PROPER PRACTICE OF BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY- NURSE LEARNERS

ON TESTICULAR SELF-EXAMINATION

NIEVES C. BANGKOTO

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF NURSING

BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

DECEMBER 2015

INTRODUCTION
Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Hence, it has a
major impact on the society across the world. Nowadays, lots of cancer
cases are being recorded and to prevent this to happen, the
community must know preventive measures.
The numerous battles in the deadly war between cancer
initiating or promoting mechanisms and the bodys cancer protecting
defenses begin early in life, are happening every day, and continue
over many decades, until the body wins or loses. The war is not lost
overnight. It is usually a case of too much of cancer promoting
substances over too long a period of time, combined with not enough
cancer protecting mechanisms because of unhealthy lifestyles, which
eventually defeats the body.
A few individuals have an inherited predisposition to develop
specific cancers, such as breast cancer and colon cancer, or to cancer
in general, but for these persons cancer is not inevitable. If they avoid
the cancer promoting substances, and strengthen their defenses by
maintaining healthy lifestyles from childhood, they will win (Boyle, P., &
Levin, B., 2009).

Background of the Study

Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer among

young men aged 15 35 years and the incidence in increasing. It can
develop in males of any age, including infants and elderly men
(American

Cancer

Society,

2015).

In

addition,

an

extrapolated

incidence of 2,377 cases of testicular cancer was recorded here in the

Philippines (US Census Bureau, 2004).
Most testicular cancers can be found at an early stage. In some
men, early testicular cancers cause symptoms that make them seek
medical attention. Most of the time, a lump on the testicle is the first
symptom. Sometimes the testicle is swollen or larger than normal
without a lump. But some men dont realize that something is wrong
until the cancer has grown quite large and/or has spread.
Testicular cancer can be treated and usually cured, especially
when its found earlier. Majority of cancers can be cured if they are
detected early. However at present, not all cancers can be detected
early enough to be cured. At least a third of all cancers can be cured
because they can be detected early and for which curative treatment is
currently available.
Cancer protecting mechanisms prevent cancer. According to
Laudico, A., Medina, V., Lumague, M.R., Mapua, C., Redaniel, M.T.,
Valenzuela F., & Pukkala, E. (2010), a healthy lifestyle that is started in
childhood, particularly eating a healthy diet, maintaining physical

fitness and minimizing and properly coping with stress will decrease
the risk of not only cancer but also many chronic diseases such as
coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke and diabetes.
A healthy diet is a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, rich in starchy
foods (such as cereals, tubers and pulses) and including a substantial
intake of fruits and vegetables. The micronutrients found in fruits and
vegetables, such as vitamins, minerals and trace elements, are
essential in maintaining the defense mechanisms that protect the
body. An unhealthy diet is one that is rich in fat, salt and free sugars,
and/or in smoked, salt-pickled and salt-preserved foods.
Physical fitness is achieved through a lifelong active lifestyle.
Physically fit individuals are not overweight, are quite productive in
their jobs, have a high self-esteem, and are more able to successfully
cope with stress. Exercise need not be performed in expensive fitness
clubs or in difficult sports, and does not need elaborate equipment.
Walking, stair climbing, and myriad manual activities regularly
performed result in physical fitness.
Increasing mental, social, psychological and spiritual stress
seems to accompany economic progress, and at the same time coping
mechanisms are eroded. While increasing stress may be inevitable,
traditional support structures within the family and community ought

to be strengthened, and new institutional mechanisms established, to

help individuals and families cope with day to day stress.
In the Philippines, in spite nearly two decades of Awareness
Campaigns conducted by the public and private sectors, such as
those on breast, cervix and colorectal cancers, majority of these
cancers are still not diagnosed and treated at an earlier, more curable
stage. This has led to the perception that the population is difficult to
educate, particularly the poorer segments, and more effort and
expense should be devoted to such campaigns. It is also notable that
the content of these activities often seek to duplicate what is being
promoted in High-Income Countries, such as screening. Screening,
which aims to detect cancer among asymptomatic persons, does work
in countries rich enough to afford the enormous expense which ought
to also include treatment and in which a large segment of the
population is compliant (Laudico et. al., 2010).
The reality is that more than 80% of Philippine families cannot
afford out-of-pocket expenses needed for basic medical care. The
2005-2007 preliminary estimates of the Philippine National Health
Accounts (PNHA) released by the National Statistical Coordination
Board (NSCB) revealed that the total expenditure as a percentage of
GDP decreased from 3.4% in 2005 to 3.2% in 2007. Private out-ofpocket expenditure in 2007 was 54.3% of total health expenditure,

with government contributing 13.0% and local government units

(LGUs) contributing 13.3%. The share of Social Insurance was 8.5%,
down from 9.8% in 2005. The main national health insurance provider,
PhilHealth, in cooperation with local government units, has been
steadily increasing the enrollment of indigent families, but a large
portion of indigent families and the self-employed are still either
uninsured or underinsured.
These forgoing observations prompted the researcher to conduct
this study. The purpose of this study was to obtain, determine, and
collate data on the proper practice of Benguet State University- nurse
learners on testicular self-examination. Also, the study was conducted
to evaluate the nurse learners practice of testicular self-examination.
The findings of this study will benefit the male nurse learners by
providing them a view of the proper steps in doing testicular selfexamination. This can help improve their knowledge. With this, there
will be an early detection of undesirable findings thus preventing
occurrence of cancer.
For other nurse learners, the study will help them understand
proper way of doing testicular self-examination. Not only males but
also the females will be aware of what and how TSE is to be done.
Hence, it is essential for the improvement and development of the
learners skills, performance, knowledge and attitude towards dealing

with TSE. Above all, the findings could be a guide for them to develop a
better nursing care plan and action when caring for a male patient not
aware of how TSE is being done.
For the faculty and / or clinical instructors, the findings of the
study will be able to amend or enhance their course content to focus
on the identified weak areas.
In addition, the findings of the study will help the researchers in
their professional growth and will improve their competence and skills
as future professional nurses.
Also, it will be of great help to the society and the readers will
become aware of what a proper testicular self-examination should be.
The researcher desired to measure the level of knowledge of
nurse learners on the proper practice of testicular self-examination. It
is the interest of the researchers to also identify the weak points of
nurse learners understanding of TSE. This will give them the concrete
findings to identify ways on improving misconceptions of nurse
learners, if present. Since, cancer can be prevented and that testicular
self-examination is a simple procedure, there should be no inaccuracies
in doing the said procedure. The researcher believe that from the
results of this study, the inaccuracies in performing proper testicular
self-examination will be checked and further dissemination of the said

procedure must be taken into action thus preventing instances of

acquiring testicular cancer.
Theoretical Framework
According to Polit & Henderson, each individual has the ability to
perform self-care, and are responsible for their health and the health of
their dependents. Self-care is "the practice of activities that individuals
initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and
well-being" (Cardinal Stritch University Library, 2011).
There are instances wherein patients are encouraged to bring out
the best in them despite being ill for a period of time. This is very
particular in rehabilitation settings, in which patients are entitled to be
more independent after being cared for by physicians and nurses.
Through these, the Self-Care Nursing Theory or the Orem Model of
Nursing was developed by Dorothea Orem between 1959 and 2001. It
is considered a grand nursing theory, which means the theory covers a
broad scope with general concepts that can be applied to all instances
of nursing. Hence, this study made use of the Self Care Theory by
Dorothea Orem.
Orems theory defined Nursing as The act of assisting others in
the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve
human functioning at home level of effectiveness. It focuses on each
individuals ability to perform self-care, defined as the practice of

activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in

maintaining life, health, and well-being. Her initial definition of
nursing's concern included "man's need for self-care action and the
provision and management of it on a continuous basis in order to
sustain life and health, recover from disease or injury, and cope with
their effects" (Orem, 1959).
More simply stated, her definition of nursing's goal was
"overcoming human limitations" (Orem, 1959,). According to Sitzman &
Eichelberger (2011), "Orem's Self-Care Model describes a structure
wherein the nurse assists the client, where needed, to maintain an
adequate

level

of

self-care.

The

degree

of

nursing

care

and

intervention depends on the degree to which the client is able (or

unable) to meet self-care needs."
The assumptions of Dorothea Orems Self-Care Theory are: (1) In
order to stay alive and remain functional, humans engage in constant
communication and connect among themselves and their environment.
(2) The power to act deliberately is exercised to identify needs and to
make needed judgments. (3) Mature human beings experience
privations in the form of action in care of self and others involving
making life-sustaining and function-regulating actions. (4) Human
agency is exercised in discovering, developing, and transmitting to
others ways and means to identify needs for, and make inputs into, self

and others. (5) Groups of human beings with structured relationships

cluster tasks and allocate responsibilities for providing care to group
members.
Orems theory can be applied to the three levels of prevention:
primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary when nursing care is aimed
at developmental or universal self-care and when they are therapeutic.
On the other hand, it is considered as secondary or tertiary when
nursing care is aimed at health-deviation self-care. In addition, this
theory has a broad scope in clinical practice but has a lesser extent in
research, education and administration. Hence, the said theory was the
basis of the researcher for her study which guided her in formulating
the questionnaire.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE
Profile of respondents in
terms of:
A Year Level
a Level I
b Level II
c Level III
d Level IV

DEPENDENT

Proper practice of
Benguet State
University - Nurse
Learners on testicular
self-examination.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The paradigm of the study shows the relationship of two

categories of variables namely: the independent variable and the
dependent variable. The independent variable comprises the profile of
respondents which include their year level. On the other hand, the
dependent variable is the knowledge of nurse learners on the proper
practice testicular self-examination. This dependent variable may
change or vary.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the proper practice of Benguet State
University- nurse learners on testicular self-examination.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1 What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
A Year Level
a Level I
b Level II
c Level III
d Level IV
2 What is the percentage on the proper practice of testicular selfexamination of Benguet State University- Nurse Learners?
3 What is the percentage on the proper practice of testicular selfexamination of Benguet State University- Nurse Learners when
compared according to:
A Year Level
a Level I
b Level II
c Level III
d Level IV

Hypotheses of the Study

1 There is a significant difference on the proper practice of male
nurse learners when compared to one hundred percent.
2 The percentage of the proper practice of Benguet State
University Nurse Learners on testicular self-examination
significantly differs when respondents were compared according
to:
A Year Level
a Level I
b Level II
c Level III
d Level IV

METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the research design, locale of the study,
population of the study, data collection instruments, data gathering

procedure, and statistical treatment of data utilized by the researchers

in the conduct of the study.
Research Design
The

researcher

used descriptive-survey

design

method

in

evaluating the proper practice of Benguet State University - nurse

learners on testicular self-examination and utilized a questionnaire to
generate data.
A quantitative research study is concerned with objectivity, tight
controls over the research and seeks to quantify or reflect in the
numbers of observations on the characteristics of the population being
studied. It emphasizes precise measurement and requires statistical
analysis of data or testing the hypothesis based on a sample of
observations.
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted at Benguet State University College of
Nursing Km. 5, La Trinidad, Benguet on the first semester of school
year 2015-2016.

Figure 2. Geographical Location of Benguet State University college of

Nursing

Population of the study

The sample of thirsty (30) respondents were consisted of male
nurse learners selected through non-probability sampling technique
specifically

the

purposive

or

selective

sampling.

Precisely,

the

researcher utilized total population sampling where the researcher

chooses to examine the entire population that have the following
characteristics:
a A male nurse learner currently enrolled at Benguet State
University College of Nursing.

b A

male

nurse

learner

who

practices

testicular

self-

examination.
The total population was considered because the size of the
population that has the particular set of characteristics the researcher
interested in is very small.
Data Collection Instrument
The data were gathered using a checklist survey questionnaire
based on the proper steps on performing testicular self-examination
which was taken from various sources. It consists of 12 items
answerable by Yes or No. A lower number answer of Yes means lower
degree of knowledge, whereas the higher number answers of Yes
means higher degree of knowledge.
The questionnaire had three parts: Part I consisted of the letter to
the respondents stating the purpose of the study, consent, a request
for respondents to participate and honestly answer the questions, and
an assurance to the respondents that all information that were
gathered will be held with utmost confidentiality; Part II was the profile
of the respondents; and Part III were the set of statements which
served as

the basis for evaluating the proper practice of Benguet

State University - nurse learners on testicular self-examination.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher conducted the survey by formulating a
questionnaire as the data gathering instrument which was approved by
the Project Leader.
The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in their
convenient time for consent signing. The respondents were also
instructed on how to answer the questionnaires, and were given
enough time to answer without any pressure. After the questionnaires
were accomplished, these were collected and were subjected to
collation, tabulation, and statistical analysis.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data that was collected through the questionnaire were
presented in tabular form which was statistically analyzed and
interpreted. The statistical treatment that was used was the weighted
mean.
Weighted mean is similar to an arithmetic mean or we just
simply call it as the average. Wherein, some data point will contribute
to more than others instead of each of the data points contributing
equally to the final average. The notion of weighted mean plays a role
in descriptive statistics and also occurs in a more general form in
several other areas in mathematics. Thus, the researcher used this

statistical treatment to determine the proper practice of Benguet State

University - nurse learners on testicular self-examination.
The formula for weighted mean is shown below:

x w =

f i xi
fi

Where:
x w

= weighted mean

= frequency of the categories on each factor

Xi

= weight on each factor

A percentage is defined as a number represented as a fraction of

100. Percentages are used to express numbers between zero and one.
It is used to compare things and use it in ratios. It is denoted by the
symbol %.
The formula for percentage is shown below.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the data gathered and its analysis and
interpretation according to the objectives of this study. Presented here
is the proper practice of Benguet State University- nurse learners on
testicular self-examination. In addition, the proper practice of Benguet
State University- nurse learners on testicular self-examination when
age and year level as variables are considered.
Profile of the Respondents
Proper practice of testicular self-examination can be affected by
several factors. Hence, the respondents themselves can contribute to
the outcome or result on the proper practice of testicular selfexamination which is presented in table 1.
Personal Profile
Table 1and Figure 3 represents the profile of the respondents
according to their year level during their professional stay at Benguet
State University.
Table 1.Profile of the Respondents
PROFILE

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE (%)

Year Level
Level I
Level II

7
5

23.33
16.67

Level III

23.33

11
30

36.67
100.00

Level IV
TOTAL

23%

37%

Level I
17%

23%

Level II
Level III
Level IV

Figure 3. Profile of Respondents According to Year Level

The above figure shows the year level of the respondents which
was categorized as level I, level II, level III, and level IV. It can be seen
form the figure that 37 percent of the total population were level IV
followed by level III and level I, both garnering 23 percent. Then, last
but not the least is the level II with 17 percent out of the whole.

Proper Practice Of Benguet State University- Nurse Learners On

Testicular Self-Examination

Table 2. Proper Practice of BSU Nurse Learners on TSE

PROFILE
PERCENTAGE (%)
Year Level
Level I
50.001
Level II
63.334
Level III
Level IV
TOTAL AVERAGE

73.81
78.03
66.29

Table 2 shows the proper practice of male nurse learners on TSE

revealing only 66.29 percent. According to Sitzman et. al. (2011),
Orems theory can be applied to the three levels of prevention:
primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary when nursing care is aimed
at developmental or universal self-care and when they are therapeutic.
Hence, the respondents know how to perform TSE but do not comply
with the step-by-step procedure of it.
One leading cause of this is being misinformed. Lewandowsky,
S., Ecker, U., Seifert, C., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012) review recent
psychological science detailing common sources of misinformation,
processes for evaluating the validity of new information, and strategies
for combating the effects of misinformation.
Cognitively, it is much easier to people to accept a given piece of
information than to evaluate its truthfulness. This stacks the desk in

favour of accepting misinformation rather than properly rejecting it.

When people do take the time to thoughtfully evaluate the truth of
information, they tend to focus on only a few of its characteristics.
Yes, supposedly the wittiest species on Earth making fundamental
erroneous assumptions that undermine our ability to triumph over our
more inherent human flaws. But ignorance need not be one of those
flaws. Even in our super-connected, fast-paced, informational and
technological age, we paradoxically still suffer from many harsh
consequences of this needless ignorance.

Table 3. Proper Practice of BSU Nurse Learners on TSE Regarding Year

Level
PROFILE
PERCENTAG
FREQUENCY
TOTAL
E (%)

Level I
5 / 12
6 / 12

4
2

41.67
50.00

166.68
100.00

10 / 12
TOTAL
Level II
6 / 12
9 / 12

1
7

83.33
AVERAGE

83.33
50.001

3
1

50.00
75.00

150.00
75.00

11 / 12
TOTAL
Level III
6 / 12
8 / 12

1
5

91.67
AVERAGE

91.67
63.334

2
2

50.00
66.67

100.00
133.34

10 / 12

83.33

83.33

12 / 12
TOTAL
Level IV
6 / 12

2
7

100.00
AVERAGE

200.00
73.81

50.00

50.00

7 / 12

58.33

58.33

8 / 12

66.67

133.34

9 / 12

75.00

75.00

10 / 12

83.33

249.99

11 / 12

91.67

91.67

2
11

100.00
AVERAGE

200.00
78.03

12 / 12
TOTAL

Table 3 shows the percentage of the proper practice of Benguet

State University nurse learners on testicular self-examination. As
seen, it is noticeable that as the year level of the respondents upgrade,
their proper practice of TSE also upgrades. This is supported by the
above results wherein, level I obtained 50.001 percent, level II attained
63.334 percent, level III acquired 73.81 percent, while level IV had
78.03 percent.

This is being supported by Orems theory stating that human

agency is exercised in discovering, developing, and transmitting to
others ways and means to identify needs for, and make inputs into, self
and others (Orem, 1959).
Also, according to the Blooms Taxonomy, one cannot effectively
or ought not try to address higher levels until those below them
have been covered. As well as providing a basic sequential model for
dealing with topics in the curriculum, it also suggests a way of
categorizing levels of learning, in terms of the expected ceiling for a
given programme. Thus, each of ahich is organized as a series of levels
or pre-requisites (Anderson, L., & Krathwohl, D., 2001; Atherton, 2013).

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations which were drawn from the date gathered from the
respondents.
Summary

The study was conducted to determine the proper practice of

Benguet

State

University

nurse

learners

on

testicular

self-

examination. Precisely, it dealt with determining the proper practice of

Benguet

State

University

nurse

learners

on

testicular

self-

examination when compared according to year level.

This study was conducted at Benguet State University College of
Nursing located at La Trinidad. The study utilized a structured
questionnaire comprising 12 items answerable by yes or no. the date
gathered were studied and analyzed using the weighted mean and
frequency count percentage.
The findings revealed the following:
1 There is a significant difference on the proper practice of male
nurse learners TSE when compared to one hundred percent.
2 The percentage on the proper practice of Benguet State
University

nurse

learners

on

testicular

self-examination

significantly differs when respondents were compared regarding

their year level.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the researcher therefore concludes that:
1. The proper practice of Benguet State University nurse learners
on testicular self-examination has 66.29 percent accuracy.

2. When compared according to year level, a difference in

performing testicular self-examination accuracy is evident or
recognizable. Wherein, the higher year have greater accuracy in
performing testicular self-examination that that of the lower
years.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, the researcher recommends the following:
1. Male nurse learners must know the proper practice of testicular
self-examination, most specially those who are in the lower
years. also, nurse learners must also consider knowing the
importance of doing testicular self-examination even just for
once in a while.
2. Nurse larners, male or female, must know the proper practice of
testicular self-examination for them to know what to teach to
their patients when asked.
3. Further studies to consider:
a conduct similar study and get respondents from other
colleges;
b larger number of respondents accounting their other
demographic profile;
c others factors affecting

the

accuracy

of

performing

testicular self-examination; and

d comparison between 2 parties or colleges on the proper
practice of testicular self-examination.

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