Engineering Thermodynamics

Course objective:
A comprehensive and rigorous treatment of engineering thermodynamics
from the classical point of view. This course will prepare you to use
thermodynamics in professional practice and gives you the necessary
foundation for subsequent courses in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and
heat transfer.

Lecturer information and contact hours

Dr. Baroz Aziz
baroz.aziz@ukh.edu.krd

If you have my number please no calls after 21:00

Course materials:
Required text:

M.J. Moran and H.N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of

engineering Thermodynamics, 5th ed. John Wiley
and sons, 2004.

Organization: 2 lectures per week (1.5 h/lecture)

Calculation sessions after each chapter

Course Assessment
Moment

Weight

Note

Quizzes

10 %

Assignment

10 % Only Moodle, Pdf format

Midterm Exam

30 % week 8 chap 1-3

Final Exam

50 % Week 15 All

Total

100 %

Detailed course content

Topics
Introductory Concepts and
definitions: Systems; property, state,
process and equilibrium; unit for mass
length, time and force; specific volume
and pressure; temperature;
Energy and the First law of
thermodynamics: Mechanical
conceptsof energy; energy transfer by
work; energy of a system; energy
transfer
Evaluating properties:State of a
system; simple compressible system
p-v-T realtion; thermodynamic property
data; ideal gas model; polytropic
processes
Control Volume Energy Analysis:
conservation of mass for a control
volume.
Conservation of energy for a control
volume; analysis of control volumes
The second law of
thermodynamics:Statements of the
second law
Irreversible and reversible processes;
applying the second law to cycles;
Entropy: Clausius inequality entropy
change definition; entropy
of a pure, simple compressible
substance; entropy change in
internally reversible processes; entropy

# of lectures

Text

1.1-1.7

2.1-2.6

3.1-3.8

4.1-4.3

5.1-5.6

6.1-6.7, 6.9

Thermodynamics
Heat?
Energy
Energy transformation
The principle of energy conservation

Study of heat and its interconversion to other kinds of energy

Energy forms
Chemical, mechanical, thermal, etc
Systems that transform energy
power plants
refrigeration systems
Internal combustion engine
Fuel cells
Rockets

Powerplant

Concepts
System: A quantity of matter
A system is a specific part of the universe that is of interest for study.

Surroundings: Everything else external to the system

System boundary: Separates system from surroundings

The boundary could be real or abstract. It is sometimes called control surface
All types of interaction between system and surroundings occur through the boundary.

Example systems as defined by boundary

Defining the system boundary will specify the types of interactions between
system and surroundings

Types of system
Closed system = Control mass

Control volume = open system

No mass crosses boundary

Energy can cross the boundary

Mass and energy exchange

A gas in piston-cylinder
assembly.

example of a control volume ( open system. An

automobile engine

Engineering thermodynamics
Classical

Vs

Statistical

Thermodynamics
Macroscopic

Microscpic
Atoms, molecules
molecular interactions

Temperature
pressure, etc
Overall behavior is a
result of

Energy

Total Energy = E

E = U + KE + PE
01

Engineering thermodynamics
Classical thermodynamics:
Concerned with overall behavior of a system. Do not deal with the structure of
matter at atomic, molecular or subatomic level.
Objective: Evaluation important aspects of system behavior from observations
of the overall system
Applications: Chemical engineering in general and many others

Statistical thermodynamics:
The microscopic approach to thermodynamics.
Objective: to characterize by statistical means the average behavior of
particles making up a system.
Applications: Lasers, plasma, high speed gas flows, chemical kinetics,
cryogenics ( very low temperature ) and others
11

Thermodynamical concepts
Property: Macroscopic characteristic of a system to which a numerical value
can be assigned at a given time without knowledge of the previous behavior
( history) of the system.
Ex. Mass, volume, energy, pressure and temperature
Two types of properties:
Extensive properties
If the value of a property for an overall system is the sum of its values for the
parts into which the system is divided, it is called an Extensive property.
Depend on the size or extent of the system.
Ex. Mass, volume, energy, and several others
Intensive properties
If the value for property is independent of the size or extent of the system it is
called Intensive property.
Ex. Temperature, density, ..
12

Thermodynamical concepts
State: refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties.
How many properties do you need to describe the state of a system?
Steady state: A state in which the properties of the system do not change
with time
Process: Transition from one state to another.

State 2
State 1

Process path : The succession of states during a process

Thermodynamic cycle: a sequence of processes that begin and end at the
same state.
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Thermodynamical concepts
Example of processes

Gas
(V2, P2)

(V1, P1)

V
41

Process nomenclature
Isothermal process
A process that occurs under constant temperature conditions.
example: melting of ice or evaporation of water
Isobaric process
A process that occurs under constant pressure conditions.
example: melting of ice or evaporation of water
Isometric or isochoric process
A process that occurs under constant volume conditions.
Adiabatic process
A process that occurs with no heat transfer between the system and surroundings

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Thermodynamical concepts
Equilibrium
A condition in which all the competing influences are in balance.
Ex. Isolate a system and all its properties will go toward a uniform value
Can a process take place when you have a state at equilibrium?

Quasiequilibrium process:
A process in which the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium is at most
infinitesimal. i. e. a process that is very close to equilibrium.
Ex. The crystallization of glass. Glass is a quasi state of SiO2 but very slowly
it goes toward the equilibrium state which is the crystalline state of it.

16

Thermodynamical concepts
Phase:
A quantity of matter that is homogenous throughout in both chemical
composition and physical structure
Ex. Air, homogenous liquid mixtures such as alcohol

Pure Substance:
A quantity of matter that is uniform and invariable in chemical composition.
It can exist in more than one phase but its chemical composition must remain
the same in all phases.
Ex. Liquid water and water vapor

17

SI units
SI units: Systme International dUnits or International System of unites.
Legally accepted system in most countries.

Primary dimensions
Quantity

Dimensions Units

symbol

Mass

kilogram

kg

Length

meter

time

second

Secondary dimensions
Quantity

Dimensions

Units

symbol

Name

Velocity

Lt-1

m/s

Acceleration Lt-2

m/s2

Force

MLt-2

kgm/s2

newotons

Pressure

ML-1t-2

kg/ms2 (N/m2)

Pa

pascal

Energy
Power

ML2t-2
ML2t-3

kgm2/s2 (Nm)
kgm2/s3 (J/s)

J
W

joule
watt
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Density and Specific volume

Continuum hypothesis: matter is described as distributed continuously throughout a
region.
Density: When substances can be treated as continua, thus at any instant the density
at a point is defined as.

$ m'
= lim & )
VV # % V (

V is the smallest volume for which the matter can be considered as continuum
Density or local mass per unit volume is an intensive property that might vary from
point to point within a system.
Specific volume: defined as the reciprocal of the density. m3/kg
Intensive property that may vary from point to point.
Specific molar volume: defined as the volume occupied by 1 mole of the substance.
m3/kmol
Intensive property that may vary from point to point.

v = Mv

19

Pressure
Pressure: from the continuum viewpoint, the concept of pressure at any point is
defined as

# Fnormal &
P = lim %
(
A A" $
A '
A is the smallest area at a point for which the matter can be considered as continuum
The SI unit for pressure is Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

Unit

SI unit

1 Pa

1 Pa

760 mmHg (Torr)

1.0325x105Pa

1 atm

1.0325x105Pa

1 bar

105Pa
20

Absolute vs Gage pressure

Gauge pressure: is the pressure measured with respect to the atmospheric pressure

Pabs,1
Ordinary gage pressure
P = Pabs,1 - Patm
Patm
Ordinary vacuum gage
P = Patm - Pabs,2

Pabs,2

Barometer reads
atmospheric pressure
Patm

12

Pressure measurement
V=A*L
W = mg = Vg = gAL
L

P = F/A = W/A = gL

PA = PB
PT = PA

PB = Patm + gL
PT = Patm + gL
A

PT

The gauge pressure is highly dependent on

gravitational constant, so the gauge pressure on
moon is completely different from that on Earth
22

Absolute vs Gage pressure

Bourdon tube gage

Manometer

P Patm = gL

23

Temperature scale
C

Celcius scale: uses the triple point of water as the standard fix point. The fix point is
273.16 K which is the 0 C.
Fahrenheit scale: The fix points are 32 F as freezing point of water and 212 F as
the boiling point of water.
Kelvin scale: the absolute thermodynamical temperature scale that provides a
continues definition of temperature. Denotes as K
Rankin scale: Similar to Kelvin it has absolute zero as lower level, but 1 Rankin
degree is defined as 1 Fahrenheit

K = 273.15 + C

R = 459.67 + F

R = 1.8K

F = 1.8C + 32
24

Thermal equilibrium
When changes in temperature, electrical resistance and all properties related to the
energy of the bodies cease to exist, then the two bodies are in thermal equilibrium.
Temperature is the indication to see the thermal equilibrium.
Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body they are in thermal
equilibrium.

A
25

Methodology for solving thermodynamics problems

1. Known: state briefly in your own words what is known. Careful
reading.
2. Find: Identify the objective. What has to be determined.
3. Schematic and given data: draw a sketch of the system and
determine which system is appropriate for the analysis.
4. Assumptions: list all simplifying assumptions and idealizations
made to reduce it to one that is manageable.
5. Analysis: use the assumptions and idealizations, reduce the
appropriate governing equations and relationships to forms that will
provide the desired results.

26

Example
A wind turbine-electric generator is mounted atop a tower. As wind blows steadily across the turbine
blades, electricity is generated. The electrical output of the generator is fed to storage battery.
a) Considering only the wind turbine-electric generator as the system. Identify locations on the system
boundary where system interacts with the surroundings. Describe changes occuring within the system
with time.

IR spectrometer

b) Repeat for a system that includes only the storage battery.

Solution:
Known: A wind turbine-electric generator provides electricity to a storage battery.
Find: For a system of a) the wind turbine-electric generator b) the storage battery. Identify the locations
where the system interacts with its surroundings, and describe the changes within the system with
time.

Vacuum system

27

Example
Assumptions
1.In part (a) the system is the control volume
shown by the dashed line.
2.In part (b) the system is closed system
shown by dashed line
3.The wind is steady, i. e. blows at constant
rate

Analysis
(a)1st interaction between the system and surroundings is the air crossing the boundary of the control volume. 2d
interaction is the electrical current passing through the wires. In terms of macroscopic interaction this is not a mass
transfer. The changes of the system with time is none existent since the system reaches a steady state by the
steady blowing wing. The rotational speed of the blades are constant thus the electricity generation also.
(b)There is no macroscopic mass transfer. The system is closed. As the battery is charged and chemical reactions
occur within it, the temperature of the battery surface may increase and a heat transfer to the surrounding may
occur.

28

Using specific volume and pressure

15 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is fed to a cylinder having a volume of 20 m3 and
initially containing 15 kg of CO2 at a pressure of 10 bar. Later a pinhole develops and
the gas slowly leaks from the cylinder.
a)Determine the specific volume in m3/kg of the CO2 in the cylinder initially. Repeat for
the CO2 after the addition of 15 kg.
b)Plot the amount of CO2 that has leaked from the cylinder in kg versus the specific
volume of the CO2 remaining in the cylinder. consider v ranging up to 1.0 m3/kg
Solution:

29