Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modification Activities
Reported in 1979
Rockville, Maryland
July 1980
u.s. DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE
Summary of Weather
Modification Activities
Reported in 1979
Mason T. Charak
Atmospheric Programs Office
CONTENTS
Abstract . .
Introduction .
Data base
Sununary of data
Number of activities
Operators and sponsors
Target areas and their locations
Purpose of activity
Techniques and apparatus . .
Seeding agents and dispensing rates
Sunnnary of reported data for 1979 - .
Safety and environmental factors
Federal activities .
Nonfedera1 activities . . . .
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
3
3
3
4
5
7
7
8
9
Appendixes
A. Public Law 92-205
E, Reporting rules .
C-1, Initial report.
C-2, Inter1m/fina1 report.
C-3, Daily Log form . . . . .
D, Weather modification activity reports
ii
17
19
23
25
27
29
ABSTRACT
This report summarizes weather modification activities
reported to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in calendar year 1979. Information is presented on the purposes, locations, sponsors, operators,
equipment, techniques, target areas, seeding agents,
seeding duration, operational procedures, and environmental factors associated with the activities. The data
for 1979 are compared with the data reported for 1973 - 78,
and some trends are noted.
INTRODUCTION
All nonfederally sponsored attempts to modify the weather must be reported
to the Secretary of Commerce in compliance with Public Law 92-205 enacted
in 1971. The Secretary delegated the responsibility for administering the
reporting program to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) a year later. Relevant Federal agencies agreed to report their
weather modification activities to NOAA in 1973. As a result, NOAA maintains
and publishes the only complE!te record of information on weather modification projects undertaken in the United States and its territories. This
information provides factual data on prior and current weather modification
experiments and operational projects. Timely reporting of activities
supplies information that can be used to assess the possibility of harm to
persons, property, or the environment, or of interference with Federal or
other research projects.
The reports of weather modification activities on file wi th NOAA furnish
useful information for several other purposes. Persons planning projects,
writing news articles, or preparing term papers request historical and
current data for individual states, regions, or the United States.
Congressional staffs, Federal and State officials, and private citizens
inquire or complain about weather modification activities that are thought
to be associated with adverse weather conditions. On occasion, plaintiffs,
defendents, or their lawyers ask for records of activities in connection
with law suits. All requests for data are honored by either a telephone
reply, copies of reports, letters, or referrals.
In addition. NOAA's reporting program serves two functions on the international scene. On March 26, 1975, the Government of the United States and
the Government of Canada signed an agreement to exchange information on
weather modification activities carried out in or over the territory of
either country within 200 miles of their international Doundary. The Atmospheric Environment Service is the Canadian agency designated to implement
the information exchange with NOAA. On a broader scale, NOAA provides inforIllation on annual activities in the United States to the World Meteorological
Organization for publication in its yearly "Register of National Weather
Modification Projects", a compilation of experiments and operat.ions conducted within member countries.
The reporting procedures include t.he submittal of Initial, Interim, and
Final Reports covering weather modification activities for individual target
areas. An Initial Report is required at least 10 days prior to the start
of the act.ivity. Interim Report.s are required for those projects active
on January 1 of each year and must. be filed within 45 days from that date.
A Final Report Is to be submitted vithin 45 days after completion of the
weather modification activity or project. A \.leather modification activity
is considered active until a Final Report is filed with NOAA.
A project may be carried out int.ermit.t.ent.ly at one location for one or
more years, or a project. may begin and end within a year. Often. projects
are completed early in a year and rest.arted near the end of t.hat. year at the
same locat.ion with the same techniques. In t.his case, only one project
at the one location would be used in summarh:ing the number of projects and
target areas for the calendar year; however the seeding data for both projects at the one location are used in preparing sUll1lllary information.
Copies of t.he reporting law, reporting procedures, and the reporting
forms are attached as appendices A, B, and C, respectively, to t.his report.
Requests for information on the report.ing procedures, the reporting forms,
a.nd the reported activities ahould be directed to:
DATA BASE
The data base for this sUl!Illlary of weather modification activities is ccmposed of the Initial, Interilll, and Final Reports submitted to NOAA. On
receipt of an Initial Report, NOAA assigns a file number for the activity;
appendix D is a list of the 64 activities analyzed herein for 1979. The
records and other information obtained under the reporting procedures are
available for inspection at NOAA on written request.
All reports are reviewed, and requests are sent or telephoned to the
operators when the data are incomplete; replies to these infrequent requests for additional information are usually prompt. Experience with the
reporting program shows that the information 1lIOst often requiring a followup request concerns sponsor and operator identification, target area maps,
aircraft and equipment used, dispersal rates of modification agents, date
on which final weather modification activity occurred, and signature.
NOAA maintains surveillance of activities through news-clipping services,
National Weather Services Offices. and technical publications, scientific
conferences, and personal contacts with the weather modification community
to ensure that weather modification activities are properly reported. This
monitoring procedure disclosed four fog dispersal activities that had not
been reported because of misunderstandings between the operator and sponsor
regarding responsibility for reporting. After notification of the requirement to report, the operators submitted tIle proper information. There is no
evidence that any other attempts to modify weather by scientifically accepted techniques were not reported during 1979.
SUIIIlIary of Data
The reported information for calendar year 1979 has been arranged in
several categories for convenience in analyzing the data. These categories
are discussed in the following sections.
335,382
338,376
339,373
341,386
343,380
344,375
345-379
346,388
347,387
348d9.0
349,383
353,381
354,394
355,377
356,378
64
49
39
10
Federal
Nonfederal
Commercial
Water Districts
Universities
Utilities
States
Cities
Airlines
Private
Resorts
Community Associations
2
23
15
5
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
4.
34
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
43
0
11
2
3
7
2
10
1
3
4
10
45
0
11
2
4
12
2
1
3
4
CY 1979
Alaska
California
Colorado
Delaware
Florida
Idaho
Illinois
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
North Dakota
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Washington
WyOOling
2
12
3
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
5
3
3
8,464
5,960
1,800
4,800
2,252
3,200
10,400
25,520
1,152
6,743
15,578
340
1
1
10
2,682
3
4
4
3
54*
12,650
21,060
"
70
123,880
Purpose of Activity
Table 4 shows that the preponderance of weather modification activities
were to increase precipitation. Seven activities had two purposes -- rain
increase and hail alleviation. Two activities reported that no seeding
had been performed.
Table 4.
Purpose
Increase precipit.ation
Alleviate hail
Clear fog
Research/testing
CY 1979
33
7
9
7
13
12
13
pyrotechnic flare attached to the aircraft wing will burn for about 5
minutes with an output of 75 grams of AgI; an ejectaole flare will burn
for about 30 seconds and emit 5 to 20 grams of AgIo When dry ice is used,
the dispensing rate is measured in kilograms per hour from the airpl?ne
during its traverse of fog or clouds.
Federal
Nonfederal
Total
(a)
Modification days
(cumulative)
147
1,091
1,238
(b)
Modification days
(increase precipitation)
113
974
1,087
(0)
Modification days
(hail suppression)
133
133
(d)
Modification days
(fog dispersal)
34
56
90
(e)
Modification days
(research)
54
22
76
(f)
Airborne apparatus
operation (hours)
355
2,043
2,398
(g)
Ground-based apparatus
operation (hours)
(h)
(1)
(j)
(k)
Polyelectrolyte (kg)
984
14,621
15,605
1,530
15,933
17,463
224
678
902
11,077
11,077
641
641
Federal Activities
In three Federally-supported projects in California, the forecasting of
seedable conditions was made by the project meteorologists, using all
available National ,,,eather Service (NWS) data and forecasts. The
possibility of flood or avalanche danger was determined through contacts
with the m..s, the United States Forest Service, and State water officials
When such dangers were noted, the seeding activity would be suspended.
With regard to environmental effects, the operator planned to monitor the
silver concentration in precipitation and surface waters in the target
areas.
The operations plan for the Department of Interior's Sierra Cooperative
Pilot Project requires that the contractor establish a field weather
forecast office in support of daylight operations and special storm
situations. Forecasters would be supplied with rawinsonde, radar, and
NWS data as well as information provided by three automatic environmental
surface observation platforms. Safety considerations included suspension
of seeding operations by the site director when he believes the
activity may cause or aggravate a threat to life or property. Even the
use of small quantities of seeding materials will be terminated under
severe storm conditions where hail, flood, or avalanche danger is high.
In the 1979 Texas HIPLEX field program, operations would not be conducted within a NWS delineated severe weather watch or warning area. If
unexpected severe weather developed that was not forecasted, the Project
Director was to .suspend act.ivity while the severe weather remained in
the area.
Nonfederal Activities
For a ground-based, cloud seeding operation to increase snowpack in
north and central Colorado, the contractor planned to use regular govern10
ment. weat.ner dat.a including surface and upper air veat.her dat.a, syno1?t.ic
surface and upper level lQaps and wind dat.a frOlll rawinsondes and piba1s.
Also availaBle would be radar dat.a, haH-hourly sat.e1lit.e maps from che
NWS and ot.her forecast.ing aids t.o asrisc in se1ect.ing scorm periods
suit.able for modificat.ion. With regard to safety, toe contractor's
continuous monitoring of incoming weatlier data allo,,"s for any necessary
adjustments or termination in the seeding operation. There would also be
liaison between the met.eorological control office and the program
participants and field maintenance technicians located near the project.
areas as to any developing conditions tnat might. warrant a change in the
operation.
The North Dakota Cloud Modification Program was carried out in three
areas of the State. As noted on t.he Initial Reports, "Each Field Office
will be assist.ed in operations by the Forecast Office in acquiring the
lat.est information pertaining t.o weather advisories and warnings.
"Safety procedures and envirorunent.al guidelines have been included in
t.he operat.ional program by use of NWS dat.a pertaining to flood forecasts
and local weat.her conditions, etc. Each county authority has also been
empowered with t.he ability to stop operations for any given period of
time. The director also has the power to enjoin seeding activities if it
is determined tnat the public or environmental health is in jeopardy."
For an operational cloud seeding program in southeastern Illinois the
following statements were submit.ted with t.he Initial Report.
"The National Weather Service in Illinois is cooperating with the overall
project to the extent of providing meteorological information available
from various stations. The project supervisor for the contract.or will
maintain a once-each-three-hour surveillance of meteorological data available from NWS s.ources during the operational periods. Visual observations
will be made at the radar site. The project radar system will be located
at the Williamson County Airport (Marion), I.llinois, and the system will
be utiliz.ed for data acquisition and recording before, during, and after
311 seedtng events.
"The relationship between meteorological conditions and aircraft launch
decistons provtde primary guidelines for operations. If, and when.
precipitation amounts are excessive or severe storms indicat.e a potential
threat to people within the operational area, the cloud seeding prograrll
has a built.-in, shut-down procedure. Personnel at the sponsor level are
interfaced with the program for operational decision processes on a daily
basis. The program is designed primarily for benefit of the agricultural
conmunity ...
11
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the CY 1979 data frOn! the preceeding sections of this report on weather
modification activities have been combined with the previously published
data for CY 1973 - 78 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1979). Accordingly, Table 7 provides data on several aspects of the
reported activities for the calendar years 1973 - 79. Some of the data
for 1973 - 78 have been adjusted to account for the recently reported fog
dispersal projects as noted under the section "DATA BASE".
Number of Activities
the data on the number of activities at separate locations suggest a
decreasing trend after 1975. except for 1977 - a year of critical
water shortages in several areas of the country. Nonfederal activities
also tend to follow this general trend, 'i'1hereas Federal activities favor
no particular trend.
C'f 1978.
Seeding Agents
The use of dry ice (C02) to increase airport visibility in periods of
supercooled fog. to create clearings in stratus clouds. or to increase
precipitation in other cloud formations generally was greater until
C'f 1978 when usage dropped abruptly. The peak year for seeding with silver
iodide was 1975. The Air Force relied on liquid propane vented to the
atmosphere in order to alleviate supercooled fog at two of its airbases
in the United States; however. no obvious trend was observed in the data.
The peak year for using polyelectrolytes to dissipate warm fog was 1976.
CONCWDING REMARKS
cr
1979 had less weather modification activity than any year since the
reporting program began in cY 1973. In cOlIl.parison with C'f 1978. the
number of activities in cY 1979 was 20 percent lower; community sponsorship was 63 percent less; target area was decreased by 47 percent; total
modification days were 26 percent fewer; the amount of silver iodide used
was 40 percent less; and the number of hours of ground generator operation
was diminished by 80 percent. There were increases in the number of
commercial modifiers, municipal sponsors. and fog modification days.
Seven years of data on reported weather modification activit iss in the
United States do not allow reliable conclusions about the trend in
Federal and nonfederal experiments or operations. In particular. all
estimates of trends in the data were clouded by the dat.a by cr 1977. a
year of maximum activity in weather modification. However ~ a comparison
of C'f 1979 data with the average of the six prior years shows that 1979
act.ivities were 29 percent. less; the t.arget. area was 35 percent less; the
14
REFERENCE
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APPENDIX B
19
APPENDIX 8
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APPENDIX B
lUllS ANO IfGUlA110NS
21
APPENDIX B
RULES AND REGUlATIONS
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APPENDIX C-l
INSTRUCTIONS FOR INITIAL REPORT ON WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES
"This report is required by Plblic '-- 92-205;85 Stat 735; 15 U.s.c. 33(1). Knowing and willful violation of
.ny rule Idopted under the ;arthorily of Section 2 of PLb/ic L- 92-205 sh.1l subject lhr person violatilllil wth
to fine of not tl'l()rr th., $10.000, upon convietionlhrreof.
H
Orw completed toPV of this forrn is to be nteeived 10 days or mort prior to lCtual modification aetivitieL A
NOAA file number will be auigned by the Administrator aftrr receipt of lhe initial report for each project or
activity.
A $l,leplemrntal rrlXJl1 in a letter form refrrring to the appropriate NOAA file number must be made to the
Administrator if the "Initial Report" is found to contain any mat.rial inaccuracies. misstatements, and
omissions, or if there arechangts in plarufor the projeetor aetivity.
4For uOIlptions, see Sections 908.4(b) and lei, Part 908 otTitle 15, Code of Federal Regulations.
item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Enter too purpose of the project or activity: e.g., rainfall incrt8!i1l, hail suppression, cold fog
dispersal-etc.
Item 4.
Enter: la) N;;wnlI, phone number, affiliation, Il'Id lMtcIr\!$$ of the primary
projeet Is to be performed (lponsorl.
prr$OO
(bl Name, phorw number, .ffiliation, and addr\!$$ of the penon primarily responsmlt for
carryingOllttheprojeetloperetorl.
Item 5.
A map should be attadled showing $ile af1d 10000000n of target _ , control area, coded number
m location of each item of ground-ba5ed _ather modification apparatus and coded numbel'" and
location of key reingiIQeI, raclarl, or other precipitation meuuring devices. Also show location of
airport lor airborneoperationL
Item 6.
Describe the weather modification epparatus, modification lI9Intl, and the tec::hniquel to be used.
This would include type of ground or airborne apperetu, to be u$8d, type of modification material
to be dispensed, rate of dilpen,ing material in grems PM hour or other appropriate units, type of
precipitation gages to be Uled in target and control areal, and any other pertinent information
sum as type of radars, type of aircraft tobe used,tachniquel to beamployed, (e.g" cloud base
seeding at 10,000 feet msl).
Item 7.
List name, phone number, affiliation, and address of the responsible individuill from whom log
Item 8.
hem 9.
This item il to perrnit the reporting person to indOOe any information not cowred by items 1
through 8 but which he feels il significant or of interest. It is also to be used to include any
information not cowred elsewtlere that the Administrator may request.
24
APPENDIX C-2
~UI<"
APPi'lOVALEXPIRES11-31_80
O'NTE'''''~EPO~T
o
Ct:mple'e;n.e<otcbo<e .. ~hin"""",;"""on,e.er>e.odlot""lltdme<",y:
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Roekvm.,Mo,ylond 10851
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FlNAI. REPORT
APPENDIX C-2
INSTRUCTIONS FOR INTERIM AND FINAL REPORTS
Any person engaged in any weather modification project or activity in the United States on January 1 in any
year shall submit one copy of this form setting forth asofsuch date the information required with respect to
each such rontinuingproject or activity not previously furnished in a prior interim report. The box indicating
"Interim Report" should be checked. The January 1 date shall not apply if other arrangemenUhave previously
been made with the written approval of the Administrator of NOAA. The report shall be received by NOAA
not later than 45 days following the end of the rep::lrted period.
Upon completion of a project or activity one copy of this report shaU be submitted and the box checked
indicating "Final Report." The final report shall be received by NOAA not later than ~ after the
completion of the projeet or activity.
The NOAA File Number should be filled in for any project for which the Administrator has assigned a file
number.
A supplemental report in letter form referring to the appropriate NOAA fUe number must be made to the
Administrator if the "Interim" or "Final" reports are found to contain any material inaccuracies,
misstatements, and omissions.
The information in Items (al through (e) on the report form should be provided as prescribed below for the
months to which the report pertains. If no data are applicable for any given item in any month, enter zero.
Item fa).
Enter number of days on which actual weather modification activities took place.
Item /bl.
Enter in the appropriate column number of days on which modification activities were conducted,
segregated by each of the major purposes of the activities, Normallv, the total of entries in /b)
would equal total in (a).
Item (c).
Item (d).
Enter in the appropriate column total number of hours of operation of each type of weather
modification apparatus, (I.e" net hours of agent release). If the form does not contain sufficient
space, report additional types on a separate sheet.
Item (e).
Enter in the appropriate column total amount of agent used, by type. lfthe form does not contain
sufficient space, report additional types on a separate sheet.
The totals for these items shall be provided for the period covered by the interim report.
FINAL REPORT
The final report shall oontain the information required for interim reports, to the extent not previously
reported. In addition, the items designated as "Totals for Final Report" should be reported. This information
should pertain to the entire project or activity period, rather than only the period since the last interim report.
At the spaoo at the end of the form, enter the ~ on which final weather modification activity occurred.
26
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f-+i+_H----+-+-++-+-+-+-rH----t-t---r---t--i
APPENDIX C-J
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING DAILY LOG FORM
ElCplanationofcolumnsfollows:
CoL (1l
Col. (2)
Give each aircnft po$ition or 10eolian oluch item of wuther modilication .pp.nt1.lS
during,ach modifialtion mission. Maps mav be used.
Col. (3)
and (4)
State local time when modification lCtivitv began and ended. Ullil 24hour dock time
(e.g., 0100 signifies 1:00 A.M. end 2300 signifies 11:00 P.M.). For intermittent
operations, the start and end of the total sequenoe i1fe IICCtptable.
Cot. (51
Cot. 161
Gillll rate of disperHI of agent during the period of actual operation of weather
Col. (B)
Give total amount of modification fgent used. If more than ona agent was used, report
total fOl"eadl type wjMlately.
Check once 10r e~ dlY on ..... ich modifiCMion activities were conducted, segr8Qilted by
eactlofthtlNjol'"purpQlJI$oftheaeti"'tilli.
Col.
modifj~tlonapparatus,bvhourorotharapproprietet(meperiod.
On the d.ily
log sheet fOl" tht lut daV of eadl month, gillll monthlv totals. for Columns (51, (81. (91. 1101,
(11},(12),and(13).
28
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