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CLAY
ReedCollege
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DISKIN
32
[I969
CLAY
of Lucretius'argument,
naturais the naturaldescription
De rerum
sinceit is the seal Lucretiusfixedupon the poem himself4.Thus,
naturain none of the
althoughthe poem is announcedas De rerum
as such(I.25), and by signalingits argument
MSS, it proclaimsitself
withEmpedocles,Epicurus,
naturait alignsitselfdirectly
as de rerum
Epicharmus,
andthewholeofearlyGreekphysiology.5UnlikeEnnius'
Cicero's Aratea,and Sallustius'Empedoclea,Lucretius'De rerumnatura
had by themid-first
bvcrEwo&o
butjustwlhatitsLatinequivatradition,
B.C. a longestablished
century
withGreek
to a Roman readerunfamiliar
lentmighthavesuggested
to determine.The phrasede rerum
physicalspeculationis difficult
or near
thewritingof threeshadowycontemporaries
naturadescribes
of Lucretius. Catius,Egnatius,and Varroof Reate
contemporaries
and notbaldlyde naturade reruni
are all saidto havewritten
natura,
theobviouscalquefor7rEptEbV'Eus-and possiblyit is theauthority
naturaas thecanonical
gainedby Lucretius'phrasethatfixedde rerum
descriptionforany Latin treatise7Tepf vUX6
could hardly
by rerumn,
Even so, naturaalone,or naturadetermined
in Greek,
reader
what
suggests
Roman
to
a
physis
have conveyed
to
whichcorresponded
thena rangeofsignificance
becauseitpossessed
oftheword
meanings
andnon-philosophical
onlythemostelementary
in Greek.7 What compelsnotice is thatLucretiusintroducesthe
4 I.25, 4.969-70, 5.335.
5 Galen, De elementis
I.9,
RE
forEgnatius,
ofF. Skutsch
Thisis theconclusion
5.2 (1905)
I993-94,
although
it is not absolutely compelling. For Varro of Reate and Catius, see K. Sallmann,
7 (i962) 239-40.
ArchivfarBegriffsgeschichte
7 I. Fisher,"Le sens du titreDe Rerum Natura," Me'langeslinguistiques (Bucharest
argues that the term naturawas not the equivalent of physisas it figured
I957) I7-2I,
in the titleperiphyseos,and notes (wrongly)thatLucretiusfirstuses the phrasede rerum
naturaas it would have been familiarto his readers-" sur la naissance des choses"
thescholastictitleforLucretius'
In describingit as dephysicarerumorigineveleffectu
(I9).
poem conveys some of the sense of rerumnaturain I.2i and 25. Comparable to this
rare sense of naturaas birthor origin is the recensnaturainundiof 5.330-3i, especially
of 5.324-25. What is by far the
taken in connectionwith the genitalisorigoterrarurm
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33
translates
gignetai
by nasci(Ad Hdt.38.8-39.I
= I.I45-50,
I59-60)
and apololeibyperire
(Ad Hdt. 39.I-2 = I.2I 5-i8; cf.Plutarch,Adv. Col. ii I6c [282 Us.] and Lucretius,2.ioioI2), physis,especiallyas he knew it from the poetry of Empedocles, came alive in its
root meaning of birth,genesis,increase. Cf. Empedocles B8 and Plutarch'smasterful
commentaryon physisas genesisin the whole of Empedocles' poetry,Adv. Col. IIII
I3F, which preservesfor us fragmentsB9, IO, and II of Diels. For this conception
of physisit is significantthat in the Katharmoi,Physois opposed to Phthimene,
BI23 .I.
Some of the evidence for a conception of physisas genesiscomes from Xenophanes,
VS B29, Plato, Laws 892c, Aristotle,Metaphysics
a IOI4BI6, and Physics2.I.I93BI2,
forwhich cf. Zeno, SVF i fr. I7I (= DL 7.I56).
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34
DISKIN
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[I969
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thanis generally
granted,
physis
or natura
is conceived
of as genesis.
inAeneadum
ingenus
Itsrootsenseisfirst
suggested
genetrix
(i.i), then
inquaererumn
andfinally
aurafavoni(i.ii), generatim,
(I.4), genitabilis
solagubernas
naturam
(1.21).
hasevokedthespringof thecycleof union,birth,
and
Lucretius
growth,
andinvokedVenusas theunseenpowerbehindthebeginof
reminiscent
of Parmenides,
ningof the cycle. In a metaphor
Empedocles,and evenof Cleanthesin hisHymnto Zeus, Venusis said
to governthe eventsof genesis.I3 The metaphoris whollyalien to
Epicurus,forwhomphysisbearsonlythefaintest
tracesofPhysis.I4
It is in thephilosophical
poetryof EmpedoclesthatLucretiusdiscoveredan awarenessof physisas genesis,and it is the languageof
Empedoclesthatpullsintotheirproperfocusmanyof the termsof
Lucretius'invocationto Venus. Lucretiusbeginswhere for Empedocles men both begin and end: with physisas genesis;forphysisis
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36
DISKIN
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[I969
he seesbehind
is mixture
andtheempire
andnotphysis,
thisprocess
tojoin, andto
whoseworkit is to bringtogether,
it is Aphrodite
oftheworldas
fashion
partsintowholes.I7Theshapesandsurfaces
(VS 3I
ithascomeintobeingaboutusarealltheworkofAphrodite
B7I.4):
oaa vvv yeyaacor avvap,Loa&EVT' 'A0po8Lr'Tt.
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Like concelebras
and concipitur,
propagent
carriesa metaphorwhichis
broughtintofocusby itsetymology,
whichis apparentin theGreek
to "peg7TT7yvvvat,
Empedocles'Aphroditeis the joiner and
harmonizer;
shefashions
withtherivetsoflove (B87), justas Lucretius
fashions
wordstogether
intorhythmic
verse(I.25).
In a likemanner,
theVenusof Lucretius'proembringstogether
andjoins or causesto
propagate
animalkind. This is the historyof physisor genesisas it
canbe written
fromLucretius'
invocation
to Venus:gathering,
union,
concretion,
and by increase,
birth.
concipitur
visitque
exortum
luminasolis
(I.5).
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DISKIN
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[I969
Here for the firsttime the springof genesisand Venus is seen as only
a partialview of thingsand only a stage in the cycle of nature. Empedocles' version of physisis a double tale; in Lucretius' version of
Natura,Venus is supplantedby Naturaas thecycle (cf. 5.73I-50) moves
fromgenesisto dissolution:
naturaresolvat (1.57).
rursumperemipta
quove eademn
There is perhapsno betterway of making the special characterof
Lucretius' language plain than to contrastit with that of one of his
unacknowledgedpredecessorsin Latinphilosophicalpoetry. The lines
come from Pacuvius' Chryses,ultimatelyfromEuripides' Chrysippus
(and the thoughtof Anaxagoras).23
aethera:
Graiperhibent
id quod nostricaelummemorant,
alitaugetcreat
quidquidesthoc, omniaanin11atformlat
recepitin seseomnia,oinniumqueidemestpater
sepelit
de integroatqueoccidunt.
indidemqueeademacque oritintur
In the progressof the events of Lucretius' invocation, his reader
contenplatestheeventsof atomic concretionwritlarge. The mechanism of Empedocles' nmixis,so clearlyconveyed in the metaphorsof
carpentryand joining, is in no wise alien to Epicurus. Lucretiushas
reproduced the mechanismof these events in the root sense of the
verbs which carryon the movementof the invocationto Venus. In
both Empedocles and Epicurus, physisor genesisis conceived of as
or concretion. Lucretius'verbs serve his philosophyin as
UVyKptUtSmuch as theyreveal in theiretymologythe models of how things(res)
come into being. But in starkcontrastto Empedocles and Lucretius,
Epicurussaw no Physis,no Venus,
behindtheeventsofphysisorgentesis,
and no Aphrodite-only perhapsthe exiguurnclitnamle,,.As Simplicius
knew, forthe atomiststhereis Ino genesis withoutmotion (306 Us.).
As he progressesinto his argument,Lucretiusrestateshis themc in
somewhat larger terms,and speaks for the firsttime of the vera ratio
(I.si) to which he means to introducehis reader. New in the philosophical programannounced in lines 54-6I is thc argumentde summa
Graccorum?l
23 The passage from Pacuvius is reproduced by Nauck, Tragicortitim
(Leipzig I889), with Euripides,fr. 839 and the testimonyof Vitruvius(De
Fraginetita2
arc/i.8 praeJ; i) which takesthe doctrineback to Anaxagoras. These and othersinilar
96 (I968) II8-2I.
textsare discussedby L. Alfonsiin Hermnes
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caeliratione
deumque
(I.54), and theshift
in emphasisfromthebroad
visionofthespringofthecycleofnatureto thematerialoutofwhich
Natura(and no longerVenus)createsand sustains
all thingsand into
whichsheresolvesthem. It veretVenus(5.737). Natura,likeVenus,
is represented
as an agent,and thestuff
out ofwhichshebringsthings
intobeingLucretiusnamesmateries
corpora
(I.58), genitalia
(I.58), and
seminarerum(I.59).
All thesetermskeep close to the primitive
meaningof physisas birthand increaseand are immediately
intelligiblein theircontext. Primordia
and
are
corpora
prima
(i.6i)
(i.55)
freerfromtheassociations
of genesisand are Lucretius'moreneutral
equivalents
fortheapXai of Greekphysics. Lucretiustakespainsto
stampthesetermsas bearinga specialsense(quae nosappellare
suimus,
1.58-60), buthe goesfurther
to suggestthatthetwo termsnotimmediatelycomprehensible
fromthecontextof theproemareappropriate
to whattheydescribe(I.60-6I):
suemus
ethaeceademusurpare
corpora
prima,quodex illissuntomniaprimis.
Aftersettingout thephilosophical
programof theDe rerum
natura,
Lucretiusleaves his argumentfirstto stressthe achievement
of its
founder(I.62-79), and thento urgeitsnecessity
(i.8o-ioi, I02-I26,
I27).
As LudwigEdelsteinarguedwitha daringwhichcarriedhim
beyondthelambentwallsof tradition
and back to thecontextof the
proemand thehistory
ofGreekthought,
theGraiushomoof I.66 need
not be Epicurus. In the historyof Greekthought"knowledgeof
naturewas achievedthrougha long line of inspiredthinkers,
the
Presocratics
and Epicurus,theEpicureansystembeing,so to say,the
ofPresocratic
entelechy
ideas."24 The physiologist
oftheproem,like
hisobjectin physis,
is simplyGreek. One will laterrecognizehimas
Epicurus,but one does not and cannotknow thisfromLucretius'
proem. The realdificulty
withthisidentification
is thatit is prematureand neglectsLucretius'mannerof introducing
hisargument
and
its necessity.Thus, in thefinalcharacterization
of his philosophical
matter,Lucretiusspeaksof the "dark discoveriesof the Greeks"
(Graiorum
obscura
reperta,
I. I36).
But whereLucretius'introduction
of physisis an introduction
to
24
7I (I940)
85.
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DISKIN
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[I969
Epicurean.
to physiologiais distinctively
Greekphysis,hisintroduction
emergesdramatically
intothepoem
The ethicalimpulseto physiology
as the threatof religionis exposedfirstin its primitiveand Greek
intotheRoman context
and thenas it is translated
setting
(I.62-IOI),
of Ennius'poetry(I.I02-26).
Thus, lines62-79 of theproemgive
while theirsequelin
of Greekphysiology,
the historical
beginnings
an understanding
formastering
lines8o-I26 givestheethicalnecessity
of nature.
in LatinphiloforLucretiusboth a forerunner
Enniusrepresents
It is thethreat
truth.2S
sophicalpoetryand a dangerousrivalto the
withitsbasisin dreamvisionsthat
ofEnnius'doctrineof theafterlife
of the argumentof his
Lucretiusmeetshead-onby a reformulation
naturam(I.I26)
In directcontradiction
to thererumn
poem (I.I27-35).
whichthespectreofHomerexpoundedto Enniusin hisdreamvision,
Lucretiusstateshisargumentfora secondtime. In thisrestatement
of
by thepressure
and sharpened
programis refined
hisphilosophical
theethicaldemandsmadeuponit; it has takenon a fullerscopewith
account
of itsnecessity.Wherea comprehensive
thedemonstration
of theheavensand thegods had beenannouncedbefore(I.54; cf.Ad
Hdt. 79.5), both gods and celestialphenomenaare includedin the
rubricsuperisde rebus(I.I27; cf. I.62-65), whichis Latinfor7TEptrJv
apparentin this"second
/LETEWpcoV (cf KD xi). What is especially
syllabus"is a shiftin emphasisfroma concernforthe materialfor
to a concernforthelaws of heavenand thehumansoul.
generation
ofcauses(I.I27-35):
is placedon thediscovery
thestress
Accordingly,
de rebushabenda
benecumsuperis
quapropter
nobisestratio,solislunaequemeatus
ratione,et qua vi quaequegerantur
qua fiant
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tunccum primisratione
in terris,
sagaci
natura
videndum
undeanimaatqueanimiconstet
obvia mentis
et quae resnobisvigilantibus
terrificet
morboadfectis
somnoquesepultis,
cernereutivideamureos audirequecoram,
ossa.
morteobitaquorumtellusamplectitur
New is the argumenton the origin or nature of the soul26 and the
explanationof the simulacrawhich seem to guaranteea belief in an
afterlife
and divineempireoverthesoul in death. The godsand the
phenomenaof theheavens,the soul and the dreamvisionswhich seem
to guarantee it an afterlife:these are the most urgent problems of
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DISKIN
42
CLAY
[I969
KD I (= SV I).
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asthe" comprehensive
asthe" trueaccount"
translated
(I.50), andthen
account"of thegods and heaven(I.54, theKvpuT rata actdac ofAd
before
Hdt.79.5). Heretheplacement
caeliratiodeumque
of summa
is
stressed
rerum
what
primordia
reflects
precisely
by Epicurus.The
is nottheoria,
andindifferent,
impulse
to physiology
abstract
butthe
moralnecessity
of mastering
and all otherformsof
fear,anxiety,
whatphysiology-Epicurean
Accordingly,
physiology-rapaX71.
is notan abstract
thenatural
affords
accountofphysis,
worldandits
restandi
buta ratio
processes,
andfacultas
(i.iio; cf.3.45).29
Thus,whiletheconcept
ofnature
whichLucretius
develops
in his
animi
huncigitur
terrorem
necessest
tenebrasque
teladiei
nonradiisolisnequelucida
sednaturae
discutiant,
species
ratioque.
These lines are repeated thriceagain in the poem (2.59-6I, 3.9I-93,
and on each occasion they provide, as they do here, the
6.39-4I),
bridge from the ethical premisesof physiologyto physiologyitself
In Lucretius'formulationwhich introducesthe logical foundationsof
his enterprise,naturaand ratiocome togetherto expresswhat Epicurus
meantby physiologia. Lucretiusdoes not translatethe Greekword by
Cicero's calque naturaeratio;ratherhe rendersthe concept by naturae
speciesratioque.30
Yet naturaas it is revealed by ratiolies furthestfrom the sensuous
world of theproem and itsevocationof springin thepoet's invocation
of Venus. Sunk deep below the speciesverna diei and the suavis
daedalatellusof the proem is a world barrenof the sensuousqualities
For the ethical premisesof the entirepoem and forphysiologiaitself,cf. Ad Hdt.
for the doctrine of divinity(I.44-49), cf. 76.iI-77.II,
78.6-8, and KD I
(= SV i); forthe fearproduced by the simulacraof the dead and absent,cf. SV 24 and
Epicurus' letterto his mother (Epicuro65). Finally, for the functionof physiology
itself,cf.Ad Hdt. 78, KD XI, XII (= SV 49).
30 Naturaeratiois Cicero's calque forphysiologia,
Div. I.90, 2.37, and ND 1.20.
But
this is not Lucretius'formula,although Reiley (Studiesin thePhilosophicalTerminology
ofLucretius
anidCicero[New York I909] 23), Traglia (De lucretiano
sermone
adphilosophiam
pertinente
[Rome I947] 56 note 332), and Ernout(LucreceDe RerumNaturaCommentaire
[Paris I962] ad. Ioc.) interpretit as such.
29
76.8-82.9;
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[I969
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The difficulty
is compoundedifone insists
in readingthe poem backwardsand takingthe Graius homoof the
proemas Epicurus. The Graius homomightwell be Epicurus,but
one cannotknowthisfromtheproem.32 In anycase,it is extremely
doubtfulthatLucretiuswould regardthe writingsof Epicurusin
particular
as obscura,
sinceitisprecisely
thequalityofclarity
(OawfrvEta)
thathismasterinsisted
upon(3.I-2):
obscuram
linguam(I.639).
E tenebris
tantistamclarumextollerelumen
qui primuspotuistiinlustrans
commodavitae....
The non-committal
"dark discoveries"of Munro (adoptedby
Bailey)is a bettertranslation
ofobscurain thatitmakespossibleanother
interpretation
by itsdeliberate
ambiguity.This interpretation
is that
Lucretius'Graiorumobscurarepertarefers
to thatclassof thingswhich
Epicurusand Greekphysiology
generally
notedas ra'48&7Aa.There
aretwo piecesofevidencewhichshowthatunderLucretius'Graiorum
obscurareperta
liesT-a a'8rqAaof Greekphysicalspeculation.The first
is thelanguageofLucretius,
thesecondthatof Cicero.
In itscontexttheantithesis
of obscuraand inlustrare
is followedand
paralleled
byanotherantithesis-resoccultasandpenitusconvisere
(I . I45).
Convisereis a rareverbin Latin;it occurstwiceagainin theDe rerunt
natura.33 Takenwithresoccultasit reproduces
theGreekof theLetter
toHerodotus
(avvopaiv -7q8-ITEpL-rcovd&rAwv),whichLucretius'
proem
hasherecometo parallel.34The secondpieceofevidenceforsharpening thefocusof obscuraby bringing
it intolinewiththespecialforce
32 The consequencesof the simpleand surfacefact
thatLucretius'proem is an introductionto Epicureanismare subtlydrawn out by Leo Straussin his A Note on Lucretius,
in Natur und Geschichte:
Kark Ldwithzum 70. Geburtstag
(StuttgartI968) 322-3 I (now
reprintedin Liberalism
Ancientand Modern[New York I968] 76-85).
33 Cf. 2.357 and Lucretius'similelikeningthe quest of physiologywith the tracking
of hounds, I.402-9.
By this conception the semeiaof Epicurean physiologybecome
the vestigiaof Lucretius'investigationEsI tXvosrog aci&Aov,forwhich like expressions
can be foundin the Greek of Ad Pyth.96.2, and Philodemus,On MethodsofIniterference
(ed. P. H. and E. A. De Lacy [PhiladelphiaI94I]) XXI 20, XXIX 2.
34 Both Lucretius' proem and the Letterto Herodotusagree in moving from the
difficulties
of the task of physiology to the firstof Epicurus' major propositionsor
stoicheiomata
(Ad Hdt. 38.8-39.-I
.I45-50,
I59-60).
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DISKIN
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[I969
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IOO]
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47
PHYSIOLOGIA
as forEpicurus,
sucha formulapointat issuehereis thatforLucretius,
tionis possible,giventhesourceofall knowledgein theexperience
of
the senses. Nature is full of voices, commands,and instruction.
theobts-of Anaxagoraso'lts
VerypossiblyLucretius'speciesreflects
Td baLtVo'LEva,
TWDVa'J Acov
buttheprinciple
itself
wasa fundamental
tenetof the more pragmaticof the physicists.40
Fromthelogicalanldpoeticaldevelopment
of thisprinciplein the
De rerunm
natura,it is clearthatLucretiushas arrivedat the perfect
expressionof Epicureanphysiology,whose unshakablefoundation
and stepcourseis theclearevidenceof oursenses:-craLvTLOV
Kal
Kp7)rS
in establishing
the theoretical
OELEAlOSg-rEvapyEca (247 Us.). Tlhus,
truthsconcerning
thatclassof thingswhichEpicurusmarkedoffas
faadela,itispossibleforLucretius
to speakofthecompulsion
ofnature
and truereasoningas if theywere one and thesame: sedveratamen
rationaturaquererumn
cogit(I.498-99).
Here, as in I.I49, the world
of thesensesand theworldwhichis accessibleonlythroughreason
coincide. Elsewherein theDe rerum
natura
reasonand thevisibleare
seen as standingwidelyapart,4'but in Lucretius'expositionof his
argument,
theytelescopeintoa singleconceptto expresstheEpicurean
view of physiology.
40
Philodemusvii 8, XV
25,
and compareXXVII
30
10.32.7,
and
14-42.
2.1023-47,
1050-51,
3.273, 4.385, 796 (cf.Ad Hdt. 47); but contrast5.335.
This paper is an expanded versionof a chapterof my dissertationonLucretius'Translationof GreekPhilosophy,Seattle I967 (MicrofilmOrder No. 67-14, I62), and its end
is the proper place to thank Leo Straussfor turningme to Lucretiusin a memorable
summer seminar,ProfessorJohn B. McDiarmid for his help with the Presocratics,
and ProfessorWilliam Grummelwho directedthe dissertation.
4I
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