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Basic Questions
Basic Question 1
4.3.2
GT
Basic Question 2
4.3.3
These elements are listed in decreasing tendency to lose electrons. Which of these reactions below takes
place spontaneously?
Zn(s) Zn+2 + 2e
H2(g) 2H+ + e
Cu(s) Cu+2 + 2e
Ag(s) Ag+ + e
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Basic Question 3
A zinc rod is placed in a 1.0 M zinc nitrate solution. A copper strip is placed in a 1.0 M copper nitrate
solution. The two half-cells are connected by a salt bridge and, externally, by a voltmeter. The voltmeter
reads 1.10V, and it shows that copper is the positive terminal of the cell.
4.3.6
a)
d)
c)
In what direction does the current pass in the outside circuit (the voltmeter)?
Cu to Zn
4.3.6
b)
Write the equation of the net reaction that takes place at the cathode.
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
4.3.6
f) Write the equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the anode.
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e4.3.6
4.3.6
Application on E = QV
i) How much energy is released by the cell when 2.0 C pass by any point in the circuit?
E = 2 1.10 = 2.20V
Basic Question 4
4.5.5
Using the table of standard reduction half-cell potentials, answer the following:
a) What would happen if an aluminium spoon is used to stir Fe(NO3)2 solution?
It would dissolve, (Al is more reactive than Fe)
What would happen if an iron spoon is used to stir an AlCl3 solution?
Nothing
b) Can 1 M Fe2(SO4)3 solution be stored in a container made of nickel metal?
No
Explain your answer.
2Fe3+(aq) + Ni(s) 2Fe2+(aq) + Ni 2+(aq)
Ni(s) Ni 2+(aq) + 2e2Fe3+(aq) + 2e- 2Fe2+(aq)
E net = + 1.02 V
Eo = + 0.25 V
Eo = + 0.77 V
Basic Question 5
4.5.5
a)
Predict the Enet for the cell made up of the standard half-cells of copper and bromine.
Cu Cu+2 + 2 e - E = - 0.34 V
2 Br - Br2 + 2 e - E = - 1.06 V
Reverse the equation for Bromine
Cu
Cu+2 + 2 e E = - 0.34 V
Br2 + 2 e 2 Br
E = + 1.06 V
_________________________________
Cu + Br2 Cu+2 + 2 Br E net = - 0.34 + 1.06 = + 0.72 V
4.3.4
b)
4.3.4
c)
d)
No
Basic Question 6
4.5.5
Given Ecell of an ECC in which the SHE is the cathode, calculate the E of
other half reaction
A half-cell consisting of a cadmium rod dipping into a 1.0 M Cd(NO3)2 solution is connected with a
standard hydrogen half-cell. The cell voltage is 0.40 volt and the platinum electrode in the hydrogen halfcell is the cathode. Determine Eo for the reaction
Cd Cd+2 + 2e
Given: Eocell = 0.40V
R.T.F: ECd / Cd 2 = ??
2H+ + 2e- H2
Cd Cd
+2
EH / H = 0.00V
2
+ 2e
ECd / Cd 2 = xV
Eo= EH / H + ECd / Cd 2
2
ECd / Cd 2 = 0.40V
Basic Question 7
4.5.6
A cell consists of a hydrogen electrode immersed in 1 M HNO3 and a silver electrode immersed in 1 M
AgNO3. The net equation for the reaction is: H2(g) + 2Ag+ 2Ag(s) + 2H+
To reverse the direction of the current produced by the cell,
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Basic Question 8
4.5.5
a) Predict the Enet for the cell made up of the standard half-cells of zinc and silver.
Zn Zn +2 + 2 e
Ag Ag + + e -
E = + 0.76 V
E = - 0.80 V
4.3.6
Calculate the mass lost by one electrode given the # moles gained by the other
in a given ECC
e) When this electrode gains 0.0010 mole, how many grams will the other electrode lose in weight?
Given: nAg that deposits = 0.0010
R.T.F: loss in mCu =??
Zn + 2 Ag + Zn +2 + 2 Ag
+ 1.56 V
One mole of Zinc dissolves for every two moles of silver deposited.
(0.0010)(65.4)
m=
= 0.0327g
2
Basic Question 9
4.6.2
H = +1, P = + 5, O = -2
The rules give ON of H and O
H3 P O4
+1 x -2
Total ON = 0 = 3(+1) + x + 4(-2)
b) HSO4
H = +1, S = +6, O = -2
The rules give ON of H and O
H S O4 +1 x -2
Total ON = -1 = (+1) + x + 4(-2)
c) C2H3O2
x = +5
x = +6
C = 0, H = +1, O = -2
The rules give ON of H and O
C2 H3 O2x +1 - 2
Total ON = -1 = 2(x) + 3(+1) + 2(-2)
x=0
x = +2
OR
H2 O = 0
+2 = x
x = +3
4.6.2
(from +5 to +2)
(from +4 to +3)
(from -5 to -5)
(from +3 to -3)
(from +4 to +5)
Basic Question 10
4.6.3
a) In acidic medium
When copper metal is placed in a dilute solution of nitric acid bubbles of NO gas are produced. The
solution turns blue, indicating that Cu2+ is forming. Write a balanced equation, showing all steps.
Steps:
1. Write the equation first (Unbalanced)
Cu (s) + H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) Cu2+ (aq) + NO (g)
2. Write the 2 half reactions
Cu (s) Cu2+(aq)
NO3-(aq) NO (g)
6 e- + 8 H+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq)
b) In basic medium
Complete and balance the following equation which takes place in basic aqueous solution
P4 (s) + H2O (l) H2PO3-(aq) + P2H4 (g)
Steps:
1. Write the 2 half reactions
P4 (s) H2PO3-(aq)
12 e-
x2
x3
12 e-
24 e-
24 H+ (aq) + 3 P4 (s)
8
8 H2PO3 (aq) + 32 H+ (aq) +
-
24 e-
6 P2H4 (g)
8. Add to the right and left sides number of hydroxide ions OH- equal to the H+ , and eliminate water
molecules
8 H2O (l)
Basic Question 11
4.8.1
TG
The following are results for the experiments on electrolysis using inert electrodes.
Complete the table below, the first one has been done for you.
Electrolyte
Change to electrolyte
Lead formed
Chlorine formed
Used up
Molten potassium
iodide
Potassium formed
Iodine formed
Used up
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Copper
Oxygen
Aqueous potassium
bromide
Hydrogen formed
Bromine formed
Potassium hydroxide
formed
Basic Question 12
4.8.1
11
TG
Basic Question 13
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolysed using the apparatus below.
4.8.1
(a)
TG
4.8.1
What are the two observations when the circuit is switched on?
Any two from:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Bubbles/fizzing/ effervescence
Green gas evolves
Level of liquid falls
Bulb lights up
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TG
4.8.1
a) (i)
TG
TG
Basic Question 14
4.8.1
Predict the solution being electrolyzed if H2(g) and O2(g) are produced at the
electrodes
Which of the following aqueous solutions produces H2(g) and O2(g) during electrolysis?
Product at anode
Product at cathode
a) KI(aq)
I2 (s)
H2 (g)
b) CuI2(aq)
I2 (s)
Cu (s)
c) molten NaCl
Cl2 (g)
Na (l)
d) CuSO4(aq)
O2 (g)
Cu (s)
e) K2SO4(aq)
O2 (g)
H2 (g)
TG
Basic Question 15
4.8.1
Predict the half reactions occurring at each electrode during a given electrolytic
process
An iron spoon is to be plated with copper metal. Write the two half-reactions occurring at each electrode.
Cathode
Anode
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Basic Question 16
4.8
Which of the following apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with nickel?
Key
[-A-]
Nickel rod
iron nail
[-C-]
[-D-]
[-E-]
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Basic Question 17
Applications on Faradays Law
4.8
1) A current of one ampere is passed through a voltammeter containing concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride with inert electrodes for 32 minutes. Find the volume of each gas liberated at room
conditions.
Given
R.T.F.
I = 1 amp
t = 32 mins
Where:
I = current in amperes
t = time in seconds
F = Faradays constant (96500 C)
Depending on conditions: If RTP use 24 dm3 if STP use 22.4 dm3
n = number of moles of electrons per mole of gas
At cathode
2 H+ (aq) + 2 e- H2 (g)
( )
= .
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( )
= .
2) Calculate the mass of lead deposited and the volume of iodine gas released at STP when 2 faradays (2
F) of electricity flow through molten lead (II) iodide, PbI2.
Given
R.T.F.
2 Faradays
molten lead (II) iodide
m of Pb = ??
V of I2 = ??
Hint: 96500 C is called one faraday of electricity and represents one mole of electrons.
At anode:
At cathode
2 I- (aq) I2 (g) + 2 e-
Pb 2+ (l) + 2 e- Pb (s)
2 e2 mole of electrons
2 moles of electrons
1 I2
1 mole
???
2 e2 moles of electrons
2 moles of electrons
3) A current of 0.020 A passes for 5.00 hours through a solution of gold (III) nitrate. Calculate the mass
of metal deposited.
Given
R.T.F.
t = 5.00 hours
I = 0.020 A
m of metal = ????
. (. )
= .
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4) A metal has a relative atomic mass of 48.0 was deposited by electrolysis. If 0.239 g of the metal was
deposited when 0.100 A flowed for 4.00 hours, what is the charge on the ion of this metal?
Given
R.T.F.
t = 4.00 hours
I= 0.100 A
relative atomic mass of metal = 48.0
mass of metal deposited = 0.239 g
. (.)
= .
5) A current of 2.00 A was passed through a solution of nitric acid for 6.00 hours. Calculate the volume
of hydrogen and oxygen gases produced measured at STP conditions.
Given
R.T.F.
t = 6.00 hours
I= 2.00A
V of H2 = ??
V of O2 = ??
At anode:
At cathode
2 H+ (aq) + 2 e- H2 (g)
. (. )
.
= .
. (. )
.
= .
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Sample Questions
In all multiple choices, more than one answer could be correct.
4.1 Experiment: An introduction to oxidation-reduction
4.1.1 Reaction between zinc, copper and their ions
Sample Question 1
What happens when a zinc rod is placed in copper nitrate solution
When a zinc rod is placed in copper nitrate solution,
a) copper metal deposits on the zinc rod.
b) zinc metal deposits on the copper rod.
c) the blue color of the solution fades away.
d) the blue color of the solution intensifies (becomes stronger).
e) zinc dissolves becoming zinc ions.
f) no reaction takes place as far as we can see.
Sample Question 2
What happens when a copper rod is placed in zinc nitrate solution
When a copper rod is placed in zinc nitrate solution,
a) copper metal deposits on the zinc rod.
b) zinc metal deposits on the copper rod.
c) the blue color of the solution fades away.
d) the blue color of the solution intensifies (becomes stronger).
e) zinc dissolves becoming zinc ions.
f) no reaction takes place as far as we can see.
4.1.2 Reaction between halogens (Cl2, Br2, I2) and halide ions
Sample Question 3
Color of halogens in carbon tetrachloride
The color of chlorine, bromine and iodine dissolved in CCl4 are respectively
a) colorless, reddish brown, violet.
b) colorless, violet, reddish brown.
c) violet, colorless, reddish brown.
d) violet, reddish brown, colorless.
e) reddish brown, colorless, violet.
f) reddish brown, violet, colorless.
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Sample Question 10
What is a reduction reaction?
Chemists use the term reduction reaction. A good example is
a) any reaction in which the charge on a specific element increases.
b) any reaction in which the charge on a specific element decreases.
c) 2Br(aq) 2e + Br2(aq)
d) 2e + Cl2(aq) 2Cl(aq)
e) H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l)
f) a reaction in which electrons are gained
g) are reaction in which removal of oxygen occurs.
Sample Question 11
When is an element oxidized or reduced?
When chemists say an element has been oxidized,
a) they mean that the charge on it has increased.
b) they mean that the charge on it has decreased.
c) a good example would be 2Br(aq) 2e + Br2(aq)
d) a good example would be 2e + Cl2(aq) 2Cl(aq)
e) a good example would be H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l)
4.2.2 Competition between Zn and Cu to lose electrons
4.3 Electrochemical Cells
4.3.1
Sample Question 12
Recognize parts of an electrochemical cell
Which of the following is essential for a silver-copper electrochemical cell to operate?
a) A silver rod in a silver nitrate solution (in beaker 1).
b) A copper rod in a copper nitrate solution (in beaker 2).
c) Metal wires to connect the two rods.
d) An ammeter connected by wires to the two rods.
e) A salt bridge full of, say, sodium nitrate, inverted such that each arm is in one of the two
beakers.
f) A battery or a cell.
g) A resistor R connected in series.
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Sample Question 13
Determine quantity of silver or copper used up/produced in a silver-copper cell
The net reaction of a cell formed of silver and copper half cells is:
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu+2(aq)
When 0.0100 mole of copper dissolves,
a) 0.0100 mole of silver dissolves.
b) 0.0200 mole of silver dissolves.
c) 0.0100 mole of silver deposits.
d) 0.0200 mole of silver deposits.
e) 0.0100 g of silver deposits.
f) 0.0200 g of silver deposits.
Note:
Cu
:
2 Ag+
1 mole
2 moles
0.0100 moles ???
0.0200 moles
Sample Question 14
Recognize an oxidation-reduction reaction and know its properties
Which is true about an oxidation-reduction reaction?
a) A good example is Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu+2(aq)
b) A good example is Cu(aq) Cu+2(aq) + 2e
c) A good example is 2Ag+(aq) + 2e 2Ag(s)
d) Electrons lost are always equal to electrons gained.
e) The half-reactions, when combined, express the overall, or net, reaction.
4.3.2 Oxidation-reduction reactions in a beaker
Copper oxidized by Ag+(aq) in a beaker
Reaction of metals with aqueous acids
Zinc oxidized by Cu2+(aq) in a beaker
4.3.3 Listing half-reactions as oxidation half-reactions
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Explanation
Sample Question 22
A long time after completing a circuit net reaction stops: new equilibrium
A cell consists of a silver rod placed in a silver nitrate solution and a copper rod placed in a copper nitrate
solution. 12 hours after completing the circuit,
a) the voltage of the cell remains unchanged.
b) the voltage of the cell drops to zero.
c) at the copper electrode, there is a net depositing of copper atoms; at the silver electrode, there is a net
dissolving of silver atoms.
d) a new equilibrium exists at each rod, but the concentration of silver ions is very small and the
concentration of copper ions is large.
e) a new equilibrium exists at each rod, but the concentration of copper ions is very small and the
concentration of silver ions is large.
4.4.2 The hydrogen-silver cell
The hydrogen electrode
Sample Question 23
Know what a hydrogen electrode is
A hydrogen electrode is
a) a gold rod immersed in a hydrogen solution.
b) a rod of mossy platinum immersed in a 1 M acid solution.
c) a rod of mossy platinum with gaseous hydrogen being bubbled onto it, immersed in a 1M acid
solution.
d) a rod of hydrogen immersed in a hydrogen ion solution.
e) a rod of hydrogen immersed in a oxygen ion solution.
Operating the cell
Sample Question 24
Reactions in a hydrogen-silver cell
A hydrogen half cell is connected to a silver half cell and the circuit is completed. The reactions that take
place are
a) at the cathode Ag(s) Ag+ + e and at the anode 2H+ + 2e H2(g)
b) at the anode H2(g) 2H+ + 2e and at the cathode Ag+ + e Ag(s)
c) at the cathode H2(g) 2H+ + 2e and at the anode Ag+ + e Ag(s)
d) at the anode H2(g) + 2e 2H+ and at the cathode Ag+ + e Ag(s)
e) at the Ag rod Ag+ + e Ag(s) and at the H rod H2(g) 2H+ + 2e
4.5 Electromotive force of a cell
Sample Question 25
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a)
b)
c)
d)
Enet = +0.76V
Enet = +0.34V
0.42V
+0.42V
1.10V
+1.10V
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Sample Question 33
Know what oxidation numbers are
The oxidation number is
a) the number of atoms that are oxidized.
b) the total number of atoms that are oxidized and reduced.
c) a fictitious charge on an atom when shared electrons are counted according to certain rules.
d) the real charge on an oxidized atom or ion or molecule.
e) a number designed to tell us how much oxidation occurred.
4.6.2 Rules for assigning oxidation numbers
4.6.3 Oxidation numbers in balancing oxidation-reduction reactions
Sample Question 34
Redefining oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers
We redefine oxidation and reduction respectively as
a) reaction with oxygen and reaction with water.
b) an increase and a decrease in actual charge.
c) an increase and a decrease in oxidation numbers.
d) a decrease and an increase in oxidation numbers.
e) the voltage of a half-cell, first alone and then against a hydrogen half-cell.
4.6.4 Oxidation-reduction reactions involving acids
Sample Question 35
Acid-base reactions are not redox reactions
Which of the following reactions are redox reactions, i.e. have atoms that change oxidation numbers?
Check by finding the oxidation number of each element in the reactants and products.
a) H+ + OH H2O
b) 2H+ + CaO Ca2+ + H2O
c) Zn(s) + 2H+ H2(g) + Zn2+
d) NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
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4.7 Electrolysis
Sample Question 40
What does electrolysis mean?
Electrolysis means
a) burning by an electric current.
b) fusing by an electric current.
c) bombarding by electrons.
d) separation by electricity.
e) breaking down into elements.
4.7.1 Electrolysis of a potassium iodide solution
4.7.2 Electrolysis of a molten salt
4.8 Applications of electrochemical cells and electrolysis
4.8.1 Common uses of electrolysis
Electrolyzing water
Collection of Gases
Electrolysis to produce metals from metal oxides
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions of electrolytes
Electrolysis for electroplating
Sample Question 41
Know what electroplating is
Electroplating is
a) covering a plate with electricity.
b) making plates using electricity.
c) using electricity to cover an object with a thin layer of metal.
d) using electricity to plant teeth in patients who lost their teeth.
e) etching a plate by bombarding it with electrons.
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