Chapter 10 (take or give)

Parametrics
More times than not we will look at parametrics, vectors and polar equations with respect to their rectangular
(x, y) form.
1. x = t2 2t
y=t+1

Sketch the graph of this parametric system.

by hand,

with calculator,

using rectangular form

The parametric form allows us to see the _______________________ of the curve.

2. x = cos(t)
y = sin(t)

t:[0, 2]

What is the graph of this parametric system?

Write this system in rectangular form.

The parametric form allows us to graph a curve using the _________________________ when the
rectangular form is not a ___________________.

Chapter 10 (take or give)

3. x = t2 2t

Find dy/dx

y=t+1

For a parametric system of y and x in terms of t,

What about

4.

x = t2

a) Find

d2 y
dx2

d2 y
?
dx2

y = t3 3t

dy

dx

Chapter 10 (take or give)

b) Write an equation of the line(s) tangent to the graph at the point (3, 0)

c) Find the points, if any, where the graph has a vertical or horizontal tangent line.

d) Is the graph increasing or decreasing, concave up or concave down at the point where t = 1?

Homework
Page 725 5, 9, 12, 15 2 / 3, 3/ 2

Chapter 10 (take or give)

Arc length of a parametric graph

b

Arc length of rectangular =

Arc length for a parametric system

Homework
Page 725 29, 33, 47, 50

Vectors
A lot like parametrics only different.
Vectors have magnitude or _______________, and direction.
Vectors are written with a few different notations.
- 3,1 This is the vector that goes, from its starting point, 3 units to the right and 1 unit up.
- The second notation relies on two special vectors called the unit vectors. A unit vector would be a
vector whose magnitude is _________. 1,0 is the unit vector moving 1 unit to the _________.
Whereas 0,1 moves exactly _________ unit up. In vector work 1,0 is sometimes noted as _____
and 0,1 is noted as __________. Other vectors are then written as linear ___________________ of

Chapter 10 (take or give)

these two vectors, so 3,1 = 3i + 1j. As crazy as it sounds, some books note vectors as variables
with hats on, such as i and j . Some books just use bold, i and j.
Vector equations:

t,2 t = r(t) =

t i + (2 t)j

What is the difference between parametric x =

y = 2 - t and this vector?

r(1) =

r '(1) =

r '(t) =
r ' (t) is a vector

Often vector equations represent moving objects, so r '(t) x'i y' j

dx dy
i j the _________________
dt
dt

The magnitude is found via the ______________________ Theorem.

Magnitude of a vector =

= | r(t) |.

So the magnitude of the tangent, derivative, vector is

The magnitude of the tangent vector gives us the ____________________ of the moving object.
Note: The above could be used in both parametric and vector notation.

Find the speed of the object define by r(t) when t = 1. | r'(t) | =

Arc length for a vector equation same as arc length for a _________________________ system.

Arc length =
Homework
1) r(t) = (2cos(t))i + 3 sin(t))j t = /2
2) r(t) = 2ln(t + 1))i + t2j t = 1
a. Draw the graph of the particle moving in a plane with the given position vectors
b. Find the velocity and acceleration vectors of the particle at the given time.
c. Find the particles speed and direction of movement at the given time t.
3. Find the distance the particle travels on r(t) = (1 cost)i + (t sint)j on the interval t :[0 , 2/3]

Chapter 10 (take or give)

Polar Equations
Polar Coordinates: (r, )

r=
=

Graph polar (1, 5/4)

Note: we will graph on the x-y plane
Relationship between polar and
rectangular coordinates:
x=
y=
So, polar (1, 5/4) is equivalent to (

So, the rectangular (1,

3 ) is equivalent to (

In rectangular: sin2x + cos2x =

Translated to polar:

sin

cos

cos () = ------

sin () = -------

tan () = ------

Chapter 10 (take or give)

Polar Graphs (on rectangular axes)

1. r = 2

2. = 1

3. r = 2cos

4. r = 3 sin()

5. r = -2cos()

6. r = 2cos(3)

7. r = 3cos(4)

8. r = -sin(2)

Chapter 10 (take or give)

9. r = 2 + 2sin()

10. r = 1 + 3sin()

11. r = 3 + 2sin()

12. r = 2 - 2 sin()

13. r = 4 + 3cos()

14. r= 3 2 sin()

15. r = -3 + 2cos

Chapter 10 (take or give)

Summary of Polar Graphs

Circles:
r = a cos

starts at :

r = a sin

starts at:

period :

Roses:
r = a sin b

starts at :

r = a cos b

starts at :

period :

# of petals:

Limacons :
r = a + b sin

starts at :

r = a + b cos

starts at :

period :

if a = b

if a > b

if a < b

inner loop starts when

Chapter 10 (take or give)

10

The Calculus of Polars

Find the derivative,
Since we have x =
so, like parametrics

In order to find

dy
.
dx
and y =

dy
, in polars =
dx

dy
dx
and
we need to use ___ _________________ _________________. So lets use it.
d
d

dy
=
dx
We would find horizontal and/or vertical tangents just as we do for _______________ and _____________.
1. Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of r = 1 + sin at the point where = /3.

Chapter 10 (take or give)

11

An interesting fact with polars is that the slope of the tangent line at the pole, r = 0, is always equal to:

2. For r = 1 + sin find all points where the graph has a horizontal or vertical tangent.

Homework
Page 737 61, 63, 65

Chapter 10 (take or give)

12

Areas and polar graphs

We will not be looking for, nor be asked about, the area under a graph/curve; we will look for, or be asked
about the area _________________________ a graph/curve.

No sum of rectangles here. We have _____________________ of a ___________________ that will be

summing.

What is the area of a sector?

Since we will be summing many tiny sectors the Integral for the area inside a polar graph is:

3. Find the area inside one petal of r = cos (2)

4. Find the area inside the inner loop of r = 2 4 sin

Homework
Page 745 5, 7, 11, 13

Chapter 10 (take or give)

13

5. Find the area between the loops of r = 2 + 4 cos

6a. Find the area inside the graph of r = 3 sin and outside of the graph of r = 1 + sin

6b. Find the common interior of the graphs of r = 3 sin and r = 1 + sin.

Homework
Page 745 19, 31, 35

Chapter 10 (take or give)

14

Arc length of a Polar Curve

Arc length for rectangular coordinates:

Arc length for parametrics:

Arc length for polars:

OR

7. Find the arc length for the graph of r = 4 3 sin

Homework
Page 745 47, 48