Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ROBOT
CONTENTS
CHAPTER No
TITLE
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
HARDWARE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
ENCODER WITH RF TX
6.9 APR9600
7
PCB DESIGN
7.1
INTRODUCTION
7.2
SOFTWARE
7.3
MANUFACTURING
7.4
PANELISATION
7.5
PLATING
7.6
ETCHING
7.7
SOLDER MASK
7.8
SOFTWARE
8
SIMULATOR
PROGRAM
10
ADVANTAGES
11
APPLICATIONS
12
CONCLUSION
13
REFERENCES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
principle
Microcontroller is the heart of the device which handles all the sub devices
connected across it. We have used as Atmel microcontroller. It has flash type
reprogrammable memory. It has some peripheral devices to play this project perform.
It also provides sufficient power to inbuilt peripheral devices. We need not give
individually to all devices. The peripheral devices also activates as low power
operation mode. These are the advantages are appear here.
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
MICRO CONTROLLER
device, which
fabricated
in
CMOS
(complimentary
metal
oxide
semiconductor) that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing
simultaneous access of program and data memory.
The main advantage of CMOS and RISC
combination is low power consumption resulting in a very small chip size with a
small pin count. The main advantage of CMOS is that it has immunity to noise
than other fabrication techniques.
PIC (16F877) :
Various microcontrollers offer different kinds
of memories. EEPROM, EPROM, FLASH etc. are some of the memories of
which FLASH is the most recently developed. Technology that is used in
pic16F877 is flash technology, so that data is retained even when the power is
switched off. Easy Programming and Erasing are other features of PIC 16F877.
PIC START PLUS PROGRAMMER :
The PIC start plus development system from
microchip technology provides the product development engineer with a highly
flexible low cost microcontroller design tool set for all microchip PIC micro
devices. The picstart plus development system includes PIC start plus
development programmer and mplab ide.
The PIC start plus programmer gives the product developer
ability to program user software in to any of the supported microcontrollers. The
PIC start plus software running under mplab provides for full interactive control
over the programmer.
2.3 SPECIAL FEATURES OF PIC MICROCONTROLLER :
CORE FEATURES :
High-performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input
DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,
Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73/74/76/77
Interrupt capability (up to 14 internal/external
Eight level deep hardware stack
9
(Master/Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
with
9- bit address detection.
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
11
12
DEVICE
PIC
16F877
PROGRAM FLASH
8K
DATA
DATA
MEMORY
EEPROM
368 Bytes
256 Bytes
13
14
Legend:
Note
1. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as an external interrupt
2. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode.
3. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as general purpose I/O
and a TTL
15
input when used in the Parallel Slave Port mode (for interfacing to a
microprocessor bus).
4. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured in RC oscillator mode
and a
CMOS input otherwise.
Legend:
Note :
16
RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the
RA4/T0CKI pin. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open
drain output. All other RA port pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output
drivers. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and analog VREF
input. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in
the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1).
The TRISA register controls the direction of the RA pins, even when they
are being used as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA
register are maintained set when using them as analog inputs.
18
Legend:
is
performed
by
clearing
bit
RBPU
(OPTION_REG<7>). The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port
pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset.
Four of PORT Bs pins, RB7:RB4, have an interrupt on
change feature. Only pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur
(i.e. any RB7:RB4 pin configured as an output is excluded from the interrupt on
change comparison). The input pins (of RB7:RB4) are compared with the old
value latched on the last read of PORTB. The mismatch outputs of RB7:RB4
are ORed together to generate the RB Port Change Interrupt with flag bit RBIF
(INTCON<0>). This interrupt can wake the device from SLEEP. The user, in the
interrupt service routine, can clear the interrupt in the following manner:
19
20
21
22
23
has
three
pins
RE0/RD/AN5,
24
cause a wraparound. The RESET vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at
0004h.
DATA MEMORY ORGANISTION :
The data memory is partitioned into
multiple banks which contain the General Purpose Registers and the special
functions Registers. Bits RP1 (STATUS<6) and RP0 (STATUS<5>) are the bank
selected bits.
RP1:RP0
Banks
00
01
10
11
2
3
Each bank extends up to 7Fh (1238 bytes).
The lower locations of each bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers.
Above the Special Function Registers are General Purpose Registers,
implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain special function
registers. Some frequently used special function registers from one bank may be
mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access.
26
27
The
oriented, and literal and control operations. It shows the opcode Field
descriptions.
TABLE 2.13 OPCODE FIELD DESCRIPTIONS
28
For
byte-oriented
instructions,
bit-oriented
instructions,
represents a bit field designator which selects the number of the bit affected by
the operation, which f represents the address of the file in which the bits is
located. For literal and control operations, k represents an eight or eleven bit
constant or literal value.
29
The instruction set is highly orthogonal and is grouped into three basic
categories:
Byte-oriented operations
Bit-oriented operations
Literal and control operations
All instructions are executed within one
single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test is true or the program counter is
changed as a result of an instruction. In this case, the execution takes two
instruction cycles with the second cycle executed as a NOP. One instruction cycle
consists of four oscillator periods. Thus, for an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, the
normal instruction execution time is 1 ms. If a conditional test is true or the
program counter is changed as a result of an instruction, then the instruction
execution time is 2 ms.
30
31
32
33
The LCD does not generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By
using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and a
wide operating temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is
relatively simple which makes the LCDs more customers friendly.
The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments
are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The
recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information
displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs
being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The
LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display
of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
Crystalonics dotmatrix (alphanumeric) liquid crystal displays are available in
TN, STN types, with or without backlight. The use of C-MOS LCD controller and driver
ICs result in low power consumption. These modules can be interfaced with a 4-bit or
8-bit microprocessor /Micro controller.
9,920-bit character generator ROM for a total of 240 character fonts. 208
Wide range of instruction functions display clear, cursor home, display on/off,
34
Automatic reset circuit, which initializes the controller / driver ICs after power on.
35
4.3 ENCODER
An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data
into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing
information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input
code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a
programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is
done with analog circuitry.
Example
4.4 DECODER
A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the
encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to
encode is usually just reversed in order to decode.
In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-input,
multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the
input and output codes are different. e.g. n-to-2n, BCD decoders.
36
Enable inputs must be on for the decoder to function, otherwise its outputs
assume a single "disabled" output code word. Decoding is necessary in applications
such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address decoding.
The simplest decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of an
AND gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High".
Example: A 2-to-4 Line Single Bit Decoder
A slightly more complex decoder would be the n-to-2n type binary decoders.
These type of decoders are combinational circuits that convert binary information from
'n' coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique outputs. We say a maximum of 2n outputs
because in case the 'n' bit coded information has unused bit combinations, the
decoder may have less than 2n outputs. We can have 2-to-4 decoder, 3-to-8 decoder
or 4-to-16 decoder. We can form a 3-to-8 decoder from two 2-to-4 decoders (with
enable signals).
37
Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating
material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect of these
properties depends on the frequency of the signals.
RF transmitter and receiver are available for operation in the 868-870MHz band
in Europe and the 902928MHz band in North America, both modules combine full
screening with internal filtering to ensure EMC compliance by minimizing spurious
radiation and susceptibility.
These RF transmitter & receiver will suit one-to-one and multi-node wireless
links in such applications as car and building security, EPOS and inventory tracking,
remote industrial process monitoring and data networks. Because of their small size
and low power requirements, both Modules are ideal for use in portable, batterypowered applications such as handheld terminals.
38
39
40
TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER
FILTER
41
IC REGULATOR
LOAD
Working principle
Transformer
The transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level.
Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision
rectifier, which is constructed with the help of opamp. The advantages of using
precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC; rest of the circuits will give
only RMS output.
Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as
bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of
the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this
time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them;
D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through
D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by
the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.
42
One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer
reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will
now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of
T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3)
and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in
the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage
corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL)
during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave
rectifier.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that
with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly
twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.
This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in
views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak
voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the
conventional full-wave circuit shownin view A, the peak voltage from the center tap
to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the
maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.
The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never
exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge
rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full
secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the
load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the
bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave
rectifier circuit.
43
IC voltage regulators
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC
units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed
positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators
can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to
tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.
44
45
46
12 which is equal to 1000000hz to find the time we have to invert the frequency so
that we get one micro second for each execution of the instruction.
The lcd that is liquid crystal display which is used to display the what we need the lcd
has fourteen pins in which three pins for the command and eight pins for the data. If
the data is given to lcd it is write command which is configured by the programmer
otherwise it is read command in which data read to microcontroller the data pins are
given to the to port0 and command pins are given to the port2.
Other than these pin a one pin configured for the contrast of the lcd. Thus the
microcontroller circuit works
47
ENCODER:
In this circuit HT 640 is used as encoder. The 318 encoders are a series of CMOS
LSIs for remote control system application. They are capable of encoding 18 bits of
information which consists of N address bit and 18-N data bits. Each address/data
input is externally trinary programmable if bonded out. It is otherwise set floating
48
49
RF RECEIVER:
50
DECODER:
In this circuit HT648 is used as decoder. The 3 18 decoder are a series of
CMOS LSIs for remote control system application. They are paired with 3 18 series of
encoders. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number
of address and data format should be selected. The 3 18 series of decoder receives
serial address and data from that series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier
using an RF or an IR transmission medium. It then compares the serial input data
twice continuously with its local address. If no errors or unmatched codes are
encountered, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output
pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.
The 318 decoders are capable of decoding 18 bits of information that consists of N
bits of address and 18-N bits of data. To meet various applications they are arranged
to provide a number of data pins whose range is from 0 t08 and an address pin whose
range is from 8 to 18. In addition, the 3 18 decoders provide various combinations of
address/ data numbering different package.
In this circuit the received encoded signal is 9th pin of the decoder. Now the decoder
separate the address (A0-A9) and data signal (D0-D7). Then the output data signal is
given to microcontroller or any other interfacing device.
51
Schematic Explanation:
In this circuit the thermistor is used to measure the temperature. Thermistor
is nothing but temperature sensitive resistor. There are two type of thermistor
available such as positive temperature co-efficient and negative temperature coefficient. Here we are using negative temperature co-efficient in which the
resistance value is decreased when the temperature is increased.
Potential divider form:
is
output is a directly proportional one. Then the final voltage is given to ADC for
convert the analog signal to digital signal. Then the corresponding digital signal
is taken to process in microcontroller.
The ADC value will increase if the temperature increased. We can
measure the temperature only with the help of any controller or processor.
PCB LAYOUT :
THERMISTOR :
A thermistor is a type of resistor used to measure temperature changes,
relying on the change in its resistance with changing temperature. Thermistor is a
combination of the words thermal and resistor. If we assume that the relationship
between resistance and temperature is linear (i.e. we make a first-order
approximation), then we can say that:
R = kT
Where
R = change in resistance
T = change in temperature
k = first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
53
Symbol:
54
Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current
can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover)
switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the
link is magnetic and mechanical.
The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but
it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs
(chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC
current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the
popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without
amplification.
55
Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. Most
relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing
you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The animated picture shows a
working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted
by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one
set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
Circuit description:
This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor or any other load.
The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON and OFF is controlled by the pair
of switching transistors (BC 547). The relay is connected in the Q2 transistor collector
terminal. A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic switching device which consists of three pins.
They are Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).
56
The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open (NO) pin
connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the transistor
is conducting and shorts the collector and emitter terminal and zero signals is given to base of
the Q2 transistor. So the relay is turned OFF state.
When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the transistor is turned
OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and relay is
turned ON. Hence the common terminal and NO terminal of relay are shorted. Now load gets
the supply voltage through relay.
Voltage Signal from
Microcontroller or PC
Transistor Q1
Transistor Q2
Relay
on
off
off
off
on
on
6.7 DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR FORWARD REVERSE CONTROL
57
58
The series combination of resistor and capacitor is called as snubber circuit. When the
relay is turn ON and turn OFF continuously, the back emf may fault the relays. So the back
emf is grounded through the snubber circuit.
When relay 1 is in the ON state and relay 2 is in the OFF state, the motor is running
in the forward direction.
When relay 2 is in the ON state and relay 1 is in the OFF state, the motor is running
in the reverse direction.
Heart Rate:
Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. It is considered
one of the four vital signs. Usually it is calculated as the number of contractions (heart beats)
of the heart in one minute and expressed as "beats per minute" (bpm). See "Heart" for
information on embryofetal heart rates. The heart beats up to 120 times per minute in
59
childhood. When resting, the adult human heart beats at about 70 bpm (males) and 75 bpm
(females), but this rate varies among people. However, the reference range is normally between
60 bpm (if less termed bradycardia) and 100 bpm (if greater, termed tachycardia). Resting heart
rates can be significantly lower in athletes. The infant/neonatal rate of heartbeat is around 130150 bpm, the toddler's about 100130 bpm, the older child's about 90110 bpm, and the
adolescent's about 80100 bpm.
The pulse is the most straightforward way of measuring the heart rate, but it can be
deceptive when some heart beats do not have much cardiac output. In these cases (as happens
in some arrhythmias), the heart rate may be considerably higher than the pulse rate.
Measuring of Heart Rate:
The pulse rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate) can be measured at
any point on the body where an artery is close to the surface. Such places are wrist
(radial artery), neck (carotid artery), elbow (brachial artery), and groin (femoral artery).
The pulse can also be felt directly over the heart. NOTE: The thumb should never be
used for measuring heart rate.
It is also common to find heart rate by listening, via a stethoscope, to the movement
created by the heart as it contracts within the chest.
60
61
MM 74C04 inverter to invert the square pulse. Then the final square wave signal is given to
microcontroller or other interfacing circuit in order to monitor the heart rate.
This circuit is designed to record the voice signal. The microphone is used to pick up
the voice signal. Then the signal is given to APR 600 multi section sound record and replay IC.
APR 9600 is a low cost high performance sound record/reply IC incorporating flash analogue
storage technique. Record sound is retained even after power supply is removed from the
module. The replayed sound exhibits high quality with low noise level. Total sound recording
time can be varied from 32 seconds to 60 seconds by changing the value of a single resistor.
The IC can operate in two mode such as serial mode and parallel mode.
In serial access mode, sound can be recorded in 256 sections. In parallel access mode,
sound can be recorded in 2, 4 and 8 section. The IC can be controlled simply using push button
62
keys. It is also possible to control the IC using external digital circuitry such as
microcontrollers and computers.
During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A microphone preamplifier amplifies the voltage signal from the microphone. An AGC circuit is included in the
pre-amplifier, the extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor and resistor. If the
voltage level of a sound signal is around 100mv peak to peak, the signal can be fed directly
into the IC through ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a
sampling and hold circuit. The analogue voltage is then written into non volatile flash analogue
RAMs.
There are two kinds of modes available. They are Record and Play mode. RE pin is pulled
low to enable recording and pulled high for playback. During record mode, we write the
processed voice signal into the memory and read the same from memory during the play mode.
If the circuit is busy in Reading or Writing, the LED glows indicating that the circuit is busy.
This LED is driven by transistor Q1. For recording into memory, MS1 and MS2 are pulled
high. To enable recording of message from the microphone, the RE pin goes low. The
maximum length of eight sound track is 7.5 seconds each. When LED2 blinks we can speak
into the mic. The recording will be terminated if the recording time exceeds 7.5 sec. Similarly
for playbacks, RE pin goes high.
M1-M8 is the eight memories that are available; each pin is connected to a push button.
The buttons are set initially in a high state. For example, if Button 1 is pressed, the state of the
button becomes low and depending on the mode whether it is the play mode or record mode,
the memory 1 is chosen to read or write. MS1 and MS2 Pins are used to indicate the part of the
memory and number of the memory to be chosen whether its one full memory or half the
memory or a quarter of the memory etc. The Audio amplifier is used to amplify the signal that
is to be played and an amplified output is obtained from the loud speaker. If the circuit is busy
in Reading or Writing, the LED glows to indicating that the Circuit is Busy.
7. PCB DESIGN
63
7.2 MANUFATCURING:
The manufacturing process consists of two methods; print and etch, and print,
plate and etch. The single sided PCBs are usually made using the print and etch
method. The double sided plate through hole (PTH) boards are made by the print
plate and etch method.
The production of multi layer boards uses both the methods. The inner layers
are printed and etch while the outer layers are produced by print, plate and etch after
pressing the inner layers.
7.3 SOFTWARE:
The software used in our project to obtain the schematic layout is MICROSIM.
64
7.4 PANELISATION:
Here the schematic transformed in to the working positive/negative films. The
circuit is repeated conveniently to accommodate economically as many circuits as
possible in a panel, which can be operated in every sequence of subsequent steps
in the PCB process. This is called penalization. For the PTH boards, the next
operation is drilling.
7.5 DRILLING:
PCB drilling is a state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with high
speed CNC drilling machines, giving a wall finish with less or no smear or epoxy,
required for void free through hole plating.
7.6 PLATING:
The heart of the PCB manufacturing process. The holes drilled in the board are
treated both mechanically and chemically before depositing the copper by the electro
less copper platting process.
7.7 ETCHING:
Once a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper deposited, the
image available in the form of a film is transferred on to the out side by photo printing
using a dry film printing process. The boards are then electrolytic plated on to the
circuit pattern with copper and tin. The tin-plated deposit serves an etch resist when
copper in the unwanted area is removed by the conveyors spray etching machines
with chemical etch ants. The etching machines are attached to an automatic dosing
equipment, which analyses and controls etch ants concentrations
65
7.8 SOLDERMASK:
Since a PCB design may call for very close spacing between conductors, a
solder mask has to be applied on the both sides of the circuitry to avoid the bridging of
conductors. The solder mask ink is applied by screening. The ink is dried, exposed to
UV, developed in a mild alkaline solution and finally cured by both UV and thermal
energy.
66
Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An
assembler, linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are
available from Microchip and other third party vendors.
Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator, such as
MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE. Third party
emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available.
Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line Help.
67
8.3 IC PROG
The PRO MATE II is a Microchip microcontroller device programmer. Through
interchangeable programming socket modules, PRO MATE II enables you to quickly
and easily program the entire line of Microchip PICmicro microcontroller devices and
many of the Microchip memory parts.
PRO MATE II may be used with MPLAB IDE running under supported Windows OS's
(see Read me for PRO MATE II.txt for support list), with the command-line controller
PROCMD or as a stand-alone programmer
68
9. PROGRAM:
69
10. ADVANTAGES
11. Low power consumption
12. It provides the easy access over
13. Reduced the time
14. Low cost to design the circuit, maintenance of the circuit is good
15. By using this microcontroller ic we can create many more control to the
appliances
16.
17. Reliability
18. Compatibility
19. Easy convenience to handle
20. Good security for appliances
12. APPLICATIONS
#include<pic.h>
#include"pic_adc.h"
#include"pic_lcd8.h"
#define set RB7
#define mov RB6
#define inc RB5
#define dec RB4
#define ent RB3
#define heartbeat RB0
70
#define r1 RB1
#define r2 RB2
#define r3 RC6
#define r4 RC7
#define b0 RC0
#define b1 RC1
#define b2 RC2
#define play RC3
unsigned char m=0;
unsigned char heartsense=0;
unsigned char sec;
unsigned char tempp,set_tempp,beat_low,beat_high;
unsigned char aa=1,bb=1;
void keypad_tempp();
void keypad_beat();
void voice(unsigned char);
void forward();
void backward();
void left();
void right();
void stop();
void main()
{
TRISA=0xff;
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TRISB=0b11111001;
TRISC=0x00;
TRISD=0x00;
r1=1;r2=1;r3=1;r4=1;
Lcd8_Init();
GIE=1;
PEIE=1;
TMR1L=0xaf;
TMR1H=0x3C;
TMR1IE=1;
Lcd8_Display(0x80,"DIGITAL AUTOMATD",16);
Lcd8_Display(0xc0,"
HOSPITAL
",16);
Delay(65000);Delay(65000);
Lcd8_Command(0x01);
keypad_tempp();
keypad_beat();
Lcd8_Display(0xcd,"TI:",3);
Lcd8_Display(0x80,"TEM:",4);
Lcd8_Display(0x88,"HEA:",4);
TMR1ON=1;
while(1)
{
tempp=Adc8_Cha(0);
Lcd8_Decimal3(0x84,tempp);
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Lcd8_Decimal2(0xd0,sec);
if(!set && aa==1){aa=2;while(!set);keypad_tempp();}
if(!set && aa==2){aa=1;while(!set);keypad_beat();}
if(!mov && bb==1){bb=2;while(!mov);forward();}
if(!mov && bb==2){bb=1;while(!mov);backward();}
if(!inc){while(!inc);left();}
if(!dec){while(!dec);right();}
if(!ent){while(!ent);stop();}
if(sec>=0 && sec<=59)
{
if(heartbeat==0 )
{
while(heartbeat==0);
heartsense++;
}
}
if(sec>59)
{
TMR1ON=0;
sec=0;
Lcd8_Decimal3(0x8c,heartsense);
if(heartsense>=beat_high)
{voice(1);Delay(50000);
else if(heartsense<=beat_low)
{voice(2);Delay(50000);
if(tempp>set_tempp)
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{voice(3);Delay(50000); }
heartsense=0;
TMR1ON=1;
}
}
}
void interrupt timer1()
{
if(TMR1IF==1)
{
m++;
if(m>19)
{
sec++;
m=0;
}
TMR1L=0xaf;
TMR1H=0x3C;
TMR1IF=0;
}
}
void keypad_tempp()
{
TMR1ON=0;
Lcd8_Display(0xc0,"set tem:",8);
while(ent)
{
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if(!mov){while(!mov);set_tempp+=10;Lcd8_Decimal3(0xc8,set_tempp);}
if(!inc){while(!inc);set_tempp++;Lcd8_Decimal3(0xc8,set_tempp);}
if(!dec){while(!dec);set_tempp--;Lcd8_Decimal3(0xc8,set_tempp);}
}Delay(20000);
Lcd8_Display(0xc0,"SET TEM:",8);
TMR1ON=1;
}
void keypad_beat()
{
TMR1ON=0;
Lcd8_Display(0x94,"hb l:",5);
while(ent)
{
if(!mov){while(!mov);beat_low+=10;Lcd8_Decimal3(0x99,beat_low);}
if(!inc){while(!inc);beat_low++;Lcd8_Decimal3(0x99,beat_low);}
if(!dec){while(!dec);beat_low--;Lcd8_Decimal3(0x99,beat_low);}
}Delay(20000);
Lcd8_Display(0x94,"HB L:",5);
Lcd8_Display(0x9d,"hb h:",5);
while(ent)
{
if(!mov){while(!mov);beat_high+=10;Lcd8_Decimal3(0xa2,beat_high);}
if(!inc){while(!inc);beat_high++;Lcd8_Decimal3(0xa2,beat_high);}
if(!dec){while(!dec);beat_high--;Lcd8_Decimal3(0xa2,beat_high);}
}Delay(20000);
Lcd8_Display(0x9d,"HB H:",5);
TMR1ON=1;
}
void forward()
{
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r1=1;r2=0;r3=1;r4=0;
Lcd8_Display(0xD4,"
FORWARD
",16);
}
void backward()
{
r1=0;r2=1;r3=0;r4=1;
Lcd8_Display(0xD4,"
BACKWARD
",16);
}
void left()
{
r1=1;r2=0;r3=0;r4=1;
Lcd8_Display(0xD4,"
LEFT
",16);
}
void right()
{
r1=0;r2=1;r3=1;r4=0;
Lcd8_Display(0xD4,"
RIGHT
",16);
STOP
",16);
}
void stop()
{
r1=1;r2=1;r3=1;r4=1;
Lcd8_Display(0xD4,"
}
void voice(unsigned char set)
{
switch(set)
{
case 1: Lcd8_Display(0xd3,"1",1);
play=0; b2=1; b1=1; b0=0;
Delay(50000);
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break;
case 2: Lcd8_Display(0xd3,"2",1);
play=0; b2=1; b1=0; b0=1;
Delay(50000);
Delay(50000);
The progress in science & technology is a non-stop process. New things and
new technology are being invented. As the technology grows day by day, we can
imagine about the future in which thing we may occupy every place.
The proposed system based on Atmel microcontroller is found to be more
compact, user friendly and less complex, which can readily be used in order to
perform. Several tedious and repetitive tasks. Though it is designed keeping in mind
about the need for industry, it can extended for other purposes such as commercial &
research applications. Due to the probability of high technology (PIC microcontroller)
used this DIGITAL AUTOMATED
controlled with less hardware circuit. The feature makes this system is the base for
future systems.
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14. REFERENCES
MILL MAN J and HAWKIES C.C. INTEGRATED
ELECTRONICS MCGRAW HILL, 1972
ROY CHOUDHURY D, SHAIL JAIN, LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi,2000
THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM
by Mohammad Ali Mazidi.
WEBSITES:
http://www.atmel.com/
http://www.microchip.com/
www.8052.com
http://www.beyondlogic.org
http://www.ctv.es/pckits/home.html
http://www.aimglobal.org/
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