and soil surveys including
data collection, interpretation of aerial photographs, field
surveys soil analysis, mapping and reporting
the recruitment of the required local personnel, the installation and operation of a base camp in the project area
the purchase or rent of the required vehicles, instruments,
equipment and other necessary materials
Within six weeks after the date of signature of this provisional agreement the Tana River Development Authority will send or arrange for
payment instructions to the Nederlandse Investerings Bank voor Ontwikkelingslanden (NIO) for the payment of an amount of Dfl. 457,500 as
payment to the consortium for the afore mentioned initial operations.
Parties intend to sign the contract on or before May 1, 1981. This
provisional agreement does not bind the Tana River Development Authority
to accept in part or in whole the draft contract referred above.
Nairobi,

for: Tana River Development

Authority

1981

for: the Consortium

DHV Consulting Engineers

Curricula Vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE
W.A. IN 'T VELD

Family name:

IN 'T VELD

First names;

Willem Arie

Year of birth:

1928

Nationality:

Netherlands

Education:
1951

B.Sc. degree in Civil Engineering,

College of Advanced Technology,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Main subject:
Construction
Special subject:
Hydrology

Languages :
English, French, German, Dutch
Professional
affiliations:
Member of the Netherlands Institute
of Registered Engineers (NIRIA)
Present position:
since 1974

Regional Manager for Asia and The

Middle East,
Overseas Projects Department,
DHV Consulting Engineers,
Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Employment record:
1951-1973

Project Engineer
DHV Consulting Engineers

W.A. IN 'T VELD

Professional experience;
1959-1961

Tunisia:
Design Engineer,
Technical Assistance Project
(Ministry of Public Works, Tunis)
- Design and supervision of road
construction and bridges

1963

Chad:
In charge of supervision of land
levelling and land preparation for
industrial development

1963-1964

Iran:
Design engineer,
Dez Pilot Irrigation Project
- Supervision of construction
. earthworks, canals
. lining and compacting
. hydraulic structures and water
control structures

1964-1965, 1968

1967

Burundi:
Hydrological study for two hydropower stations
- Collection, measuring and elaboration of hydrological, climatological and topographical data.
- Preparation of preliminary report
and tender documents
Jordan:
Member of a Nedeco team engaged
in an Agro- and Socio-Economic
Study for the Yarmouk and Jordan
Valley Project
- Hydrological, irrigation and
drainage studies for an area
of 50 000 ha
- Engineering design for lined
canals, drains, structures and
erosion control works and rehabilitation of existing irrigation system
- Preparation of cost estimates
in order to determine the economic
feasibility of the project

W.A. IN 'T VELD

1969

Iraq:
Member of a FAO-team, engaged in
the planning and the preparation
of a pilot project for soil and
water management and in training
for irrigated land development
and settlement in the Greater
Mussayib Project

1969-1970

Afghanistan:
Member of a team engaged in the
evaluation of small scale irrigation projects
Preparation of basic design for two
selected projects

1970-1974

Indonesia:
Team leader for the Prosida B,
Irrigation Rehabilitation Project
comprising:
- the Pemali Comal Project
(Central Java, 125 000 ha)
- the Ciujung Project
(West Java, 25 000 ha)
- the Sadang Project
(South Sulawesi, 50,000 ha)

1974-1977

Korea:
Project director for the Nagdong
River Basin Delta Study

1974-1980

Iraq:
Project sponsor for the Hilla
Diwaniya Irrigation Project
(300 000 ha)

1975-1980

Indonesia:
Project director for the Luwu
Irrigation Project
(Sulawesi, 100 000 ha)

1975-date

Iraq:
Project director for the Abu Ghraib
Regional Development Project
(160 000 ha)
September 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE
F .J .W. KAPPERS

Family name:

KAPPERS

First names:

Filippus Jacob Wolfgang

Year of birth:

1947

Nationality:

Netherlands

Education:
1968

Diploma assistant surve

1969

PBNA diploma in surveyi

Course in the Technique of Geodesy

1972

Diploma Technical College

Languages :
English, French, German, Dutch
Present position:
since 1969

Surveyor,
Survey and Mapping Section
DHV Consulting Engineers,
Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Employment record:
1963-1966

Design engineer,
Provincial Electricity Company

1966-1968

Design engineer and surveyor,

DHV Consulting Engineers,
Amersfoort, The Netherlands

1968-1969

Military Service

Professional
experience:
1969-date

Surveyor,
DHV Consulting Engineers
- Topographical surveys for
cadastral and infrastructural
works
- Calculation and mapping

F.J.W. KAPPERS
1974-1975

1975

1977-1978

1979

Kenya:
Chief surveyor,
Study for the development of the
Tana River Basin
Topographical survey of the road
network
Brazil:
. hydrographie and morphological
survey of the Rio Capim for the
transport of bauxite by pushtow barges
Zambia:
Chief surveyor for the Kafue Flats
Hydrological Study
- Execution of hydrological measurement programme
- Topographical survey of inundated
areas
Zambia:
Topographical survey of the ChamaMuchota cause-way through the marshes
in Southern Zambia

August 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE
M.M. SCHENKEVELD

Family name:

SCHENKEVELD

First names:

Maarten Matthias

Year of birth:

1941

Nationality:

Netherlands

Education:
1967

M.Sc.degree in Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology

Special subjects:
Irrigation, drainage, hydrology
and steel construction

1975

Postgraduate course in Industrial

economics

Languages :
English, French, German, Dutch,
Spanish, Bahasa Indonesia
Professional
affiliations:
Member of the Royal Institution
of Engineers in the Netherlands
(KIVI)
Present position:
since 1972

Senior Hydrologist,
Hydraulics, Port and Road Engineering
Department,
DHV Consulting Engineers,
Amersfoort, The Netherlands

M.M. SCHENKEVELD
Employment record:
1965

Assistant supervisor with EDOK,

Athens for the construction of
an earthfill dam in Greece, to
be used for river control in a
rehabilitation and irrigation
project

1966-1967

Engineer, Department of Public

Works of the Province of ZuidHolland, The Hague
Design of a movable steel bridge

1968-1969

Staff member of FAO mission to

Uganda (East Africa). Appraisal
of various watersheds and their
resources. Reconnaissance of irrigable land possibilities in
these watersheds. Design of the
Nyamugasani irrigation scheme

1969-1971

Staff member of FAO. Hydrology

expert of a mission to Greece
studying the water resources
and their exploitation for irrigation in Eastern Crete. Collection, processing and evaluation of hydro-meteorological
data
Statistical studies on long term
and extreme values of floods with
the aid of computers

1971-1972

Hydraulic engineer,
DHV Consulting Engineers

Professional
experience :
1972

Masterplan for Water Supply and

Sewage, Dakar, Senegal

1972

Shinyanga Rural Water Supply Project,

Tanzania: Feasibility study

M.M. SCHENKEVELD
1972

1972-1973

Senegal:
Irrigation Engineer,
Design and supervision of irrigation schemes for a sugar project
at Richard Toll
Colombia:
Resident Hydraulic Engineer,
Rio Magdalena Flood control project.
Hydrology study, collection of
data, selection of stations, design
of hydrological model of river
basin in view of flood control

1974

Algeria:
Feasibility study for a new port
east of Algiers. In charge of
hydrological studies for the design of a detour of the river Isser
around the projected port

1975

Kenya:
Lower Tana River Basin roads project.
In charge of hydrological studies
to estimate design discharges of
the Tana River and its seasonal
tributaries with a view to designing road-crossing structures

1975

Tanzania:
Mtibwa Irrigation Scheme
Project leader, in charge of the
hydrological studies, of the design
and of the preparation of tender documents
The project includes a pumping
station, sandtrap and a main canal
and will serve a sprinkler system
for a sugar estate

1976-1978

Indonesia:
Project manager,
Six Cities Water Supply Project
Preparation of masterplans of watersupply systems in six cities
throughout Indonesia.

M.M. SCHENKEVELD
The masterplans included sociological,
hydrological, engineering, economical
and financial studies. The project
was extended to include preparation
of detailed designs and tender
documents
1978

1978-1980

Mozambique:
Maputo Urban Drainage Project.
Hydrological studies to estimate
rainfall and runoff volumes.
Design of main drainage canal
Tanzania:
Project Manager,
Msolwa Irrigation Project.
Rehabilitation of the sprinkler
irrigation on a sugar estate.
Supervision of fieldwork, design of
canals, structures and pressure
pump stations
Coordination of supervision of
execution

1979

Laos:
Houei Vang-H Irrigation Project.
Pre-investment mission to evaluate
Government plan of the project in
view of UNDCF financing.
Pre-investment mission for the UNDCF
for funding of irrigation brigades
and resettlement projects in the
Province of Xieng Khouang

1979-1980

Yemen Arab Republic:

Project manager,
Wadi Rima Irrigation Project
Pre-selection of tenders, evaluation
of tender bids and supervision of
execution

1980

Somali Dem. Rep.:

Pre-investment mission for the UNCDF
for funding of rehabilitation of
water reservoirs and implementation
of a flood-irrigation project

M.M. SCHENKEVELD
o

Special studies;
- Trials of a mathematical watershed model (co-author)
Technical note of the Eastern
Crete Project
- Watershed model of Messara
basins
Working Document of the Eastern
Crete Project
- Computer Programmes on Hydrology
Working Document of the Eastern
Crete Project
- Computer Programme on costs and
benefits including the rate of
return for development proposals
in Messara
Working Decument of the Eastern
Crete Project

June 1980

Curriculum vitae: J.Stolp

Family name

Stolp

First name

Jaap

Year or birth

1940

Nationality

Netherlands

Education

1966 M.Sc. degree in Soil Science and Agrochemistry, State Agricultural University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Main subjects: Regional Soil Science and
Fertilizers
Special subjects: Plant production and
statistics.
19.76 Post-graduate course in management and
operations research.

Languages

Dutch, English, German, French.

Professional affiliations

Member of the Netherlands Institute of Agri^

cultural Engineers-.
Member of the Royal Netherlands Agricultural
Society.
Member of the Dutch Soil Science Society.
Scientific supervisor in the Department of

Present position

commissioned and systematical surveys of the

Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Employment record 1967-1974

Regional study soils-landscape in pleistocene and

holocene areas in the northern part of the
Netherlands; soil evaluation in this region;
soil survey of this area on scale 1:50,000
(systematic Soil Map of the Netherlands).

1974-1975: Soil survey and soil survey interpretations on

scale 1:10,000/25,000 of an area in the marine
district (Friesland) for a land reclamation
project.

1975-now : Supervising scientific and technical aspects

of projects on soil survey and interpretations
for a varied number of commissioned surveys on
different scales for agricultural (hydrological)
purpose, mainly concerning surveys in marine
and rivierine areas.

- 2 - .
Continuation curriculum vitae: J.Stolp.
Special assignments

1962: Syria: Soil survey in the Euphrates valley

and surroundings (Tabqua dam project).
Survey sample areas and reconnaissance survey.
1976: Zambia: Evaluation mission to the Luena Flats
Self Help Drainage project (Zambia).

Curriculum vitae: J.J.Vleeshouwer

Family name

: Vleeshouwer

First name

: 'Jan

Year of birth

: 1924

Nationality

: Netherlands.

Education

: 1948 B.Sc.College for Tropical Agriculture,

Deventer, The Netherlands.
1977 Post-graduate course in management and
operations research.

Languages

: Dutch, English, German, French.

Professional affiliations

: Member of the Dutch Soil Science Society

Member of the Royal Netherlands Geographic
Society.

Present position

: Head of the Department of Systematic Surveys

of the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute,
Wageningen.

Employment record 1948-1960: Soil surveyor and soil survey party chief of
the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen.
1960-1962: Soil survey specialist in the FAO Soil Survey
Project of the desert fringes in Egypt.
1962-1968: Soil Survey Party chief of the Netherlands
Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen.
1968-1969: Soil survey specialist in the FAO Pre-Investment
Survey of the North-Western coastal zone of
Egypt.
1969-1972: Soil correlator for Systematic Surveys of the
Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen.
1972-1976: Soil Survey Specialist in the Kenya Soil Survey
Project.
. . 1976: Zambia: Evaluation mission to the Luena Flats
Self Help Drainage project (Zambia)
1976: Head of the Department of Systematic country
wide surveys of the Netherlands Soil Survey
Institute, Wageningen.

Curriculum vitae: J.Mulder

Family name

Mulder

First name

John

Year of birth

1948

Nationality

Netherlands

Education

1968 Diploma Horticultural College, Nijmegen,

The. Netherlands
1976 Course on Soil Science, Wageningen, The
Netherlands.

Languages

: Dutch, English, German, working knowledge of

French.

Present position

: Soil surveyor. Department of commissioned surveys.

Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Employment record

1970: Soil survey and soil survey interpretations on

scale 1:10,000/50,000 in holocene and pleistocene
areas in the Netherlands. As party-chief responsible for the soil survey and the reporting of
a marine area north of Amsterdam and recently
of the riverine area of the Over-Betuwe-Oost
(near Arnhem).

Curriculum vitae: G.van der Veen.

Family name

Van der Veen

First name

Gerben

Year of birth

1948

Nationality

Netherlands

Education

1971 B.Sc.Agricultural College, Leeuwarden,

The Netherlands.
1971 Certificate of Training Course, Netherlands
Volunteers, Royal Institute for the Tropics
Amsterdam.

Language

: Dutch, English, German, French. Elementary working knowledge of Kiswhahili.

Present position

: Since 1974 soil surveyor (soil survey engineer).

Department of commissioned surveys of the Soil
Survey Institute, Wageningen. The Netherlands.

Employment record 1971-1973: Agricultural Adviser in Zambia with the Organization of Netherlands Volunteers, Min. of Foreign
Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands.
1974: Soil Survey and soil survey interpretations on
scale 1:10,000/25,000 in various regions in the
Netherlands, mainly in the holocene (marine)
district.
Special duty: the estimation of hydraulic
conductivity due to differences in texture and
structure of soil material.

page 1 of 2
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name of Firm

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V.

Name of Person

Cornelis M.R. Draijer

Date of Birth

July 21, 1926

Nationality

Dutch

Profession

Agronomist

Position in Firm

Senior Consultant

Specialization in Firm

Agricultural Consultancy in (sub) tropical crops

Years with Firm

(a)

as permanent full-time staff member:

(b)

as part-time specialist

27

KEY QUALIFICATIONS
M

.ii_<tegj:ee_and_2 7_year^_of_e^p^riene

agricultural development planning

agriculture of tropical crops

general agricultural production

sugar cane

water use for irrigation

sisal

gravity irrigation

vegetables

sprinkler irrigation
farm mechanization
agricultural research
Degree_ofResponsibility
at head office Amsterdam

1968 to present

responsible for the agronomic aspects of

(pre)-feasibility

studies and detailed studies of sugar cane projects in

African countries; follow-up of projects under implementation;
onsaltant to. sugarcane projects.

at sugar estates "Wonji","Shoa", Metahara", Ethiopia and. "Kilombero", Tanzania as agronomist and agricultural adviser.

1953 - 1968

EDUCATION
Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
1950

: B.Sc. in Tropical Agriculture

1952

: M.Sc. in Tropical Agriculture

EXPERIENCE

client/secondment/project
196 8 to present

commodity/industry

activity

country

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL, Amsterdam; senior agronomist: advisory, design,

management services in (sub) tropical agriculture

Min. of Agriculture

sugar cane

feasibility study

Ghana

Min. of Agriculture

sugar cane

feasibility study

Tanzania

sugar cane

feasibility study

Sudan

Min. of Agriculture

sugar cane

feasibility study

Yemen Arab
Rep.

Min. of Agriculture

cotton

feasibility study

Yemen Arab
Rep.

Min. of Agriculture

C.M.R. Drainer
page 2 of 2
EXPERIENCE (continued)
client/secondment/project

commodity/industry

Min. of Agriculture
Min. of Agriculture

vegetables
sugar cane
various projects

1953 - 1968

activity

country

feasibility study
implementation
identification various
projects

Kenya
Sudan
Africa and
Middle East

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL, Amsterdam; agronomist: permanent overseas

assignment.

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C.

sugar cane

crop management
soil management
furrow irrigation
pest and disease control
test fields, various
subjects
field mechanization
Ethiopia

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C.

cotton, sisal

crop management
test fields, various
subjects

Ethiopia

crop management
furrow irrigation
soil management
field mechanization
disease control
test fields, various
subjects

Ethiopia

crop management
soil management
field mechanization
sprinkler irrigation

Tanzania

H.V.A.-Metahara S.C.

Kilombero Sugar Company

sugar cane

sugar cane

LANGUAGE
Speaking
Reading
Writing

DATE: May 1980

English
good
good
good

French
poor
fair
poor

German
poor
fair
poor

SIGNATURE:

Dutc
exc.
exc.
exc.

CURRICULUM VITAE
C A . DE VRIES
Family name;

DE VRIES

First names;

Cornells Anthonie

Year of birth;

1925

Nationality;

Netherlands

Education:
1951

B.Sc. degree in Tropical Agriculture

College for Tropical Agriculture
Deventer, The Netherlands

1967

M.Sc. degree in Agriculture

Agricultural University
Wageningen, The Netherlands

Languages ;
English, French, German, Bahasa
Indonesia, Dutch
Present position;
1968-date

Senior Scientific Officer

Department of Agricultural Research
Royal Tropical Institute
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The duties include:
- coordination of the education
activities of the Department
- providing consulting services and
information on the production of
tropical and subtropical crops, in
particular on food crops and rural
extension
- evaluating development projects
and participating in feasibility
studies for the Institute,
The Netherlands Government,
private companies and international
organizations

C A . DE VRIES
- collecting, processing and disseminating data on tropical and
subtropical agriculture and related
fields
- teaching tropical crops and agricultural extension in courses for
Netherlands agriculturists going
to the tropics, in international
courses, and in courses in The
Netherlands for Indonesian participants
- advising the Organization of
Netherlands' Volunteers on agricultural matters
Special task:
- Director of the NUFFIC International
Course on Agro-based Industries
Employment record;
1952-1959

Indonesia:
Head, Section for Land and Water
Management,
Agricultural Experimental Station
Kota Nica, West Irian

1959-1962

District supervisor
Extension Service
Manokwari, West Irian

1964-1968

The Netherlands:
Scientific officer
International Institute for Land
Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI)
Wageningen

Professional
experience:
1969-1971

India:
Studies on possibilities of improvement of nutrition and agriculture
in Andhra Pradesh State
(Indo-Dutch Project for Child Welfare)

CA.

DE VRIES

1972

Nigeria:
Study on opportunities for assistance
by Netherlands Volunteers in agricultural projects in Northern Nigeria
(Netherlands Government)

1973

Study of the performance of Netherlands Volunteers in agriculture in

relation to agricultural planning
in Northern Nigeria
(Netherlands Government)

1974

Thailand:
Implementation study of a Rainfed
Upland Crop Pioneer Project in North
East Thailand
(ILACO, Netherlands/IBRD)

1974

Cameroon:
Evaluation of Volunteers Services
at Rural Training Centre,
(DNV, Netherlands/Inspection visit
School Farm at Ndoung)
(Board of Missions of The Netherlands
Reformed Church)

1975

Nigeria:
Feasibility study on the production
of crops
(Government East Central State
Nigeria)

1975

Colombia:
Study of agricultural potentialities
of the Nechi and Mompos regions
(Netherlands Government)

1976

Nigeria:
Project leader pre-feasibility study
on the production, processing and
storage of agricultural products
(Government of East Central State
Nigeria)

1976

Kenya:
Feasibility study irrigation project
Loyapat
(Board of Missions of The Netherlands
Reformed Church)

C A . DE VRIES
1976

Nigeria:
Project leader feasibility study on
the production, processing and
storage of agricultural products
(Government East Central State
Nigeria)

1976

Brazil:
Reconnaissance study on the production
and supply of cassava for the processing industry in several States of
Brazil
(Koninklijke Scholten-Honig Ltd.,
The Netherlands)

1977

Nigeria:
Final reporting feasibility study
on the production, processing and
storage of agricultural products,
including cassava, maize and rice
(Nigerian Government, East Central
State) .

1977

Tanzania:
Consultant in feasibility study on
establishment of sugar cane and rice
estates in the Mtware/Ruvuma Region
(HVA, The Netherlands)

1979

Philippines:
Consultant in pre-feasibility study
on cassava processing
(Alpha Engineering, The Netherlands)

1979

Cameroon:
Feasibility study of production of
cassava for processing into starch
and glucose in East Camroun
(HVA/HAI, The Netherlands)

1980

Sao Tom:
Evaluation study of the project on
research of food crop production
(Netherlands Government)

C A . DE VRIES
1980

Angola:
Identification study of possibilities
for development of root and tuber
crop production and processing
(FAO)

December 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name of Firm

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V.

Name of Person

Arnold J.S. Looijen

Date of Birth

July 1 4 , 19 39

Nationality

Dutch

Profession

Industrial Engineer

Position in Firm

Senior Officer

Specialisation in Firm

Training Projects Engineering

Years with Firm

(a)

as permanent full-time staff member

(b)

as part-time specialist

page 1 of 3

KEY QUALIFICATIONS
Mechanical/Industrial Engineer Graduate

(B.Sc.) and 19 y e a r s o f experience

training management
project engineering and co-ordination of agro-industrial training schemes
project management of centralized in-company".training schemes
coordination and liaison of aircraft production projects
supervision of operation and maintenance in cane sugar factories
sales engineering of pneumatic and hydraulic control systems
Degree_of .responsibility.
1977 to present

at head office Amsterdam as co-ordinator of projects

responsible for the co-ordination and development of
an extensive training project at Zuenoula in Ivory
Coast
involved in the training and engineering aspects of
development and feasibility studies pertinent to H.V.A.'s
management and consultancy activities in African and
Latin-American countries

1974

1977

at head office Fokker VFW-Amsterdam/Schipol

liaison officer
responsible for production planning and control thereof

1968 - 1974

at sugar estate

Shoa , Ethiopia

manager Centralized Training Centre

responsible for the complete organization and
implementation of industrial training schemes for the
Ethiopian Sugar Industry
EDUCATION
Technical College, The Hague, The Netherlands
1961

: B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering

Business Administration College, Nijenrode, The Netherlands

1964

: Graduate, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering

Management and Administration, I.M.D.I. - U.S.A.

1973

: Certificate; decision making, management of organizational

changes and behaviour

A.S.J. Looijen
page 2 of 3
EXPERIENCE
client/secondment/proj ect

oommodity/industry

activity

country

1977 to present : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; training engineer; responsible

for the planning, organisation and coordination of training requirements,
pertinent to agro-industrial projects in (sub)-tropical crops countries
Sodesucre

sugar industry
(Zuenoula project)

Government
Government

sugar industry
sugar industry

1974 - 1977

aircraft industry"

Shoa sugar estate

pneumatic and
hydraulic control
systems

in charge of
centralised
training centre

Ethiopia

in season factory
operations, off
season factory
maintenance, on the
job training of
technical staff
Ethiopia

acquisition and
sales, design and
implementation

The
Netherlands

van Swaay B.V., The Hague; project engineer

air conditioning
systems, dehumidifying
equipment

van Swaay B.V.

1961 - 1963

Wonji, Shoa
Metahara sugar
estates

F.B. West N.V., The Hague; sales engineer

F.B. West N.V.

1964 - 1965

The
Netherlands

: H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; mechanical engineer: permanent

overseas assignment

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C.

1965 - 1968

production
planning
coordination

: H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; training manager: permanent

overseas assignment

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C.

1968 - 1970

Ivory Coast
Congo
Ecuador

Fokker, VFW, B.V., Amsterdam* liaison officer:

Fokker, VFW B.V.

1970 - 1974

development and
implementation
of training
study
.study

design,
contracting,
implementation

The
Netherlands

: Vereenigde Ijzerhandel N.V., Utrecht; technical manager

Ver. Ijzerhandel N.V.

scrap iron
processing
industry

processing of scrap
iron, maintenance;
buildings/plant
procurement; machinery/
materials
development
The
Netherlands

A.S.J. Looijen
page 3 of 3
LANGUAGES
English

French

German

Dutch

good
exc.
good

fair
fair
fair

good
good
fair

exc.
exc.
exc.

Speaking
Reading
Writing

DATE:

September 1980

SIGNATURE:

page 1 of 2
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name of Firm

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL

Name of Person

George Stegwee

Date of Birth

November 28, 1920

Nationality

Dutch

Profession

Economist

B.V.

Position in Firm

Senior Consultant

Specialisation in Firm

Financing, Costing and Budgeting

Years with Firm

(a)

as permanent full-time staff member

(b)

as part-time specialist

33

KEY QUALIFICATIONS
l222Si_y_l?iil_aS_13_Years_of_exp_eriene
agro-industry

economics

agro-industry

financing

agro-industry

project design/planning

financial analysis
social cost/budget analysis
business administration
financial management
Degree of responsibility
1952 to present

at head office, Amsterdam

as financial advisor seconded to the H.V.A.-management

1947-

1952

at H.V.A. head office, Surabaya, Indonesia

as financial and organisational controller for H.V.A.-sugar,
sisal, tapioca and rubber estates in Java

EDUCATION
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
1947

: M.Sc.

(Economics)

EXPERIENCE
client/secondment/pro j ect

commodity/industry

activity

country

1976 to present : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V..Amsterdam; senior economist/financial advisor:

responsible for financing, costing, budgeting, planning, consulting and
management services in tropical agro-industry and co-ordination technical
assistance agreement with - nationalised - Ethiopian sugar companies
Government

( nationalised
( H.V.A.-interests

Sudeco
sugar cane
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture

rice
sunflower

Ministry of Agriculture

sugar cane

( technical
( assistance
( agreement

Ethiopia

feasibility
study

Tanzania

feasibility
study

Tanzania

feasibility
study

Tanzania

(pre) feasibility
study
Costa Rica

G. Stegwee
page 2 of 2
EXPERIENCE (continued)
client/secondment/project
1952 - 19?6

activity

country

: H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; economist/financial adviser:

responsible for financial analysis, budgeting, accounting, planning for
H.V.A.'s Ethiopian agro-industrial projects, including sugar, tea, fruit
and vegetables, confectionery, utilisation of molasses etc.

H.V.A.-International B.V.

1947 - 1952

commodity/industry

(sub) tropical
agro-industry

The Netherlands

: H.V.A.-Group of Companies, Amsterdam; economist: permanent overseas

assignment

H.V.A.-Indonesia

estate organisation
administration
accounting

sugar estates
sisal estates
tapioca estates
rubber estates

Indonesia

LANGUAGES
English

French

German

Dutch

good
good
good

good
good
good

fair
fair
fair

exc.
exc.
exc.

Speaking
Reading
Writing

DATE:

September 1980

SIGNATURE:

CURRICULUM VITAE
J.D. HEIJNEN

Family name:

HEIJNEN

First names;

Johannes Danil

Year of birth:

1936

Nationality:

Netherlands

Education:
1964

M.Sc. degree in Geography,

University of Utrecht,
The Netherlands

1968

Ph.D. degree in Economic-Geography,

University of Utrecht,
The Netherlands

Languages :
English, French, German, Dutch,
Bahasa Indonesia, Swahili
Professional
affiliations :
Member of the Netherlands Geographic
Society (KNAG)
Present position:
since 1977

Senior Regional Planner,

Department of Urban and Regional
Planning
DHV Consulting Engineers,
Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Employment record:
1964-1967

Research Fellow,
Institute of Anthropology,
University of Utrecht

1967-1977

Senior Lecturer,
Economic Geography in the developing
countries
Institute of Geography
University of Utrecht

J.D. HEIJNEN
Professional experience:
1961-1962

Indonesia:
Demographic fieldwork and regional
plan evaluation in the Nimboran
region, Irian Barat

1964-1967

Tanzania:
Multidisciplinary study in the Mwanza
Region for the Dutch Study Centre
of Education in developing countries
concerning migration and employment
generation in agriculture

1967-1968

The Netherlands:
Preparation of Ph.D. degree
Institute of Geography,
University of Utrecht

1968-1970

Tanzania:
Research fellow at the Bureau of
Resource Assessment and Land Use
Planning (BRALUP) at Dar as Salaam.
Studies concerning:
- district planning in Nzega District
- water supply in the Iringa Region
- diamond production in the
Mwadui Mines, Shinyanga Region
- preparation of regional plans
for the national Second Five years
plan

1970-1971

Tanzania:
Evaluation/participation in the
Lushoto Integrated Development
Project (health, water supply,
low-cost housing, horticulture,
marketing)

1971

The Netherlands:
Teaching assignment at the Geographic
Institute, University of Utrect,
concerning: rural development,
research methodology, project
preparation and evaluation, aerial
photo interpretation and mapping

J.D. HEIJNEN
1972-1973

Kenya:
Demographic and farm-economic studyin two areas in Machakos District,
for the Royal Dutch Institute for
the Tropics

1973

Ethiopia:
Pilot study in South-West Ethiopia
for the Ethiopian Coffee Board, concerning the possibilities for diversification of coffee production

1974

Kenya:
Evaluation of three development
projects in Western-Kenya for NOVIB
The Hague

1975-1976

Indonesia:
Study on production and marketing
of vegetables in West-Java and Bali
for the Dutch Technical Assistance
Programme

1976-1977

Kenya:
Feasibility study for "multi-purpose
co-operatives in Western Kenya for
NOVIB, The Hague

1977

1977-1979

1978

Lesotho:
Preparation of course on the use of
aerial photography in farm-economic
surveys for the University of
Lesotho
Suriname :
Teamleader regional development
plans for Eastern and Central
Suriname
Indonesia:
Preparation of a detailed transmigration project in the province of
Jambi, Sumatra, sponsored by the
IBRD,
- Overall socio-economic and financial evaluation of proposed
settlement projects

J.D. HEIJNEN
1978-1979

S.E. Asia:
Teamleader for the preparation of a
manual on rural centre planning in
ESCAP countries, sponsored by ESCAP

1978-1980

Chad-Cameroon-Nigeria-Niger :
Project manager of an international
group of experts for the preparation
of a long term development plan for
the conventional lake Chad Basin,
sponsored by UNDP

1980

1980-date

The Netherlands:
Preparation of detailed proposals
for the evaluation of the Dutch International Education Programme
Indonesia:
Project Director,
S.E. Sulawesi Transmigration and
area development project. Sponsored
by the Asian Development Bank

Publications:

1967

Results of a Job Preference Test

administered to pupils in St. VIII,
Mwanza, Tanzania. In: Sheffield
J.R. (Ed.): Education, Employment
and Rural Development
E.A. Publishing House, Nairobi

1968

Development and Education in the

Mwanza District (Tanzania), a case
study of migration and peasant
farming. Dissertation
Published by Bronder, Rotterdam

1974

National Policy, Foreign Aid and

Rural Development. A case study of
LIDEP's vegetable component in
Lushoto District (Tanzania)
Published by G.I., Utrecht

1975

Tanzania:
Published by Romen, Bussum

J.D. HEIJNEN
1976

African Agriculture, an uncertain

perspective
Geographic Magazine X

1978

Chapter in course book on agroeconomic Surveys in Leshoto

1979

Editor of "Guidelines for

Rural Centre Planning",
ESCAP, New York

1980

Contribution to "Zicht op de Landbouw"

Chapter on Agriculture in Developing
Countries
Published by Romen, Bussum

July 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE
P.G. BLOK

Family name;

BLOK

First, names;

PETER GERARD

Year of birth;

1944

Nationality;

Netherlands

Education:
1973

1975-1976

1978

M.Sc. in Human Geography

University of Amsterdam
Main subject: Planning
Special subjects: Demography,
Modern History of China
Course in demographic analysis
Institute d'Etudes Dmographique
Sorbonne, Paris
Ph.D. in Social Sciences
University of Utrecht
thesis: some demographic data collecting methods as applied in rural
Kenya

Languages :
English, French, German, Dutch
Present position;
since 1979

Regional p1anner/Demographer/
Health planner
Department of Urban and Regional
Development
DHV Consulting Engineers
Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Employment record:
1973-1975

1977

Demographer
Medical Research Centre
Nairobi, Kenya
Demographic Adviser
World Health Organization
Geneva Switserland

P.G. Blok
Manpower Planner
NEDECO/DHV office
Paramaribo, Suriname
1979

Demographic Adviser
World Health Organization
Switzerland, Sudan and Mauritius

1979

Research Fellow
Department of Social Scientific
Research
University of Leiden

1975

Kenya:
Demographer for the Joint Project
Machakos,
an epidemiological study of the
Machokos district
- analysis of the population development (40 000 inn)
- execution and coordination of field
censuses for set-up of control
system
- training of census-takers
- evaluation of effectiveness of the
Kenyan Civil Registration Scheme
for the Office of the Registrar
General
- social-economic studies for agricultural development planning
- interpretation and photogrametric
mapping for demographic and agricultural purposes
- assistance to the set-up of a data
processing system
- preparation of a regional development plan for the Machakos district
and a local water supply project
Nigeria:
Advice to the staff of the Malumfashi
Project
A joint project of the Liverpool
School of Tropical Hygiene and the
ABU University of Kano

P.G. BLOK
1977

Organization of a "Family Health

Monitoring System" for the World
Health Organization

1977

Suriname :
Manpower planner for the regional
development plans of East and West
Suriname and the Pad van Wanica area
with special attention to the. demographic and agricultural aspects of
these plans and training of students
of the University of Suriname as
field interviewers

1978-1979

Studies in Geneva and Sudan for the

World Health Organization on:
The medical and non-medical factors
affecting the level and pattern of
infant mortality for the sedentary
and non-sedentary population in
urban and rural areas of the Sudan
Mauritius:
Study of cooperation between World
Health Organization and the Ministry
of Health on infant mortality

1979

Research on demographic data collecting methods and definition of the

most suitable method to establish the
number of migrants from Suriname in
the Netherlands

1978

"Some demographic data collecting

methods as applied in rural Kenya"
Published in: Utrechtse Geografische
Studies

1979

Infant and Childhood mortality in

Sudan

1979

Demography of Surinamers in the

Netherlands

Publications:

June 1980

H.V.A.-International B.V.-Amsterdam (Holland)

MINNE MEINDERT VELDMAN

Date of birth
Nationality
Education

March 31 1929
Dutch
Agricultural University, Wageningen,
M.Sc.
Major subjects: Animal husbandry, Farm
management, Economics.

Member of the Zootechnical Society.

EE2e.Ei22I_e.2EEie.D2e.
Present appointment

Managing Director of the Cooperative

for Artificial Insemination in Cattle
"Zuid-West Nederland", Gouda, Holland.

1969

1975

Project Manager/Livestock Economist

for projects carried out in Africa and
Latin America on behalf of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, The Hague.

1956

1969

Provincial Director of the Animal Husbandry, Livestock and Extension Service

of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Fields _of_sp_ecial_comDetence
Farm management and economic aspects of
livestock production;
training in agriculture and animal husbandry .

H.V.A.-International B.V.-Amsterdam (Holland)

List of_2ublications

Dairy Farming in Ethiopia (1961)

Dairy Farming in Algerian Coastal
Areas (F.A.O. 1964)
Jersey Cattle in Scandinavian countries
(1965)
Large scale farming in Scandinavia (1966
Farmers training in Kenya (1974)
Dairy development in Nigeria (1975)
Project developments in Columbia (1975)
Dairy economics in Zambia (1976)
Sudanese Dairy Prospects (1977)
Dairy developments in Sri Lanka (1978)

Languages

Dutch, English, French, German, Swahili.