Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
introduction
- chemical load
- corrosion
- history of anchoring
2.
- general consideration
- task of anchoring
3.
- salt attacks
functionality of anchoring
4. alloys
- general view
- alloy testing
5. examples
- load profile
- oxydizing
- strength
- embrittlement
- mecanical load
- mecanical load in wall structure
- reasons of mecanical load
- mineralogical effects
- bullnose
- burner lance
6. discussion
1. introduction
history of anchoring
2. functionality of anchoring
metallic anchors
fix anchoring
movable anchoring
or
casted anchor
bended anchor
knowledge
the best anchoring is that provides
the best performance
task of anchors
1.) ... shall fix the monol. working lining as long as possible
2.) ... shall resist mechanical constraints
3.) ... shall resist heat constraints
4.) ... shall resist chemical constraints
5.) ... shall easily be installed during installation
(easy handling)
6.) ... shall easily be removed during break out
7.) ... shall be economical (low investment)
8.) ... shall be easily available (delivery time)
mechanical
load
thermal
load
past situation
mechanical
load
thermal
load
chemical load
chemical load
thermal load
1.) oxydizing
metal + O2 + high temp.
3.) embrittlement
oxydizing
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
FeO
FeO
Fe3O4
O2+T
increase of volume
!
lost of strength
T
tensile stress
tensile stress
tensile stress
t i m e
1000
10000
100000
hours
ferritic steel
1.4828
100
1.4841
2.4856
80
60
40
20
0
500
600
700
t (in C)
800
900
embrittlement
Fe
iron carbide
Fe
Fe
Fe
double effect:
(sigma phase embrittlement)
Fe Fe
F
e
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
chromium
carbide
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
intercrystalline corrosion
grain
grain
mineralogical effects
used lining
anchor cracks
anchor cracks
supporting anchor
20C
RCY40LCC-114MM
RT102SP-100MM
91C
1000C
936C
tripple effect
definition of corrosion
attack and destruction of material due to chemical
and electrochemical reactions
wet corrosion
electrochemical reaktion
chemical reaktion
salt attacks
KCI
(772C)
NaCI (801C)
K2CO3 (897C)
NA2SO4
(852C)
CaSO4 (1397C)
K2SO4 (1074C)
4. alloys
general view
condition
high
temperature
high sulpher
content
high content
of chloride
high C + Co
presence
problem
best
measure
oxydisation
Cr and Cr+Ni
sulphidizing
Mn+C
no Ni
salt attack
Ni
carbonisation
Ni+Si
constrictions
- -crystal
- -embrittlement 700-900C
- embrittlement due to aging
< 800C
- -embrittlement 700-900C
- sulpher sensativity
- price
- sulpher sensativity
- price
compromise !
ferritic alloys
austenitic alloys
Ni-master alloys
1.430
1
1.476
2
2.485
6
2.485
1
1.484
5
1.484
1
attack of K2SO4
(oxydising atm.)
1.4828
1.4301
2.4856
1.4762
2.4851
1.4845
1.4841
attack of K2SO4
(reducing atm.)
attack of K2SO4
(reducing atm.)
5. examples
loadload
profile
profile
fixed anchoring
bullnose
burner lance
6. discussion