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01
INTRODUCTION
The aim of present study is to investigate the relationship of study
habits with self-concept and academic performance among university
students. The definition of study habits are the behaviors used when
preparing for test or learning academic material. A self-concept is largely a
reflection of the reaction of others towards the individual. An idea of selfconstructed from the belief one holds about one self and the responses of
others. Academic performance is the outcome of education the extent to
which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goal.
Study Habits
According to Aristotle, habit is what we repeatedly do. Habits
generate other habits. Inspiration is what gets us started, motivation is what
keeps us on track, and habit is what makes us automatic. Anything we
practice long enough becomes ingrained into our system and becomes a
habit. Students are basically having their own individual differences. It all
depends upon their ability and capacity. We do observe that some students
have the habit of studying daily lessons regularly Human life, which is the
best creation of god, has got two aspects: The biological and sociological or
cultural. While the former is maintained and transmitted by food and
Reproduction, the latter is preserved and transmitted by Education. It is
again through education that he promotes his Intelligence and adds his
knowledge with which he can Move the world for good and for evil according
to his Wishes. Education in fact, is one of the major lives Processes of the
human beings just as there are certain dispensable vital processes of life in
a biological sense. So Education may be considered a in a social Sense.
Education is indispensable to normal living, without Education the individual
would be unqualified for group life (Safe, et al. 1963).
Study habits play a very important role in the life of Students.
Success or failure of each student depends upon His own study habits. Of
course, study is an art and as such it requires practice. Some students study
more but they fail to achieve more. Others study less but achieve more.
Success of each student definitely depends upon ability Studying is a skill.
Being successful in school requires a high level of study Skills. Students must
first learn these skills, practice them and develop Effective study habits in
order to be successful. Very often the study habits and practices developed
and used in high school do not work for students in college. Good study
habits include many different skills: time management, self-discipline,
concentration, memorization, organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is
important, too organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is important, too
Basic Study Habits.
1. Attend class every day.
2. Read the textbook.
3. Do the assigned homework.
tendency to lean more heavily on one of the three learning channels visual,
auditory, or hands on. Techniques for Forming the Habit. If you don't have the
strength to resist temptation, or if your goals aren't clear enough for you to
draw strength from, you can use a reward System of studying.
5) Sit upright (don't lie down on a couch); if you're too relaxed, you mind will
be too slow.
6) Keep your desktop clear of materials that you aren't using at the moment.
They'll distract you.
7) People walking around and talking will get in the way of your
concentration.
8) Experts disagree about whether you may play music or not while
studying, so your
Schedules for Study
You get more out of a lecture, lab or discussion when you've done
the reading and other assignments before the class meets. Scheduling your
time, and following your schedule, ensures this. Use a strict schedule when
the work is piled-up; use a less rigid one when there's not so much to do, but
use a schedule whatever your situation is. Otherwise, you'll be cramming
and losing sleep around exam time. Don't kid yourself. Even in the unlikely
event that you schedule a 10-12 hour study day, the odds are you won't
follow through - and you shouldn't. The body isn't built that way. Study is
hard work. Your eyes and mind become tired and you become inefficient. If
you are in a bind and must cram for days at a time, it generally means that
you have put things off too. Studying is a skill. Being successful in school
requires a high level of study skills. Students must first learn these skills,
or
any
activity
that
requires
thought,
planning,
information
processing, and self-discipline. Youll find that once you develop effective
study habits, the job of studying and learning will become easier. Instead of
working harder, you'll be working smarter
Self-Concept
Self-concept is a belief systems, it is the multi-faceted, multi-level
cognitive
and
evaluation
of
range.
This
study
used
cross-sectional
comparison
to
survey
the
advantages that males had in this period. The social roles requested men to
be powerful and career-driven; also, the females had a high expectation for
male too.
2) When speak to Moral-ethic self, females was better than males. This
was because the Chinese society had higher moral standards and request
with women than men. Confucian moral ethic profoundly influenced on
modern peoples behavior. Society usually made more restrained demands
for women on ethics and behavior. Compared to men, women suffer more
restrict in ethics. Women didnt only have more self-discipline than men, they
also had a better skill in Introspection. Social and family lowered the
expectations on women, which also declined women's society frivolousness
and Psychological pressure. As a result, they could spend more time in
communication. so male had lower self-evaluation in ethics than female,
while at the same time, their ability to withstand setbacks was stronger, and
they dare to face up to some weaknesses of their own.
3) Male university students scored higher than females in self-criticism
factors, and the difference was easily noticeable. It showed that male college
students had lower appraisal on their own shortcomings and bad personality.
On the one hand, they had the courage to criticize themselves; on the other
hand, they had some problems of their own, and had a passive opinion of
themselves, while females seemed to have higher demands on themselves
4) Male had higher self-satisfaction than female, which explained that male
were more better at accept themselves, this may be due to their physical
superiority and the more conducive situation to male as the sociality
developed.
5) There were no significant gender difference in behavior, personal self,
social self, family self and identification. It shown that there were no gender
differences
in
college
students
self-acceptance
at the
present,
the
producing the best quality graduates who will become great leader and
manpower for the country thus responsible for the countrys economic and
Social development (Ali et.al, 2009). Student academic performance
measurement has received considerable attention in previous research, it is
challenging aspects of academic literature, and science student performance
are affected due to social, psychological, economic, environmental and
personal
factors.
These
factors
strongly
influence
on
the
student
performance, but these Factors vary from person to person and country to
country the concept of achievement has several references. It usually
denotes activity and mastery, making an impact on the environment and
competing against some standard of excellence .Academic achievement
indicates the numerical score of a students knowledge. It measures the
degree of a students adaptation to schoolwork and to the educational
system (Klobal & Musek in Baadjies 2008:3). How croft (1991:111) describes
academic achievement in terms of the actual mark or score obtained in an
examination or a test. Academic achievement refers to the level of schooling
which has been successfully completed and ability to attain success in
studies. It is also defined as excellence in all academic discipline rather than
fatalistically
accepting
it
and
competing
against
some
standard
of
(2006) reports that tertiary institutions in Austria have found that a selection
rank based on a students overall academic achievement is the best single
predictor of tertiary success for most tertiary courses. The researcher agrees
with the scholars that admission points affect academic performance at
university and that is why according to the Uganda Universities and Other
Tertiary Institutions Act (2001), the basis for entry to university is admission
points which are derived from A level points, Diploma points and Mature age
points.
According to Graetz (1995), ones educational success depends very strongly
on social economic status of the parents. Considine and Zappala (2002)
argue that families where the parents are advantaged socially, educationally
and economically foster a high level of achievement in their children. The
researcher agrees with Considine and Zappala (2002) because students from
high social economic backgrounds are well exposed to scholastic materials,
which aid their intelligence.
Sentamu (2003), Kwesiga (2002) and Portes and Macleod (1996) as cited in
Considine and Zappala (2002) all argue that the type of school a child
attends influences academic achievement. According to Minnesota measures
(2007), a report on higher education performance, which was produced by
the University of Minnesota, the most reliable predictor of student success in
college is the academic preparation of students in Academic performance
according to the Cambridge University Reporter (2003) is frequently defined
Internet addiction consequently gave rise in internet usage within the last
couple of decades.
Recommended that addicted users prefer using internet
setting back their personal and professional responsibilities which ultimately
leads to poor academic performance. According to pointed out that Facebook
users devoted lesser time to their studies in comparison to nonusers did and
subsequently had lower GPAs.] Also mentioned that among various unique
distractions of every single generation, Facebook remains a major distraction
of current generation. According to impairment of educational performance
and
internet
dependency
are
correlated
by
utilizing
synchronous
There
are benefits and risks associated with using any social network. There have
been reports regarding its effect on students academic performance. Some
researchers investigated the end result of social networking usability among
College students and with their academic performance. They found a poor
effect and influence when the media is overuse in such a way that do not
academically improve learning or its process
this same problem but found either no significant relationship between using
social networking and student academic performance or really a factor in
students academic performance. From the last few years in Pakistan literacy
rate and education improved and most of the instituted in Pakistan improving
the educational level and produce well educated, competitive and skilled
person, those meet dynamic growing market requirement. Thats a reason
the researcher find out such factors that effecting student performance,
especially in rural areas where student face lot of problem. Previously mostly
study of student academic performance conducting on such issues like
gender
difference,
teachers
education
and
teaching
style,
class
environment of the class, technology used in the class and exams systems,
extracurricular activities, family and work activities, financial, and etc. The
study may helpful for both colleges policy makers and parents of the
students. It helps the college administration to design and implement the
policies to improve the students performance and the quality of education
by changing the attitude of students towards learning, facilitating students
and improving the teaching procedures. Parents can use the outcomes of the
study to solve the students problems especially financial problems and to
look after them. It may also create awareness among students about their
rights and responsibilities to achieve quality education. Some factors that
affect
students
academic
performance.
These
factors
are
students
the
different
factors
that
affects
the
student
academic
performance in their research. There are two types of factors that affect the
students academic performance. These are internal and external classroom
factors and these factors strongly affect the students performance. Internal
classroom factors includes students competence in English, class schedules,
class size, English text books, class test results, learning facilities, homework,
environment of the class, complexity of the course material, teachers role in
the class, technology used in the class and exams systems. External
classroom factors include extracurricular activities, family problems, work
and financial, social and other problems. Research studies shows that
students performance depends on many factors such as learning facilities,
gender and age differences, etc. that can affect student performance
(Hansen, Joe B., 2000). Harb and El- Shaarawi (2006) found that the most
important factor with positive effect on students' performance is student's
competence in English. If the students have strong communication skills and
have strong grip on English, it increases the performance of the students.
The performance of the student is affected by communication skills; it is
possible to see communication as a variable which may be positively related
Objectives of study
To explore the relationship among study habits, self-concept and academic
performance among university students.
Hypothesis
There will be significant relationship of study habits, self-concept and
academic performance among university students.
Operational definition of variable
Study habits is operationally defined as the definition of study
habits are the behaviors used when preparing for tests or learning academic
material. A person who waits until the very last night before an exam and
then stays up all night trying to cram the information into his head is an
example of someone with bad study habits.
Self-concept is operationally defined as an idea of the self-constructed from
the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others. a selfconcept is largely a reflection of the reactions of others towards the
individual Academic performance is operationally defined as the outcome of
education the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has
achieved their educational goals .
Chapter 2
Method:
1-Participants
The sample consisted of 80 individuals of non-clinical population.
Total sample consisted of both gender male (n=40) and females (n=4).
Participant s age range was 21_26 with the combination of graduate and
post graduate students. The demographic variable were also taken e.g. age
gender. Participants were elected through convenient sampling technique. All
the individuals were approached in different areas of Multan city.
2-Instruments
A booklet consisted of informed consent form, demographic sheet; study
habit inventory, academic performance rating scale; robson self-concept
questioner and norms were used in the study.
Study habits inventory
Study habits inventory was developed by Gilbert Wrenn.
Assisted in the original addition by R.B Mc Keown and in revision by Wilber J
Humber. It was constructed to measure the study habits. It consists of 32
items. On rarely or Never, Sometimes and often or always format. The rating
scale is: 1= Rarely or never true 2= Sometimes true 3= Often or always
true) This scale help to find out about Time Management, Concentration,
Note Taking, Reading Comprehension, Test Preparation ,
Writing Skills , Test Anxiety Management
and
Reading Speed,
possible scores is (0-30).High scores on this scale indicate the higher level of
study habits. Low scores indicate the lower level of study habits.
Academic performance Rating scale
Academic performance rating scale was developed by
George J. DePaul, Mark D. Rapport University of Hawaii, and Lucy M. Perriello
University of Massachusetts Medical Center and was constructed to measure
Academic performance. The APRS is a 19-item scale that was developed to
reflect teachers perceptions of childrens academic performance and
Individual who showed their willingness to participate were selected. For this
study, non-probability sampling technique was used. A booklet consisted of
informed consent form, demographic information sheet, study habits
inventory,
academic
performance
rating
scale,
robson
self-concept
Chapter 3
Results
Table 1
Hypothesis
There will be significant relationship of study habits, self-concept and
academic performance among university students. Correlation Matrix of
score among study habits inventory, academic performance rating scale, and
robosn self-concept Scales.
Scales
RSCQ
SHI
RSCQ
SHI
-.305**
APRS
.257*
-.022
APRS
Interpretation
The table 1 shows the relationship among self-concept,
study habits, and academic performance. The results indicate that there is
significant negative correlation between study habits and self-concept and
there is a significant positive correlation between academic performance and
self-concept. Results also showed that there is a significant correlation
between academic performance and study habits. Thus our hypothesis is
partially accepted.
Suggestions
In the light of limitations and across the wide implications
of present research, following are the some suggestions for future
researchers regarding the betterment of research work.
Chapter # 4
Discussion
that
academic
self-concept
and
performance
are
mutually
the
select
variables,
namely,
self-concept
and
academic