Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Harmonic Motion
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
2007
Periodic Motion
Simple periodic motion is that motion in which a
body moves back and forth over a fixed path,
returning to each position and velocity after a
definite interval of time.
1
f
T
Amplitude
A
Period,
Period
Period,T,
T,isisthe
thetime
time
for
forone
onecomplete
complete
oscillation.
oscillation.(seconds,s)
(seconds,s)
Frequency,
Frequency
Frequency,f,f,isisthe
the
number
numberof
ofcomplete
complete
oscillations
oscillationsper
per
-1
second.
second.Hertz
Hertz(s(s-1))
15 s
T
0.50 s
30 cylces
x
F
Period:
Period: TT == 0.500
0.500 ss
1
1
f
T 0.500 s
Frequency:
Frequency: ff == 2.00
2.00 Hz
Hz
AA restoring
restoring force,
force, F,
F, acts
acts in
in
the
the direction
direction opposite
opposite the
the
displacement
displacement of
of the
the
oscillating
oscillating body.
body.
FF == -kx
-kx
Hookes Law
When a spring is stretched, there is a restoring
force that is proportional to the displacement.
F = -kx
x
m
F
x
Work kx kx
2
2
x1
x2
2
1
k=
F
x
0.2 m
kk == 196
196 N/m
N/m
Work kx kx
2
2
8 cm
2
1
U kx (196 N/m)(0.08 m)
2
UU == 0.627
0.627 JJ
Displacement in SHM
x
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
Velocity in SHM
v (- )
v (+)
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
Acceleration in SHM
+a
-x
+x
-a
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
F ma kx
Acceleration is a maximum at the end points
and it is zero at the center of oscillation.
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
F ma kx or
kx
a
m
kx
a
m
(400 N/m)(+0.07 m)
a
2 kg
22
aa == -14.0
m/s
-14.0 m/s
+x
2 kg
m
Maximum
Acceleration:
22
aamax
=
24.0
m/s
max = 24.0 m/s
+x
Conservation of Energy
The total mechanical energy (U + K) of a
vibrating system is constant; i.e., it is the
same at any point in the oscillating path.
a
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
m
x = -A
1
2
x=0
mv kx kA
2
1
2
1
2
vmax when
x = 0:
x = +A
k
A
m
k
A2 x 2
m
k
m
A2 x 2
800 N/m
v
(0.1 m) 2 (0.06 m) 2
2 kg
vv == 1.60
1.60 m/s
m/s
+x
k
800 N/m
A
(0.1 m)
m
2 kg
vv == 2.00
2.00 m/s
m/s
+x
x Acos t
x A cos(2 ft )
x = Horizontal displacement.
A = Amplitude (xmax).
= Reference angle.
2f
Velocity in SHM
The velocity (v) of an
oscillating body at any
instant is the horizontal
component of its
tangential velocity (vT).
vT = R = A; 2f
v = -vT sin ;
= t
v = - A sin t
vv == -2f
-2f AA sin
sin 2f
2f tt
R=A
a 4 2 f 2 A cos(2 ft )
a 4 f x
2
a
x
and
T = 1/f
x
T 2
a
The
The frequency
frequency and
and the
the period
period can
can be
be found
found ifif the
the
displacement
displacement and
and acceleration
acceleration are
are known.
known. Note
Note
that
that the
the signs
signs of
of aa and
and xx will
will always
always be
be opposite.
opposite.
k
m
m
T 2
k
The
The frequency
frequency ff and
and the
the period
period TT can
can be
be found
found ifif
the
the spring
spring constant
constant kk and
and mass
mass m
m of
of the
the vibrating
vibrating
body
body are
are known.
known. Use
Use consistent
consistent SI
SI units.
units.
m
x = -0.2 m
1
f
2
x=0
k
1
m 2
x = +0.2 m
400 N/m
2 kg
ff == 2.25
2.25 Hz
Hz
m
x=0
x = -0.2 m
x = +0.2 m
22
aa == 40
m/s
40 m/s
v
m
vv == -2f
-2f AA sin
sin 2f
2f tt
x = -0.2 m x = 0
x = +0.2 m
vv == -0.916
-0.916 m/s
m/s
v
m
x A cos(2 ft )
x = -0.2 m x = 0
x 0.12 m
cos(2 ft )
;
A 0.20 m
2 ft 2.214 rad;
x = +0.2 m
(2 ft ) cos 1 (0.60)
2.214 rad
t
2 (2.25 Hz)
tt == 0.157
0.157 ss
L
T 2
g
1
f
2
g
L
mg
L
T 2
g
2
2 L
;
T 4
g
(2 s) 2 (9.8 m/s 2 )
L
2
4
T 2g
L=
2
4
L = 0.993 m
I
T 2
k'
Where
Where kk isis aa torsion
torsion constant
constant that
that depends
depends on
on
the
the material
material from
from which
which the
the rod
rod isis made;
made; II isis
the
the rotational
rotational inertia
inertia of
of the
the vibrating
vibrating system.
system.
I = mR2
TT == 1.35
1.35 ss
Summary
Simple
Simple harmonic
harmonic motion
motion (SHM)
(SHM) isis that
that motion
motion in
in
which
which aa body
body moves
moves back
back and
and forth
forth over
over aa fixed
fixed
path,
path, returning
returning to
to each
each position
position and
and velocity
velocity
after
after aa definite
definite interval
interval of
of time.
time.
The
The frequency
frequency (rev/s)
(rev/s) isis the
the
reciprocal
reciprocal of
of the
the period
period (time
(time
for
for one
one revolution).
revolution).
x
m
1
f
T
Summary (Cont.)
Hookes
Hookes Law:
Law: In
In aa spring,
spring, there
there isis aa restoring
restoring
force
force that
that isis proportional
proportional to
to the
the displacement.
displacement.
F kx
x
F
k
x
Summary (SHM)
x
m
x = -A
x=0
F ma kx
x = +A
kx
a
m
Conservation of Energy:
22 + kx 22 = mv 22 + kx 22
mv
mvAA + kxAA = mvBB + kxBB
Summary (SHM)
1
2
mv kx kA
k
A2 x 2
m
k
A
m
1
2
x A cos(2 ft )
1
2
v0
a 4 f x
2
v 2 fA sin(2 ft )
m
x = -A
x=0
x = +A
1
f
2
a
x
x
T 2
a
1
f
2
k
m
m
T 2
k
g
L
I
T 2
k'
L
T 2
g
CONCLUSION: Chapter 14
Simple Harmonic Motion