Grade 11

Chapter 3
86.
An electrolyte: is a solution that dissolves in water to give ions. SQ1
87.
A strong electrolyte: is one that dissolves and exclusively gives ions. ( ex NaCl, HCl , NaOH) SQ2
88.
A weak electrolyte: is one that partially dissociates into ions in solution (ex CH3COOH) SQ3, 4
89.
Water is a weak electrolyte
90.
For water, Kw = 1014 and in pure water [OH] = [H+] = 1.00 107 M
SQ5
91.
Dissociation of water is endothermic: as temperature increases, the concentrations of ions increases so
Kw increases SQ6
92.
In aqueous solutions Kw = [H+][OH] at all times
SQ7, 8, 9
+
93.
[H ] and [OH ] can be calculated in a given strong acid solution of known conc. BQ1a, Q33, p.113
94.
[H+] and [OH-] can be calculated in a given strong acid solution of known conc. BQ1b , Q31, p 113
95.
Examples of strong/weak acids and their dissociation in water.
SQ56
Strong acids
Weak acids
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq)
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
HCN(aq) H+(aq) + CN-(aq)
HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
HBr(aq) H+(aq) + Br-(aq)
H2CO3(aq) 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
HI(aq) H+(aq) + I-(aq)
H2SO3(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)
HClO4(aq) H+(aq) + ClO4-(aq)
H2S(aq) 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)
H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)
H3PO3(aq) 3H+(aq) + PO33-(aq)
H3PO4(aq) 3H+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
96. Operational definition: a definition based on set of actions that can be performed in the lab. SQ11
97. Operational definition of acids
SQ13

Acids react with bases, carbonates and metals. Which of the following reactions produces gases?
base carbonate metal
[-A-]

[-B-]

[-C-]

[-D-]

[-E-]

98. Conceptual definition: a definition based on a theoretical concept

SQ14
99. Conceptual definition of an acid
SQ 15, 16
100. Acids with one acidic proton are called monoprotic, those with two diprotic and those with threer
triprotic.
101. Examples of strong/weak bases and their dissociation in water.
SQ17, 59

Grade 11

Strong bases
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
LiOH(aq) Li+(aq) + OH-(aq)
KOH(aq) K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
RbOH(aq) Rb+(aq) + OH-(aq)
CsOH(aq) Cs+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
102.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Operation definitions of bases

Weak bases
All other metallic hydroxides
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

SQ18

An excess of acid in the stomach causes indigestion and can be cured by anti-acid tablets. These tablets
are:
acidic in nature.
basic in nature.
neutral substances.
indicators.
litmus solutions.

103. Know the conceptual definition of a base SQ19,20

104. Metallic oxides: are usually basic oxides. They react with acids to give salt and water SQ21, 77
105. Non-metallic oxides: are usually acidic oxides. They react with bases to give salt and water SQ22, 76
106. Some acidic oxides dissolve in water producing diprotic acids.
SQ58
107. Amphoteric oxides: can behave as either acids or bases depending on the reaction. Examples include:
ZnO, PbO and Al2O3.
SQ23
108. Neutral oxides: do not react with acids or bases. Examples include some non-metallic oxides like H2O
, N2O , CO.
SQ24, BQ2
109. Identify the nature of an oxide, given the position of X in the Periodic Table
SQ26
110. Soluble salts preparation: Acid + metallic oxide salt + water SQ27
Mix acid with excess oxide, filter excess, crystallize salt, filter salt
111. Soluble salts preparation: Acid + metal hydroxide salt + water
SQ62
Titration method using a burette and indicator.

The pieces of apparatus needed during the preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl, by titration are:
a) stop clock, burette, dropper
b) balance, burette, beaker
c) flask, burette, pipette
d) pipette, balance, burette
e) pipette, stop clock, balance

During titration, the color change that occurs when phenolphthalein is used as an indicator is
colourless. to pink
Soluble salts preparation: Acid + metal carbonate salt + carbon dioxide + water
Mix acid with excess carbonate, filter excess, crystallize salt, filter salt

112.

Grade 11

113.
114.
115.
116.

Soluble salts preparation: Acid + metal sulfite salt + sulfur dioxide + water
Mix acid with excess carbonate, filter excess, crystallize salt, filter salt
Soluble salts preparation: Acid + metal salt + hydrogen gas
Mix acid with excess carbonate, filter excess, crystallize salt, filter salt
Soluble salts preparation: Acid + sulfide salt + hydrogen sulfide gas
Mix acid with excess carbonate, filter excess, crystallize salt, filter salt
Soluble salts preparation: Base + ammonium salt ammonia gas + salt + water

Some reactions of substance M are shown below

substance M

reacts with

Identify substance M?

magnesium

sodium carbonate
copper (II) oxide

hydrogen
carbon dioxide
copper (II) chloride

HCl

117.
118.
117.
used.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.

Insoluble salts are prepared by precipitation reactions followed by filtration of the precipitate.
Solid salts can be prepared by direct combination of their elements
When an acid is mixed with a base, the [H+] and [OH-] changes and depends on the quantities of each
BQ5, SQ30
A neutral solution is one in which the [OH] = [H+] .
SQ30
+
The [H ] and [OH ] in pure water changes when one drop of acid or base is added to it. BQ6
A neutralization reaction: is one in which H+ and OH- react to produce H2O.
SQ60
Titration : is the progressive addition of a base to an acid.
SQ31
An acid base indicator: is a dye whose colour is sensitive to the changes in pH.
SQ32
Litmus is a dye that is red in acidic solutions and blue in basic ones.
SQ33
Phenolphthalein is a dye that is colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic ones.
Methyl orange is a dye that is red in acidic solutions and yellow in basic ones.
Universal indicator is a dye that changes color depending on the acidity or basicity of the solution.
SQ 34
127. During an acid-base titration the [H+] changes. It changes most drastically when the amount of
base added is just about equal to the amount of acid present. SQ35
128. Equivalence point: The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction when a titrant
is added and is stoichiometrically equal to the amount of moles of substance (known as analyte) present in the
sample: the smallest amount of titrant that is sufficient to fully neutralize or react with the analyte. SQ36
129. When using phenolphthalein, it is best practice to place the base in the burette and the acid in the conical
flask. SQ38
130. When using phenolphthalein, the base is continuously added to the acid till one drop turns the solution in
the flask a permanent pink (endpoint of the titration).
SQ39
131. During a titration, the volume of titrant is obtained taking the difference between the last and first
reading of the burette.
SQ40, 41
132. At the equivalence point of an acid-base titration, number of moles of H+ = number of moles of OH133. pH = log10 [H+]
SQ43, 44, 45, BQ13
134.
135.
136.

Ka =

[+ ][ ]
[]

BQ11

The larger its Ka value the stronger is the acid.

[H+] =
BQ12

SQ51

Grade 11

137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.

Ka of a weak acid can be found if [H+] in solution, mass of acid used and volume of solution are given.
BQ11, SQ 53
Know how to calculate the [H+] of a weak acid and its salt
BQ7
Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors.
SQ54,55
Write dissociation equations of strong and weak acids in water.
BQ8
The reaction between a strong acid and a strong base yields a neutral salt
SQ61
The reaction between a strong acid and a weak base yields an acidic salt.
SQ68 - 71
The reaction between a strong base and a weak acid yields a basic salt
SQ63 - 67

Notes:
There are different types of salts

144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.

Acidic salt

Basic salt

Neutral salt

Made up of
what

strong acid
weak base

strong base
weak acid

strong acid
strong base

pH

less than 7

greater than 7

equal to 7

Examples

NH4Cl
Cu(NO3)2

CH3COONa
Na2CO3

NaCl
KNO3

Acid + carbonate (or hydrogen carbonate) CO2

SQ72
Acid + sulfite SO2
SQ73
Base + NH4+ NH3
SQ74
3+
Base + Al white gelatinous ppt
Know that Cl2 and NO2 dissolve in water forming two acids
SQ78
Oxides react with water forming acidic, basic or neutral solutions depending on their nature.

BQ9