Saveetha School of Engineering

SaveethaUniversity
Chennai 602 105
Question bank with answers
Subject Code &Name :EC1741
-Antenna and wave propagation
Prepared by:

Date:

Sem& Branch : VII/ECEA&B

Unit-1
Part-A

1. Define antenna.
An antenna is an electro- magnetic radiator ,a sensor, a transducer and an
impedance matching device with extensive applications in all communication, radar and
in Bio-medical systems.
2. Write the properties of antenna .
1.Equality of impedance.
2.Equality of directional patterns,
3.Equality of effective length.
3. List out some of the Antenna parameters.
1. Antenna impedance
2. Antenna Bandwidth.
3. Radiation resistance.
4. Effective length of antenna.
5. Radiation intensity.
6. Directivity
7. Polarisation
4. Define Antenna bandwidth.

It is defined as the range of frequencies over which the antenna maintains its
characteristics and parameters
5.Define Front-to-Back ratio.
FBR is defined as the ratio of radiated power in desired direction to the radiation
power in the opposite direction .

6. Define Polarisation .
It is defined as the direction of the electric vector of the EM wave produced by an
antenna.
7. Write down the types of antenna polarization.
1. Linear polarization.
2. Circular polarization.
3.Elliptical polarization
8. What are the basic antenna elements?
1.Alternating current elements or Hertzian Dipole
2.Short dipole.
3.short monopole
4.Half-wave dipole
5.Quarter-wave monopole
9.Write the equations for the far field and near field of alternating current element.
Write down the final equation of H, Er, E directly.
10. What is anHertizian dipole
Hertizian dipole is an infinitesimal current element Idl or, it is a short linear
antenna which,when radiating is assumed to carry constant along its length.
11.What is Half-wave dipole

It is the linear antenna whose length is /2 and the current distribution is assumed
to be sinusoidal. It usually center-fed.
12. What are the different current distributions in linear antennas.
1. Constant current distribution.
2. Triangular distribution.
3. Sinusoidal distribution.
13. An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohm, a loss resistance of 8 ohms and a
power gain of 12 db, determine the antenna efficiency and its directivity.
14. A dipole having a length of 3 cm is operated in at 1 GHz. The efficiency factor is
K = 0.6. Calculate Rr and RL.
15. What is the maximum effective aperture of an antenna which is operating at
a wavelength of 2 meters and has directivity of 100.
16. What is the maximum effective aperture for a beam antenna having half power
beam widths of 300 and 350.

Part-B
1. Write About the parameters.
1. Antenna impedance. (4)
2. Antenna Bandwidth. (4)
3. Radiation resistance. (4)
4. Effective length of antenna (4).
5. Directivity (4)
6. Radiation intensity. (4)
7. Polarisation (4).
8. Front-to-back-ratio.(4)

2. Derive the far field and near field components of the Alternating current element.
1.Write the expression for the retarded potentials(3).
2. Write the expression for the components of A in Cartesian co-ordinates.(2)
3. Write the expression for the components of spherical co-ordinates system.(2)
4. Obtain the components of H (3)
5. Obtain the components of E . (3)
6. Identify the near and far fields (3)
3. Derive the Radiated Power and Radiation Resistance of Current Element.
1. Obtain field components E and H(4)
2. Obtain expression for Radiated power using Poynting Vector.(2)
3. Obtain the Average Radiated Power.(4)
4, Obtain the Total Power Radiated using the Average Radiated Power.(3)
5. Identify the expression for Radiation Resistance.(3)
4. Derive the Radiation Resistance of Half-Wave Dipole.
1. Write the expression for the assumed sinusoidal current distribution.(3)
2. Obtain field components E and H (4)
3. Obtain expression for Radiated power using Poynting Vector.(3)
4. Obtain the Average Radiated Power.(2)
5, Obtain the Total Power Radiated using the Average Radiated Power.(2)
6. Identify the expression for Radiation Resistance.(2)

5. In a microwave link, two identical antennas operating at 10 GHz are used with power
gain 40 db. If the transmitted power is 1 Watt, find the receiver power if the range of the link is
30 km.

UNIT-2
Part-A

1. What is an array?
An array antennas are similar to the cascaded electronic amplifiers in increasing
Gain.
It is also defined as the antenna which are similar or non-similar and either similarly
oriented or non-oriented.Arrays are used to increase the gain
2.What is a uniform linear arrays.
It is an array where the elements are spaced and excite equally along a straight line.
3.What are called as the nulls?
The minimum value occurs at N /2=K ,K=1,2,3..These minimas are called as nulls
and there will be no signal.
4.Which is called as the first side lobe level.
The first secondary maximum is called as the first side lobe level and it occurs at
N /2= (2m+1)/2.

5. What is known as the Null-Null beam width?

The angular difference between the first nulls on either side of the main beam is called as
the Null-Null beam width.
6. What is known as the HPBW?
The angular width between 3 db points of the main beam is called the Half power Beam
width.
7.Define First side lobe ratio.(SLR).
The ratio between the First side lobe level to the main beam level. And the SLR for
uniform linear array is -13.5db.
8. Define Broad side array.
It is an array which gives a radiation pattern whose main beam is perpendicular to
the axis of the array.

9. Define End-Fire array.

It is an array which gives the radiation pattern whose main beam is along the axis
of an array.
10.Write the advantages of the Array antenna.
Array antennas can produce desired shape of electric field of EM wave like electronic
circuits produce any shape of signal wave form.
11. Give some of the synthesis methods used.
1. Source amplitude distribution method
2.Source distribution method.
3.Element space control method.
4. Any combination of above.
12.Define Fourier Transform method.
Write the equation of the fourier transform method and inverse fourier transform method.

13.Define Dolph-Chebychev method.

This method is the compromise between uniform and binomial arrays.It provides the
means of determination of suitable polynomials which gives the excitation co-efficients to obtain
satisfactory patterns.

14.Write the Advantages of Dolph-Chebychev method.

.It gives a minimum beam width for a specified side lobe level.
.It provides the pattern which contains side lobe of equal levels.
.The amplitude distribution is not highly tapered .
15.Define Taylors method.
Tailors design of amplitude distribution gives a pattern which exhibits an optimum
compromise between beam width and side lobe level.

16. Calculate the directivity of a given linear broad side uniform array of 10 isotropic
elements with a separation of \4 between the elements.
17. A linear broad side array consists of four equal isotropic inphase point sources with /3
spacing. Find the directivity and beam width.
PART-B
1. Derive the Expression for the resultant radiation pattern of 2-element array.
1. Equation for resultant radiation pattern of 2-element array (2)
2. Diagram for 2 element array.(3)
3. Description of the diagram and the terms used in that.(2)
4. Equations of the parameters like phase difference, path difference,(2)
5. Derivation and simplifications.(4)
6. Prove the final expression i.e L.H.S =R.H.S.(3).
2. Derive the Expression for the Field strength of a Uniform Linear array
1. Equation for resultant radiation pattern of 2-element array (3)
2. Diagram for uniform linear array.(2)
3. Description of the diagram and the terms used in that.(3)
4. Equations of the parameters like phase difference, path difference,(2)
5. Derivation and simplifications.(3)
6. Prove the final expression i.e L.H.S =R.H.S.(2).
3. Write the features of Uniform linear array.
Write about maximum(2), Secondary maximum(2), nulls(2), Side lobe ratio(4). HalfPower beam width(2), Null-Null Beam width(2), Equations (2),Diagrams(2).
4. Design of Linear array by Fourier Transform method.
1.Write the desired pattern array factor.(4)
2. Fourier formula(4).
3. Simplifications(5)

4.Final expression (3)

5. Determination of Dolph-ChebyChev Amplitude Distribution.
1. Procedure.(8)
2.Resultant patterns of arrays diagram(3)

3.simplification and final expression.(5).

6. Design a four element broadside array of /2 spacing between elements. The pattern is to
be optimum with a side lobe level 19.1 db down the main lobe maximum.
7. A uniform linear array consists of 16 isotropic point sources with a spacing of /4. If the phase
difference =-900 Calculate (a) HPBW (b) Beam solid angle (c) Directivity and (d) Effective
aperture.

UNIT-3
PART-A
1. Write the range of frequencies of HF,UHF spectrum.
The range of frequency for the HF and UHF spectrum is between 3 MHZ and
1GHz. The above range is 1GHz is branded as Microwave frequency.
2. Write the types of the antennas based on the direction pattern.
The antennas are classified as
1.Isotropic radiators.
2. Directional antennas
3. Omni-Directional antennas.
3. What is meant by an isotropic radiators?
It is defined as hypothetical element which radiates equally in all directions.
Examples:

A point source, A Star.

4. What is meant by Directional antennas?

The antennas which radiate or receive the electromagnetic waves more effectively
in some directions than in others.

Examples
Dipoles ,horns ,Paraboloids and so on.
5. What is meant by Omni-Directional antennas?
The antenna which has the non-directional pattern in azimuth and has a
directional pattern in elevation .It is a special type of directional pattern.
Examples.
A circular loop antenna.omni directional antenna refers only to the horizontal plane. In
this plane the pattern is a circle.
6. What is a Resonant antenna.
Resonant antennas are otherwise called as the standing wave antennas where the
standing wave exists and the antennas are open at both the ends. And used at a fixed frequency.
7. What is a non-resonant antenna?
These antennas are otherwise called as the Travelling wave and aperiodic
antennas. Which have no reflected waves and has wide bandwidth and in which one end is exited
and other end is terminated.
8. What is called as Standing wave?
It is defined as a wave in which the ratio of the instantaneous value of any
component of the wave at one point of that of any other point does not vary with time.
9. What is called as Travelling wave?
It is defined as the wave whose frequency component have exponential variation
of amplitude and linear variation of phase with distance.
10. What are known as the LF antennas?
The antennas which operate at low frequencies(75-160 meter band).Examples of
antenna are.
1. Inductance loaded vertical antennas.
2.Inductance loaded Horizontal dipoles.
3.Tower antenna.
11. What are the two major types of arrays?

1. Broadside array.
2. End-Fire array.
12. Define Broad side array.
It is an array which gives a radiation pattern whose main beam is perpendicular to
the axis of the array.
13. Define End-Fire array.
It is an array which gives the radiation pattern whose main beam is along the axis
of an array.
14. Write about Rhombic antenna.
The antenna in which is in the shape of a rhombus. It is usually terminated in a
resistance.
15. Write about the Yagi-Uda Antenna.
The antenna which was developed by Prof.Yagi and Prof.Uda.and it is an array
antenna which consists of one active element and a few parasitic element.
16. Write the applications of Yagi-Uda Antenna.
It is used as a transmitting antenna at HF and used for TV reception at VHF.
17. Write about Log-Periodic Antenna.
It is an array antenna which has structural geometry such that its impedance is
periodic with the logarithm of the frequency which can used to receive a good number of TV
channels without any deterioration of the received field strength.
18. Write about the loop antenna.
An antenna which consists of one or more turns of wire forming a DC short
circuit is called loop antenna. The loop antenna can be of square, circular, or rectangular shape.

19. Write the applications of loop antenna.

It is extensively used in radio receivers, aircraft receivers, for Direction finding
and also in UHF transmitters.

20. What is a Whip antenna?

It is a short vertical monopole used for mobile communication purpose. its
standard length is 4 feet for most of the applications.
21. What is a ferrite rod antenna?
It is an antenna which consists of a ferrite rod on which a coil with a number of
turns are wound. It is used in all transistorized radio receivers
22. Write about the Turnstile antenna.
It is an antenna composed of two dipole antennas perpendicular to each other.
They intersect at their mid-points. The current on the two dipoles are equal and in phase
quadrature.
23. Write some features of Turnstile antenna.
1.It produces almost an omni-directional pattern.
2.Directivity is improved by the array of turnstile antennas.
3.The super-turnstile antenna can be made of four flat sheets.
24. What is a Discone antenna?
It is an antenna which consists of a disc and a cone. The disc is fixed at the centre
conductor of co axial feed line so that it is perpendicular to its axis. The apex of the cone is
connected to the outer shield of the outer shield of the co axial line.
25. Write the applications of Discone antennas.
1. It is used at VHF and UHF bands.
2. It is used in Airport communication systems.
3. It is an ideal antenna which is used for mobile communication base stations.
26. Write the features of Notch antenna.
1. It consists of a notch in a metallic sheet.
2. It is open ended slot antenna.
3. It can be easily made on the body of an aircraft.
4. The notches are filled with dielectric materials to avoid aerodynamic drag.

27. Design a log periodic dipole array with 7 db gain and a 421 bandwidth. Given
from Carrel curve that 7 db gain corresponds to = 150, K = 1.2 and S/ = 0.15.
PART-B
1. Write the characteristics of Yagi-Uda Antenna.
1. Give the introduction and definition of Yagi-Uda Antenna (3)
2. Diagram(4)
3. features (6)
4.Applications(2)
5.Design Parameters(1).
2. Write the characteristics of loop antenna
1. Give the introduction and definition (3)
2. Diagram(3)
3. features (5)
4. Applications(2)
5. Design parameters(1)
6. Radiation Resistance (2).
3. Write the characteristics of Helical Antenna.
1. Give the introduction and definition of Antenna (3)
2. Diagram(3)
3.Types of modes(normal mode and Axial mode (3)
4.features (4)
5. Applications(2)
6. Design Parameters(1)
4 .Describe the Dipole arrays and explain about its types.
1.Definition for the dipole array (2)

2. Broadside array.
a) Definition (2)
b) Features(3)
c) Diagram(2)
3.End Fire array
a) Definition (2)
b) Features(3)
c) Diagram(2)

5. Write the characteristics of Rhombic Antenna.

1. Give the introduction and definition of Antenna (3)
2. Diagram(3)
3. features (5)
4. Applications(3)
5.Design Parameters(2).
6. Write about V-antenna and inverted V antenna.
1. V-antenna
a)definition(2)
b) features(3)
c) diagrams(3)
2. Inverted V antenna
a)definition(2)
b) features(3) c) diagrams (3)

UNIT - 4
1. Write about Antenna measurements.
Antenna measurements are the part of analysis of antenna parameters. Analysis is
the determination of output knowing the input and system details. On the other hand, design is
the determination of system knowing the input and output parameters.
2. What is the purpose of antenna measurements?
Antenna measurements are required for the following purposes:
1 .To calibrate and store data for the different types of antennas.
2. To analyse different parameters.
3. To verify design.
4. To adjust critical components and dimensions.
5. To control equality.
6. To find analytical and statistical errors.
7. To indicate the actual performance of antennas.
8. To verify the validity of the assumptions made in the analytical formulations.
3.What are measurement ranges?
The following ranges are used for antenna parameter measurements:
1. TEM

2.

GTEM cell.

3. Outdoor range

4. Indoor range.

5. Reflection range

6. Slant range.

7. Elevated range

8. Compact range.

9. Anechoic chamber

10. Near -field range.

11. Ground range

12. Rader cross-section range

4.What is meant by TEM cell?

It is known as the Transverse Electro magnetic cell.It is rectangular coaxial
transmission line. It resembles a strip line. It is tapered at both the ends and matched at both the

ends and matched to a 50 ohm co axial line.it allows transmission of electro magnetic energy in
TEM mode.
5. What is GTEM cell?
It is known as the Giga Hertz cell. It is a hybrid between an anechoic chamber and
a TEM cell. It can be used over a wide range of frequencies.It can be made in different
dimensions depending on the requirement.
6. What is meant by Reflected range?
In this measurement range the heights of transmitting antenna and AUT are
chosen to produce a constructive interference At AUT.
7. What is meant by the slant range?
In this, the AUT is fixed on a non-conducting tower at a fixed height and the
transmitting antenna kept on the ground. The transmitting antenna is oriented to have maximum
radiation towards AUT. Reflected signals are eliminated by directing side lobes towards the
ground.
8. What is Elevated range?
These are used on smooth terrains .The transmitting antenna and AUT are
mounted on two towers .Line of sight facility is provided. Care is taken to reduce the ground
reflections. This range depends on tower height.
9. What is Compact range?
In this, the transmitting antenna acts on offset feed for paraboloid. The paraboloid
changes spherical waves into plane waves towards AUT. This involves small distances, and
hence it is called as the compact range.
10. Write about Anechoic chambers.
It is an indoor chamber. The chamber walls, ceiling and floor are filled with RF
energy absorbers except at the locations of transmitting antenna and AUT. It provides all-weather
capability and controlled environment. It is either tapered or of rectangular shape.
11.Write few lines about the near field range.
It is a small indoor test range in which near field measurements are made. The
data obtained in one of several co ordinate system is converted into far field data analytically or
numerically.

12.Write about the ground range.

Here the transmitting antenna is mounted above the surface which acts like a
mirror. The reflection appears as if it comes from an image of the source.The total signal has
visible centre near the ground.Near the transmitting antenna,other reflections do not reach the
AUT.The advantage is, tall towers are not required.
13.Write the difference between Indoor and Outdoor Ranges.
Indoor range
1.These are protected from the
External EMI
2.Space is limited.
3.Only small antennas can be tested
4.They have controlled environment

Outdoor range
1.These are susceptible to EMI.
2.Space is unlimited.
3.Antennas of any size can be tested.
4.They have uncontrolled environment.

14.Write the factors on which the selection range for antenna measurements depends on?
1.Frequency.
2.Cost.
3.Accuracy required.
4.Size of the antenna and so on.
15.What are the types of Antenna impedance?
1.Intrinsic impedance of antenna.
2.Antenna impedance or input impedance.
3.Self impedance.
4.Mutual impedance.
16. What are the precautions in the Impedance measurements by Wheatstone bridge
method?
1.Load inductance and distributed capacitance should be minimum.
2.Bridge should be calibrated before the actual measurements.
3.The variable resistance should be of inductively compensated type.

17.Write the five types of Gain of an antenna.

1.Directive gain.

2.Directivity

3. Power gain

4.Relative gain

5.Superdirectivity.
PART-B
1.Explain the following measurement ranges
1.TEM cell(30%).
2.GTEM cell(30%).
3.Reflected range(20%).
4.Slant range(20%).
2.Explain about the following measurement ranges.
1.Elevated range(20%).
2.Compact range(20%).
3.Anechoic range(20%).
4.Near field Range(20%).
5.Ground range(20%).
3.Explain about the impedance measurement by the Wheatstone bridge method.
1.Introduction(20%).
2.Diagram(25%).
3.Procedure with the formulas(35%).
4.Precautions(20%).
4.Explain about the Slotted line method.
1.Introduction(20%).
2.set-up diagram(25%).

4.procedure(30%).

3.Standing wave pattern(20%).

5.Write the Antenna pattern measurement.
1.Introduction().
2.Measurement procedure().
3.Set-up diagram().
6.Write the Measurement of Radiation resistance of an antenna.
Radiation resistance(25%).
Set-up diagram(30%).
Procedure(45%).
UNIT-5

PART-A
1.What is known as the transverse wave or the travelling wave?
An EM wave radiated by a transmitting antenna is a transverse wave or also
called as travelling wave.
2.What are the three types of waves travelled between the transmitting and receiving
antennas?
1.Ground waves.
2.Space waves.
3.Sky waves.
3.What are called the Ground waves?
The wave is said to be a ground wave or surface wave when it propagates from
transmitter to the receiver by following the surface of the earth.
4. When does the ground wave exists?
The ground wave exists
1.When the transmitting and receiving antennas are close to the earth

2.When the antennas are vertically polarized.

5. What is the condition to find whether the earth is rough or smooth?

(write the equation of the roughness of the earth R)
If R<0.1,the earth is considered electrically smooth.
If R>10,It is said to be electrically rough.
6.What is meant by wave tilt?
Wave tilt is defined as the change of orientation of the vertically polarized ground
wave at the surface of the earth.
7.Write some features of the wave tilt.
1.Wave tilt occurs at the surface of the earth.
2. The tilt depends on the conductivity and permittivity of the earth.
3. It causes power dissipation.
4. Due to tilt there exists both horizontal and vertical components of the electric
field.
5. These 2 components are not in phase.
6. The wave tilt changes the original vertically polarized wave into elliptically
polarised
Wave.
8. What is meant by a space wave?
The EM wave that propagates from transmitter to the receiver in the earths
troposphere is called the space wave. Troposphere is the region of the atmosphere within 16 Km
above the surface of the earth.
9. Write the factors that contributes the field strength at the receiver in space wave
propagation.
1. Direct ray from the transmitter.
2.Ground reflected ray.

3. Reflected and refracted rays from the troposphere.

4.Diffracted rays around the curvature of the earth, hills and so on.
10. Write the applications of the space waves.
1. Space wave propagation is useful at frequencies above 30 Mhz.
2. It is used for FM,TV,Radar applications.
3. It is also used in VHF,UHF and Higher frequency bands.
11. Write the considerations which affects the space wave propagation.
1. Curvature of earth.
2.Earths imperfections and roughness.
3.Hills,Tall buildings and other obstacles.
4.Transition between ground and space wave.
5.polarisation of the waves
6.Height above the earth.
12.What is called as the duct propagation?
Duct propagation is a phenomenon making of the atmospheric duct region. The
duct region.
13.What is called ionospheric wave propagation?
It is also called as sky wave propagation .EM waves directed upward at some
angle from the earths surface are called sky waves.Where ionosphere is the upper portion of the
atmosphere between 60km and 400 km.
14. What are the characteristics of the layers of ionospheric wave propagation?
1. Virtual height.
2.Critical frequency.
3.Maximum usable frequency.
4.Skip distance.
5.Lowest usable frequency.

6.Optimal frequency.
7.critical frequency.
15.What is called as virtual height.
It is defined as the height that is reached by a short pulse of energy which has the
same time delay as the original wave.Virtual height of the layer is always greater than the actual
height.
16.What is critical frequency?
It is defined as the highest frequency that will reflected to earth by that layer at
vertical distance.It is also defined as the limiting frequency below which a wave is reflected and
above which it penetrates through an ionosphericlayer,when the waves are incident on the layer
normally.
17.What is Maximum usable frequency?
It is the highest frequency of wave that is reflected by the layer at an angle of
incidence othernormal.MUF depends on time,day,distance,direction,season and solar activity.
18.What is known as the skip distance?
It is defined as the shortest distance from the transmitter that is covered by a fixed
frequency.
When was the angle of incidence is large,ray1(fig.9.24)returns to ground at a long
distance from the trasmiter.
19. What is lowest usable frequency, LUF?
At certain low frequencies, the combination of inospheric ,absorption, atmospheric noise,
miscellaneous static and receiver s/n requirements conspire to reduce radio communications.
The lowest frequency that can be used for communication is called LUF.
20.What is critical angle?
Critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence at the wave at which the wave will not
be reflected.
21. What is optimum working frequency (OWT)or frequency of optimum traffic(FOT)?
The frequency of wave is normally used for inospheric communication is known
as optimum working frequency.

It is chosen to about 15% less than the MUF. It is always desireable to use a high
frequency as possible since the attenuation is inversely proportional to the square of the
frequency.
22. Find fc at vertical incidence if the maximum value of electron
density is 1.24 X 106 cm-3.

23. At what frequency a wave must propagate for the D region to

have an index
of refraction 0.5.

24. Communication is to be established between two stations

1500 km apart. Derive the necessary formula and calculate the maximum
frequency you may choose for communication using the ionosphere as
reflector if the height and the plasma frequency of the ionosphere at the
point of reflection are respectively 250 km and 12 MHz. Assume ionosphere
to be thin and earth to be flat.

PART-B
1.What are the 3 types of waves of propagations and what are the factors influence the
propagation.
1.Few notes on Ground waves.(25%)
2.Notes on Space waves(25%).
3.Notes on Sky waves.(25%)

4. points on factors influencing propagations(25%).

2.Write short notes on Ground waves.

1.Introduction(10%).
2.Diagrams(20%).
3.Ground wave field strength by Somerfield analysis(20%).
4.Ground wave field strength by Maxwells equation(20%).
5.Features of Ground wave propagation.(30%).
3.Write about the effects of fading and diversity techniques.
Definition for fading
Types of fading.
Diversity techniques.
4.Write the considerations in space wave propagation.
1.Effect of the curvature of the earth(25%).
2.Effects of Hills, Buildings(25%).
3.Effect of the height above the earth(25%).
4.Effect of transition between ground wave and space wave(10%).
5.Effect of polarization(15%).
5.Write the characteristics of Ionosphere.
1.Characteristics of D-layer(20%).
2. Characteristics of E-layer(20%).
3. Characteristics of F1-layer(20%).
4. Characteristics of F2-layer(20%).
5. Diagram(20%).

6.Write about the Characteristic parameters of Ionospheric propagation.

1. Virtual height (20%)

7.critical frequency(10%).

2.Critical frequency(20%)
3.Maximum usable frequency(10%).
4.Skip distance(20%).
5.Lowest usable frequency(10%).
6.Optimal frequency(10%).

7. Assume the reflection takes place at a height of 400 km and maximum density corresponds to
0.9 refractive index at 10 MHz. What will be the range for which MUF is 10 MHz?