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Rizwan Khan
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
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Substation Location
Substation Parameters Derivations
Introduction
The distribution system is that part of the electrical utility system
between the bulk power source and customers service switches.
This definition includes the following components of distribution
system:
Subtransmission system
Distribution substations
Distribution and primary feeders
Distribution transformers
Secondary circuits
Service Drops
Rizwan Khan (Lecturer - UET LHE)
Introduction
However, some distribution system engineers prefer to define the
distribution system as that part of the electric utility system
between the distribution substations and the consumers service
entrance.
Proceeding figure shows a one line diagram of a typical
distribution system.
Subtransmission
The subtransmission system is that part of electric utility system
which delivers power from bulk power sources, such as large
transmission substations.
The subtransmission systems may be made of overhead open wire
construction on wood poles or of underground cables.
The voltage of these circuits varies from 12.47kV to 245 kV, with
the majority at 132kV voltage level specially in Pakistan. There is
Subtransmission
The major considerations affecting the substations design are cost
and reliability. However, the subtransmission system designs are:
Radial System
Improved Radial System
Loop System
Network System
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The radial system is simple and has the low first cost but it also
has a low service continuity. Because of this reason, the radial
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Radial System
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Loop System
In general, due to higher service reliability, the subtransmission
system is designed as loop circuits or multiple circuits forming a
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Loop System
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Network System
Its a subtransmission distribution system that has multiple circuits.
The distribution substations are interconnected, and the design may have
more than one bulk power source. Therefore, it has the greatest service
reliability.
It requires costly control of power flow and relaying.
It is the most commonly used form of subtransmission.
Proceeding figure is showing the distribution system with network
configuration.
Rizwan Khan (Lecturer - UET LHE)
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Network System
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Distribution Substations
A typical substation may include the following equipment:
Power transformers
Circuit breakers
Disconnecting switches
Station buses and insulators
Potential transformers
Capacitor voltage transformers
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Distribution Substations
Coupling capacitors
Series Capacitors
Shunt Capacitors
Grounding system
Lighting arrestors or gaps
Line traps
Protective relays
Station batteries
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Distribution Substations
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Can be used only where load can be interrupted or have other supply
arrangements.
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High reliability.
Most expensive.
Would lose half the circuits for breaker failure if circuits are not
connected to both buses.
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Substation Location
To select an ideal location for a substation, the following rules
should be observed:
Locate the substation as much as feasible close to load centre.
Locate the substation such that proper voltage regulation can be obtainable.
Select the substation location such that it provides proper access for
incoming subtransmission lines and outgoing primary feeders and also,
allows for future growth.
The selected substation location should not be opposed by land use
regulations, local ordinances, and neighbors.
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its capacity.
Or developing new substations and thereby holding the rating of the given
substation constant.
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Denton and Reps, and Reps extend the discussion to the general case in which
the distribution substation service area is served by n primary feeders emanating
from the point, as shown in proceeding figure.
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Where
dS = Differential load served by the feeder
D = Load density
dA = Differential service area of the feeder
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Therefore the total service area of the feeder can be calculated as,
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The relationship between the service areas of the four and six feeder patterns
can be found under two assumptions,
Feeder circuits are thermally limited
Feeder circuits are voltage drop limited
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When the load has increasing load density, the effective impedance is,
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References
Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, McGraw Hill,
Chapter No. 4.
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