ME 401 A

Energy Systems II
Turbomachinery
Part III

Module 4:
Steam Turbine

Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Usage: Thermoelectric & Nuclear power plants

Application: propulsion, drive compressors, fans, blowers, pumps
Courtesy: Web nptel lectures

Carnot Cycle

Rankine Cycle
Why not Carnot Cycle ?!

Salient Features
Idealized model for steam power plant
exploits phase change: liquid-vapour
Maximizes diff. in sp. Volume during compression & expansion

to increase :
increase avg T of heat addition, lower avg T of rejection
Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Effect of P & T on Rankine

1. Low Condenser P
condensate, erosion

2. High Boiler P

3. Superheating
Issue: quality of steam
Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Reheat
Advantage of superheat
Avoid moisture
avg. T: not much change
little gain in
High T material --> No need of reheat

Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Regeneration
Rankine & Carnot

Ideal
uses FWH
reversible

regeneration = Carnot ?
Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Regeneration: Actual
avg T of heat addition increases
Closed FWH
Open FWH:
better, cost, construction

Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Regeneration: Reality
Economy driven....

combination of reheat & regeneration

Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Losses
1. Piping losses:
loss in P and loss in T due to friction

2. Turbine losses:
Frictional effects & heat loss to surrounding
Isentropic efficiency
3. Pump losses:
similar to turbine
4. Condenser losses:
loss of pressure, condensate cooling below sat
usually small
Courtesy: Fundamental of Thermodynamics S, B, Wylen

Steam Nozzles

Supersaturated Expansion of steam:

1. Degree of supercooling
2. Degree of supersaturation

Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine: Introduction

Working fluid: steam
converts E of high P, T steam into mechanical (shaft) work
Mechanism:
Generate high P, T steam
expand through nozzle -> high velocity steam
change in mom. through turbine blades + expansion
rotation of shaft -> work production
Stator + Rotor
Stator as Nozzles (E transformers)
Rotor as work generator (E transformers + transfer)
Classification: based on several factors

Courtesy: Web nptel lectures

Historical Perspective
100 AD: Hero of Alexandria steam produces rotation
1878: Carl G. P. De Laval: Simple impulse turbine
C-D Nozzle
1 00 000 rpm
1897: Velocity compounded
1900: Rateau: Pressure compounded turbine
1901: C. G. Curtis:
patented velocity compounded de Laval turbine
1884: Pasron: Reaction turbine: multistage, axial flow

Turbine Classification
Action:
1. Impulse
2. Reaction
Flow direction:
1. Axial: most suitable for large turbo generators
2. Radial: quick warm & start -> peak load
3. Tangential: robust but inefficient, -> aux.
Exit condition: f(back pressure)
1. Condensing
2. Non-condensing
Stages:
1. Single
2. Multistage

Simple Impulse Turbine

de Laval turbine
momentum change
single / many C-D nozzles
nozzles for governing
nozzle exit velocity ~ 1100 m/s
rotor speed ~500 m/s, ~30000 rpm
need of large reduction gearing
leaving velocity loss /
carry-over loss ~ 11% of initial KE
Use: for small power need

Courtesy: Web nptel lectures

Courtesy: Power Plant Engg. AKR, APS, MD

Velocity Triangles

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Blade, Stage, Nozzle Efficiency

Optimum blade speed ratio

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Compounding
method of reducing rot. speed of impulse turbine to practical limits
Use of more than one set of nozzles, blades, rotors, in series,
but keyed to a common shaft
thus, either jet velocity or pressure is absorbed in stages
Three types:
Velocity compounded
Pressure compounded
V & P compounded

Velocity Compounding / Curtis Turbine

velocity drop is split into several stages
whole expansion only in nozzle
fixed guide blades ensure smooth entry
to next stage
leaving velocity loss ~ 1 to 2%
two rotor, three rotor vel compounding
Single row rotor : re-entry compounding

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Pressure Compounding / Rateau Turbine

series of simple impulse turbines
Split the whole P drop into smaller
P drops across several stages
Expansion only in nozzles, const. P
in rotor blades
leakage through diaphragm
clearance; labyrinth packing
leaving velocity loss ~ 1 to 2%

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Velocity & Pressure Compounding

combination of P & V compounding

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Impulse Reaction Turbine / Parsons

principles of Impulse & Reaction
change in direction -> momentum
pressure drop in rotor blades too
Fixed blade -> nozzles
All round entry of steam
leaving velocity loss ~ 1-2%
widely used

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Combination Turbines
Curtis Rateau
Curtis Parsons
Rateau - Parsons

Carry-over coefficient
for multi-stage impulse turbine with single-row wheel
: ratio of KE available in succeeding set of nozzles to KE coming out
from preceding set of blades
: 0.9 to 0.95

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Vel. Diagram: V compounding

for 3 row wheel,
i.e. 3 sets of moving blades
prefix -> Row

Moving

1C2 entrance vel to

nozzle/fixed blade
12 Inlet angle of
fixed/guide blades
2C1 exit vel of
nozzle/fixed blade
Due to friction
2C1 = K 1C2
K = blade vel coeff
Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Moving

Moving

Efficiency: 2-row vel-compounded

Assumptions:
1. Blades in each row are equiangular, i.e. 11 = 12
2. Blade vel. Coeff. K is the same for each row of blades
Let 1C1 be steam, velocity entering first row of blades.

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Parsons Turbine
Assumptions:
1. same mean dia. of fixed & moving blades
2. blade height is progressively increased
3. ABD & ADF are similar
1 = 2 & 2 = 1
Cr2 = C1 & C2 = Cr1

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Parsons Turbine: Diagram Efficiency

Courtesy: Steam & Gas Turbines Yadav

Courtesy: www.youtube.com

(for videos)

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