Chi-Square Test

The assumptions which are made in conducting hypothesis testing using Chi-square tests are:
1. Random sampling is not required, provided the sample is not biased. However, the best
way to insure the sample is not biased is random selection.
2. A critical assumption for chi-square is independence of observations. One persons
response should tell us nothing about another persons response. Observations are
independent if the sampling of one observation does not affect the choice of the second
observation.
3. It must be mutually exclusive row and column variable categories that include all
observations. The chi-square test of association cannot be conducted when categories
overlap or do not include all of the observations.
4. The chi-square test is based on an approximation that works best when the expected
frequencies are fairly large. No expected frequency should be less than 5.

Data Analysis
(i) The research claim for this situation is that there is a dependent association between the
students fluency marks and the students flexibility marks for Question 4 in
Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT).

(ii) The null hypothesis for this research situation is:

Verbal Form
H0 : There is no dependent relationship between the students fluency marks and the
students flexibility marks for Question 4 in Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT).

(iii)

The alternative hypothesis for this research situation is:

Verbal Form

H1 : There is a dependent relationship between students fluency marks and the students
flexibility marks for Question 4 in Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT).

(iv)The degree of freedom

(r 1)( c1)

where;

r is the number of rows and

c is the number of column

(21)(21)

Thus, the degree of freedom

1

(v) Observed Frequencies Table

Fluency
Flexibility
The column total

Low Achiever
11
8
19

High Achiever
11
14
25

The row total

22
22
44

(vi) To find the expected frequency, we use formula:

sample
{( of row ,r ) x ( of column , c )}
Er , c =

(vii)

Expected Frequencies Table

9.5
9.5

12.5
12.5

The row total

22
22

The column total

(viii)

19

25

44

The appropriate test statistic for this situation is using the Chi-square calculated test
statistics as follows:

O
2
( r , cEr ,c )
Er ,c
2
=

(O - E)

(O - E)

11
11
8
14

9.5
11.5
9.5
11.5

1.5
-0.5
-1.5
2.5

2.25
0.25
2.25
6.25

( OE )2
E
0.2368
0.0217
0.2368
0.5435
( OE )2
E =1.0388

Thus, the Chi-square test statistics;

2=1.0388

(ix)The critical value of the Chi-square test from the table when degree of freedom is 1 is
3.841. By comparing the calculated Chi-square test statistics and the critical value from
the table, we could say that the

=1.0388<

critical value 3.841 . Thus, the

calculated Chi-square test statistics is not in the critical region. It also can be shown in the
following diagram:

The appropriate decision based on the previous calculation is that we do not reject H 0.
Thus, there is no dependent relationship between the students fluency marks and the
students flexibility marks for Question 4 in Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT).

(x) The interpretation of the decision in the context of the claim the researcher wished to test
in the study is that at the 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to indicate
that there is there is no dependent relationship between the students fluency marks and
the students flexibility marks for Question 4 in Mathematical Creativity Test (MCT).