Determinant of a Matrix

Determinant of a Matrix
Determinant of a 22 matrix:
a b
The determinan t of the matrix A
, denoted by A or det( A),

c d
a b
is given by A det( A)
ad bc.
c d

3 4
3 4
e.g. If A
, then A
(3)(2) (4)(1) 10.

1 2
1 2

Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Determinant of a Matrix
Determinant of a 33 matrix:
a11 a12 a13
The determinan t of the matrix A a21 a22 a23 is given by
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
a22 a23
a21 a23
a21 a22
A det( A) a21 a22 a23 a11
a12
a13
.
a32 a33
a31 a33
a31 a32
a31 a32 a33

9 8 7
9 8 7
e.g. If A 6 5 4 , then A 6 5 4
3 2 2
3 2 2
5 4
6 4
6 5
9
8
7
(9)(2) (8)(0) (7)(3) 3.
2 2
3 2
3 2
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Properties of Determinants
The determinant of a matrix and its transpose are equal, that is
|AT| = |A|.

e.g.

1 2 1 3

2.
3 4 2 4

If a matrix B results from a matrix A by interchanging two rows

(columns) of A, then |B| = |A|.

e.g.

1 2
3 4

.
3 4
1 2

Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Properties of Determinants
If two rows (columns) of a matrix A are equal, then |A| = 0.

1 2 3
e.g. 0 1 4 0.
1 2 3
If a row (column) of a matrix A consists entirely of zeros, then
|A| = 0.

1 3 4
e.g. 0 0 0 0
2 4 1
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Properties of Determinants
If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by multiplying one
row (column) of A by a number r , then |B| = r |A|.

10 20
1 2
e.g.
10
(10)(2) 20.
3 4
3 4
If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by adding a multiple
of one row (column) of A to another row (column) of A, then
|B| = |A|.

1 2 31 42
e.g.

2.
3 4 3 4
R1 10 R2
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Properties of Determinants
The determinant of an nn upper (lower) triangular matrix is the
product of its main diagonal entries.

1 3 6
0 2 5 124 8
0 0 4
The determinant of an nn diagonal matrix is the product of its
main diagonal entries.

1 0 0
0 2 0 124 8
0 0 4
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Properties of Determinants
|AB| = |A| |B |

|An| = |A|n
1
A .
A
1

If A is an nn matrix and r is a scalar , then

|r A| = r n |A|
A is nonsingular if and only if |A| 0
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Problems

Example 1: Evaluate

2
0
0
0

3
0
4
0

2
0
0
0

5 7
2
3 4
0

1 0
0
0 1
0

3
0
4
0

3
4
0
0

5 7
3 4
.
1
0
0 1

5 7
1 0
(2)(4)(3)(1) 24.
3 4
0 1

R2 R3
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Problems
Example 2: If A and B are 55 matrices with |A| = 8 and |B| = 2. Find
(i) |A2|
(ii) |A|
(iii) |AT B -1|
(iv) |2A-1B 4A|.

(i) A A 82 64.
2

(ii) A (1)5 A 8.
1
(iii) A B A B A 4.
B
1

1 4
4
(iv) 2 A B A 2 A B A 32 B A 32 B 512.
A
1

Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Problems
Example 3: Answer each of the following as True or False.
Justify your answer.
(i) If A and B are nn matrices, then |AB | = |BA|.
(ii) If A and B are nn matrices, then |A + B | = |A| + |B |.
(iii) If A and B are nn matrices such that AB2 = In , then A is
nonsingular.

(i) AB A B B A BA , TRUE.
1 0
3 0
(ii) Let A
,B
.

0 2
0 4
A B 24, A 2, B 12, FALSE, using counter example.
(iii) AB I n A B I n 1 A 0, TRUE.
2

Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Problems
Example 4: By reduction to triangular form, evaluate
1 3 4 2
1 4
3
4
.
2 5
1
8
0
1
0 1
1 3 4 2
1 3 4 2
1 3 4 2
1 3 4 2
1 4
3
4
0
1 1
2
0 1 1 2
0
1 1
2

10
2 5 1
8
0
1
9 12
0 0 10 10
0
0
1
1
0
1
0 1
0
1
0 1
0 0
1 3
0
0
1 3
R2 R1 , R3 2 R1

R3 R2 , R4 R2

R4 R3

1 3 4 2
0
1 1
2
10
10(1)(1)(1)(4) 40.
0
0
1
1
0
0
0 4
Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix

Problems
Example 5:
a b
If d e
g h

2g
2h
2i
d
6 e
f

c
2 g a 3d
f 2, Find 2h b 3e .
i
2i c 3 f

a
b
c

3d
2g
3e 3 2h
3f
2i
a
b
c

g
a
h 6b
i
c

a
b
c

d
g
e 6h
f
i

a
b
c

d
e
f

d
e
f

g
a
h 6d
i
g

b
e
h

c
f 6 2 12
i

Arab Open University M132 Fall 2013- 3014

Determinant of a Matrix