Indian Geography (2) .Unlocked

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CONTENTS
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
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Geographical Location of India

Physiographic Features : The Himalayas
The Great Northern Plains
The Peninsular India
Important Gulfs
Important Lagoons and Lakes
Fresh Water Lakes
Saline Lakes of India
Islands of India
Rivers of India
River valley Projects
The Climate of India
Indian Soils
Rainfall in India
Natural Vegetation of India
Agriculture
Crops of India
Mineral Resources of India
Industries of India
Transportation in india
Important cites and their Nick names
Important Indian towns on rivers
famous hill stations in india
Important towns associated with industries
largest, longest smallest in india
Important monuments of india
population
Tribals groups of india
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INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF INDIA
Indian Geographical Location
Lying between latitude 84 N to 376 N and from longitude 687 E to 9725
E, the country is divided into almost equal parts by the Tropic of Cancer
(passes from Jabalpur in MP).
The southernmost point in Indian Territory, (in Great Nicobar Island) is the
Indira Point (645), while Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the
southernmost point of Indian mainland. The country thus lies wholly in the
northern and eastern hemispheres.
The 8230 E longitude is taken as the Standard Time Meridian of India, as it
passes through the middle of India (from Naini, near Allahabad).
Area & Boundaries of India.
1. India stretches 3,214 km from North to South & 2,933 km from East to
West.
2. Geographical Area of India : 32,87,263 sq. km. Accounts for 2.4% of the total
world area and roughly 17.5% of the world population.
3. Mainland India has a coastline of 6,100 km. Including the Lakshadweep and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the coastline measures about 7516.6 km.
4. In India, of the total land mass:
Plains
: 43.3%
Plateaus
: 27.7%
Hills
: 18.6%
Mountains
: 10.7%
5. In the South, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar & the Palk Strait
separate India from Sri Lanka.
6. Total land neighbours: 7 (Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan,
Bangladesh and Myanmar).
7. Indias Islands include the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal and
Lakshadweep, Minicoy & Amindive islands in the Arabian Sea.
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Facts about position of states

UP borders the maximum number of States-8 (Uttarakhand, Himachal
Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar).
After
UP, it is Assam, which touches the border of 7 States( West Bengal,
Meghalaya, Arunachal pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur , Tripura & Mizoram).
Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 States : Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, WB, Tripura, Mizoram.
Indian Standard Meridian passes through 5 States : UP, MP, Chhattisgarh,
Orissa, AP.
9 States form the coast of India. They are : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal.
2 Union Territories, viz. Daman & Diu and Pondicherry are also on the coast.
The Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep are
made up of islands.
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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA
India can be divided into 3 units:
1. The Himalayas
2. The Great Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular India
To these can be added the fourth, namely, the coasts and islands
The Himalayas
Himalayas means Abode of Snow. They are one of the youngest fold mountain
ranges in the world and comprise mainly sedimentary rocks.
They stretch from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the
east. Total length is about 2400 km. The width of the Himalayas varies from
500 km in Kashmir to 200 km in Arunachal Pradesh. Their average height is
2000m.
The Eastern Himalayas-made up of Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Mizo Hills and the
Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills-are also known as Purvanchal.
The Pamir, popularly known as the Roof of the World, is the connecting link
between the Himalayas and the high ranges of Central Asia.
The Himalayas can be divided into 3 parallel or longitudinal zones, each with
separate features.
The Great Himalayas or The Himadri
Average elevation extends upto 6100m & some of the worlds highest peaks are
here:
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Everest (or Sagarmatha or Chomo Langma) 8850 m (in Nepal)

Kanchenjunqa 8598 m (in India)
Makalu 8481 m (in Nepal)
Dhaulaqiri 8172 m (in Nepal)
Cho Oyu 8153m (in Nepal)
Nanga Parbat 8126m (in India)
Annapurna 8078 m (in Nepal)
Nanda Devi 7817 m (in India)
There are few passes they include
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Shipki La and Bara Lacha in Himachal Pradesh,

Banihal, Burzil and Zozi La in Jammu & Kashmir,
Niti, Lipulekh and Thag La in Uttarankhand,
Jelep La and Nathu La in Sikkim.
Lesser Himalayas or The Himachal
Also known as Himachal-Himalaya which is separated from the Shiwalik

Range by Duns.
Average height of mountains is 3700 4500 m.
Mountains and valleys are disposed in all direction (mountains
rising to 5000 m and the valleys touching 1000 m).
Its important ranges are : Dhauladhar, Pir Panjal, Nag Tibba,
Mussoorie.
Important hill resorts are : Shimla, Ranikhet, Mussoorie, Nainital,
Almora, Darjeeling.
(I) PIR PANJAL RANGE

Located in Kashmir, Punjab and extends from the Jhelum River to the upper
Beas River for over 300km. Separated from the Zaskar Range by the valley of
Kashmir (vale of Kashmir)
(II) DHAULADHAR
Southern-most range of the Lower or Lesser Himalaya.
Rarely attains elevations higher then 4,000m
Continue eastward in to Mahabharat Range.
Outer Himalayas or The Shiwaliks
Lowest range (average elevation is 900-1200 m).

Forms the foothills and lies between the Lesser Himalayas and the
plains. It is the newest range.
Extends from Jammu & Kashmir (150km wide) to Arunachal Pradesh (815km) over 2400km.
Its southern limit is Indo Gangetic Plain.
Also known as Sub-Himalaya or Outer Himalaya.
Youngest part of mountain chain stretching from the Brahmaputra to the
Indus.
Trans Himalayan Zone

This range lies to the north of the Great Himalayas. It has some important
ranges like Karakoram, Laddakh, Zanskar, etc. the highest peak in this region
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is K2 or Godwin Austin (8611m, in Pak occupied Kashmir). Other high peaks

are Hidden Peak (8068 m), Broad Peak (8047 m) and Gasherbrum II (8035 m).
The longest glacier is Siachin in the Nubra valley, which is more than 72 km
long (biggest glacier in the world). Biafo, Baltaro, Batura, Hispar are the other
important glaciers in this region.
This area is the largest snow-field outside the Polar Regions.
CLASSIFICATION OF HIMALAYA ON THE BASIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:
NAME
LOCATION
DISTANCE
1.Punjab Himalaya
Between Indus and Sutlej
560 km
2.Kumaon Himalaya
Between Sutluj and Kali
320 km
3.Nepal Himalaya
Between Kali and Tista
800 km
4.Assam Himalaya
Between Tista and Dihang
720 km
THE PURVANCHAL
(The North Eastern Highland)
The Himalaya range after crossing the Dihang gorge in the east, bend
southwards, forming a series of hills, in north south trend. Hills, North Cachar
Hills and the Tripura Hills.
(I) Mishmi Hills
The highest range of Purvanchal Hills which is situated in the north-eastern
part of Arunachal Pradesh.
(II) Patkai Bum
A range extending north south in Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
(III)Naga Ranges
Forms watershed between Nagaland and Myanmar.
(IV)Manipur Hills
Characterized by ridge and valley type of topography Loktak lake (centripetal
drainage) is situated in this hill.
(V) Mizo Hills
Previously known as Lushai Hills Blue mountain peak is the highest point.
(VI)Tripura Hills
Characterised by ridge and valley topography
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THE GREAT NORTHERN PLAINS

To the south of the Himalayas and to the north of the Peninsula lies the great
plains of North India. They are formed by the depositional works of three major
river systems, Indus, Gangas and Brahmaputra. The vast plains of north India
are alluvial in nature and the westernmost portion is occupied by the Thar
Desert.
The thickness of the alluvium is maximum in the Ganga plains and minimum
in the Western Plains.
In the Kerala plains are the backwaters or Kayak, which are the shallow
lagoons or inlets of the sea, lying parallel to the coastline. The largest among
these is the Vembanad Lake.
The plains consist of four divisions:
Bhabar : Along the foothills of Shiwaliks. Highly porous

Tarai : Re-emergence of streams. Swampy and Marshy zone.
Bhangar : Older alluvium of the plains. Studded with calcareous
formations called kankar
Khadar : New alluvium and forms the flood plains along the river
banks.
SUBDIVISION OF GREAT PLAINS
THE RAJASTHAN PLAIN
Extent:650km long.
Average width:250-300 km wide
Thar or Great Indian Desert is the westernmost region of Great Indian
Plains in the western Rajasthan.
A semi arid plain, lying to the east of Thar desert is known as Rajasthan
Bagar.
The Luni is the only southwest flowing river of this region.
The Sambhar(largest), the Kuchaman, and the Didwana are important
salt lakes
situated to the north of Luni Basin.
THE PUNJAB HARYANA PLAINS:
Extent:640km in northwest to southeast and 300km in east west
direction.
Extends from Punjab in the west to Yamuna River(Haryana)in the east.
Land of five rivers-is primary made up of doabs-the land between two
rivers.
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THE GANGA PLAINS:

The largest Great Plain stretching from Delhi to Calcutta across the
states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
The Ganga and its tributaries like Yamuna, Ghagra,Gomti, Kosi, and Son
deposit large amount of alluvium and make this extensive plain more
fertile.
UPPER GANGA PLAINS
They comprise of Ganga-Yamuna Doab in the west, to the east of this
Doab are the Rohilkhand plains which merges with Avadh plain in the
east.
Middle Ganga Plains
It consists of three plains: Avadh, Mithili and Magadha plains
Lower Ganga Plains
Stretches from north Bihar to Sunderban delta region, flooded by kosi
river, in the lower reaches Rarh plains are present.
THE BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN
The low level plain formed by the Brahmaputra river system is situated
between Eastern Himalaya (Arunachal Pradesh) in the North, Patkai
bhum and Naga hills in the east.
Garo-Khasi-Jaintia and Mikir Hills in the south.
Indo Bangladesh border in the west.
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THE PENINSULAR INDIA
Spreads south of the Indo-Gangetic plains flanked by sea on three sides.

This plateau is shaped like a triangle with its base in the north. The Eastern
Ghats and the Western Ghats constitute its eastern and western
boundaries, respectively.
Narmada, which flows through a rift valley, divides the region into two
parts: The Malwa Plateau in the north & the Deccan Plateau in the south.
Most of the rocks are of the igneous type.
Vindhya mountains are situated south of Malwa plateau.
Chhota Nagpur Plateau lies to the west of Bengal basin, the largest and
most typical part of which is the Ranchi plateau.
The Deccan Plateau is the largest plateau in India. It is made up of lava
flows.
PENINSULAR MOUNTAINS
Aravalis
Total length:800km
Highest peak: Guru Sikhar(1,722m) of the Abu Hills.
Extending from the north east to the south-west of India.
Separates semi desert regions of Rajasthan from the fertile Udaipur and
Jaipur regions .
It is an example of relict mountain,One of the oldest fold mountains in
the world.
VINDHYAN RANGE
A block mountain which separates northern India from the southern
mainland.
Composed of sandstones, shales and quartzites.
South of it, Narmada River flows in the rift valley.
Acts as a natural watershed between north and south India.
SATPURA RANGE
Highest peak: Dhupgarh(1,350m) near Panchmarhi.
Average elevation: 1,030m above sea level.
Extending in east west direction, to the south of Vindhyans.
Situated between Narmada and Tapi River.
Starting from Rajpipla hills in the west through Mahadeo hill to Maikal
range.
MAIKAL RANGE
Eastern part of Satpura system is situated in Madhya Pradesh.
Mount Amarkantak is the highest peak
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AJANTA RANGE, BALAGHAT RANGE, AND HARISH CHANDRA

RANGE:
Extending in east west direction.
Kalsubai(1,646m) the highest peak of Western Ghat.
NILGIRI HILLS
It is the meeting point of Western and Eastern Ghats.
Doda Betta(2,637m) is the highest peak of Nilgiri Hills.
The hills are separated from southern hills by a gap called Palghat Gap
ANAIMALAI HILLS
Anai Mudi(2,695m) the highest peak of South India is in Anaimalai Hills.
CARDAMON HILLS
It is situated in the extreme south of Peninsular India
Formed of gneisses and schists.
RAJMAHAL HILLS
Extends in north south direction and is situated in the northeaster edge
of the Chhotanagpur Plateau.
Highest peak- Parasnath (1,366m)
SAHYADRIS(WESTERN GHATS)
Total length: about 1600km
Average height:1200m
Highest Peak: Kalsubai(1646m)
Runs along the western coastal plain from the south of valley of Tapi to
KanyaKumari, the southern most point of mainland India.
Region which receives maximum rainfall and is covered with evergreen
forest
The Western Ghats meet with Eastern Ghats in the Nilgiri hills.
Acts as a main watershed of Peninsular Rivers.
EASTERN GHATS:
Runs along the eastern coast of India from northern Odisha to the Nilgiri
Hills.
Characterised by unbroken hills between Mahanadi and Godavari.
Mahendragiri is the highest peak of Eastern Ghats.
Nallamalli Hills is situated between Krishna and the penneru river.
THE PENINSULAR PLATEAUS
BUNDELKHAND, BAGHELKHAND AND MALWA PLATEAU
These highlands are situated to the north of Narmada rift valley.
Bundelkhand Plateau is a part of central highlands and is composed of
granite and gneisses.
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Malwa plateau is an example of dissected lava plateau, which is covered

with black soil.
MEGHALAYA PLATEAU
It comprises of Garo, khasi and Jaintia Hills.
Originally a part of Peninsular plateau.
Garo-Rajmahal Gap separates it from the main block of peninsular
plateau
CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU
Situated in the north eastern part of Indian Plateau includes the region
of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal.
It consists of the Ranchi Plateau in the south, the Hazaribagh Plateau in
the north and the Rajmahal Hills in the northeast.
Described as the Ruhr of India
Pat lands are one of the chief characteristics of Chotanagpur Plateau.
Very rich in mineral resources.
DECCAN PLATEAU
South of the Satpura Range in the peninsula is called the Deccan Plateau.
(1)Maharastra Plateau
Northwestern part of Deccan Plateau is the region of Basaltic lava.
It includes Maharashtra(except the east of Nagpur), Southern Gujarath
and parts of Madhya pradesh.
Deccan Traps region is clearly visible.
Receives annual rainfall between 50cm and 100cm. Region has Black soil
and produces cotton, jowar and groundnut.
(2) Telengana Plateau
Part of the Deccan Plateau, comprises of the interior region of Andhra
Pradesh and Telangana state.
North of Krishna River is the plateau of Telengana.
South of the Krishna River, lying in the Rayalseema plateau region.
(3)The Karnataka Plateau
Situated to the south of Deccan Lava Region.
Malnad and Maidan are two physiographic regions of Karnataka plateau.
Malnad: Hilly and dissected plateau region about 64km wide lying close
to the Western Ghats.
Maidan: Situated in the eastern part of Malnad, relatively large rolling
plains with low granitic hills.
COASTAL PLAIN
(i) The West Coastal plain:
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Runs from Rann of Kachchh to Kanyakumari and are confined to a

narrow belt about 10-15 km wide.
(ii) Konkan coast:
Total length:500km
The West Coastal Plain between Daman in the north and Goa in the
south
Coastal lowland is uneven and is interspersed with river valleys, creeks
and ridges.
(iii) Canara coast:
Stretches from Goa in the north to Mangalore in the south.
The width of the coast in this section is very narrow.
(iv) Malabar Coast:
Extends from Mangalore in the north to Kanyakumari in the south is a
coastline of emergence.
Southern coastal region receives more rainfall during summer monsoon
season.
THE EAST COASTAL PLAIN
Extends from the deltaic plains of the Ganga in the north to Kanyakumari in
the south.
(i)UtkalCoast
Extends for about 400km from deltaic plains of the Ganga to the
Mahanadi delta.
(II)Northern Circar Coast
Extends from the southern limit of Utkal plains to Krishna- Godavari
delta.
It has large deltas of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers.
(III)Carnatic Coast:
Extends from the K-G Delta to the Pulicat.
(III)Coromandal Coast
Extends about 675km, from the north of Chennai to Kanyakumari in the
south.
It has the deltaic plains of Kaveri and is popularly called the Granary of
South India.
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IMPORTANT GULFS
GULF OF KACHCHH
Separates: Kachchh and Kathiwar Peninsula.
Location: West of Gujarat
Information: Region with highest potential of tidal energy generation.
GULF OF CAMBAY
Separates: Kathiawar Peninsula and Gujarat
Location: Gujarat
Information: Tapi, Narmada, Mahi and Sabarmati rive drain into the
Gulf.
GULF MANNAR
Separates: Sri Lanka and Southern India
Location: South east of Tamil Nadu
Information: Asias first marine biosphere reserves.
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IMPORTANT LAGOONS AND LAKES

VEMBANAD LAKE
State: Kerala
Information: Large sized lagoons of Kerala, have fertile alluvial islands,
63 km in length.
KAYALS
State: Kerala
Information: Popularly called back water in Kerala.
A chain of lakes which are connected with each other.
Peaty soils of backwaters are called Kari in Kerala.
CHILKA LAKE
Maximum length -64km
Maximum breadth- 20km
Average width -150km
State: Odisha
Information: Situated to the south west of the Mahanadi Delta.
Enclosed by the sand pit, has an opening which permits sea connection.
Largest brackish water lake in Asia.
PULICAT LAKE:
State: Andhra Pradesh
Information: Situated on the southern border of Andhra Pradesh.
Lagoon formed due to enclosure by sand bar
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FRESH WATER LAKE

TSONGMO
Tsongmo Lake or Changu Lake is a glacial lake in the East Sikkim, India,
some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away from Gangtok at altitude of 3,780 m
(12,400 ft)
WULAR LAKE:
State: Jammu and Kashmir
Information: Largest fresh water lake of India
KOLLERU LAKE:
Information: A part of the sea enclosed between the deltas of Godavari
and the Mahanadi and has a number of islands in it.
JAISAMAND LAKE:
State: Rajasthan
Information: Largest fresh water lake of Rajasthan
NAKKI LAKE:
State: Rajasthan
Information: A small natural lake near Mt. Abu surrounded by hills
important as tourist place.
LOKTAK LAKE:
State: Manipur
Information: Site hydroelectricity power generation an example of
centripetal drainage.
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SALINE WATER LAKES

LONAR LAKE
Lonar Lake is a saline soda lake located at Lonar in Buldana district,
Maharashtra, India, which was created by a meteor hitting the Earth during
the Pleistocene Epoch.
SAMBHAR LAKE
State: Rajasthan
Information: Largest Lake of Rajasthan lies on the border of Jaipur and
Nagaur District.
Sodium chloride (common salt) and sodium sulphate are produced
mainly by the Hindustan Salt Ltd.
DEEDWANA LAKE
State: Rajasthan
Information: Situated near Deedwana Town of Nagaur District.
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ISLANDS OF INDIA
The
The
Total coastline of India : 7516 km. Longest coastline: Gujarat (Second

longest is of Andhra Pradesh).
Indian territorial limits include 248 islands:
Andaman and Nicobar Group
Andamans is a group of 204 islands of which the largest is Middle
Andaman.
The Andamans are believed to be extensions of mountains system in the
N.E. part of the country.
Saddle Peak (737 m) in N.Andaman is the highest peak.
The Nicobars is a group of 19 islands of which the largest is Great
Nicobar. Most of them are volcanic in nature.
Ten Degree Channel separates Andamans from Nicobars (Little Andaman
from Car Nicobar)
Duncan Passage lies between South Andaman and Little Andaman.
Great Nicobar is the southernmost island and is only 147 km away from
Sumatra island of Indonesia.
Volcanic Islands: Barren and Narcondam Islands. Barren is an active
volcano and Norcondam is a dormant volcano.
Arabian Sea Group
All the islands in the Arabian Sea (Total 25) are coral islands and are
surrounded by Fringing Reefs (North : Lakshadweep, South: Minicoy).
Nine Degree Channel separates Kavaratti from Minicoy Island.
Eight Degree Channel separates Minicoy Island (India) from Maldives.
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RIVERS OF INDIA
In India, the rivers can be divided into two main groups:
Himalayan Rivers
Peninsular Rivers
Himalayan Rivers of India
In this three major river systems are there:
The Indus System
It has a total length of 2880 km (709 km in India). Rises in Tibet (China)
near Mansarovar Lake.
In Jammu and Kashmir, its Himalayan tributaries are: Zanskar, Dras,
Gartang, Shyok, Shigar, Nubra, Gilgit, etc.
Its most important tributaries, which join Indus at various places, are:
Jhelum (725 km), Chenab (1800 km), Ravi (720 km), Beas (470 km) &
Sutlej (1050 km).
Sources:
Jhelum from Verinag (SE Kashmir).
Chenab from Bara Lacha Pass (Lahaul-Spiti), Himachal pradesh.
Ravi from Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in Himachal pradesh.
Beas from a place near Rohtang Pass in Himachal pradesh.
Satluj from Mansarovar Rakas lakes in W. Tibet.
According to the Indus Water Treaty signed between India and Pakistan
in 1960, India can utilize only 20% of the total discharge of Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab.
1.INDUS:(One of the worlds largest river)
Source: Tibet, at an altitude of 5,180 m near Mansarovar Lake.
Total length:2,880km (709km in India)
River Basin: 1,165,00 sq.km (321,290 sq.km in India)
Information:
Mountain tributaries; Gilgit Shyok, Skardu, Shigoo.
Plain tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
2.JHELUM:
(An important river of kashmir and is the main waterway)
Source: Rises in Verinag at the foothills of Pirpranjal.
Total length: 400 km
River Basin: 28,490 sq.km (in India)
Its basin lies between Great Himalaya and Pir Pranjal Range.
It flows through Vale of Kashmir and Wular Lake before entering into
Pakistan.
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3.CHENAB
(largest of all the Indus tributaries)
Source: Rises in snow covered Kullu hills of Himachal Pradesh.
Total length: 1,800 (in India)
River Basin: 26,755 sq.km (in India)
Flows through Chamba state for 160 km in the trough between the
Greater Himalaya and the Pir Panjal.
4.RAVI
Source: Kullu hills of H.P
Total Length: 725 km
River Basin: 5,957( in India)
5. SUTLEJ
(Second largest tributary of Indus)
Source: Rakas Lake, at an altitude of 4,555 m in Tibet
Total Length:1050km (in India)
River Basin: 25,087 sq.km(in India)
It enters India through Shipki La and flows through Himachal Pradesh
and Punjab before entering into Pakistan.
6. BEAS
Source: Kullu hills at an altitude of 4,000 m
Total Length:470 km( in India)
River Basin:25,900 sq.km (in India)
Information: It joins Stulej near Harike.
THE GANGA SYSTEM (GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES)
The Ganga:
Formed by two head streams Alaknada and Bhagirathi which join at
Devprayag.
Source: Rises in Gangotri glacier of the Great Himalaya. Above
Devaprayag it is called as Bhagirathi and below it is referred to as the
Ganga.
Total Length: Of its total length of 2,525 k.m, 1,450 k.m in Bihar and
520 km in West Bengal.
River Basin: 838,200 sq.km. Largest river basin in India, Covers more
than fourth of the countrys total surface
Left Bank tributaries; Ramganga, Gomati, Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi
Gandak,Kosi.
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Right Bank tributaries; Yamuna, Son. The Bhagirathi Hooghly is the

western most distributary of the river. Beyond Farakka it bifurcates itself
into Hooghly in West Bengal and Padma-Meghna in Bangladesh.
The Yamuna (Largest and the most important tributary of Ganga)
Source: Rises in the Yamunotri glacier which is west of Ganga source.
Total Length: 1,376 km fromits source to Allahabad where it joins Ganga.
River Basin: 3,59,000 sq. km
Information: Important tributaries; Chambal (rises in Mhow in the
Vindhya)Sidh,Betwa and Ken.
The Son
(Right bank tributary of Ganga)
Source: Rises from the Amarkantak Plateau
River Basin: 71,900 sq,.km
Information: It joins Ganga near Ramnagar.
Ramganga:
Source: Rises in the Kumaun Himalaya near Nanital
River Basin: 32,800 sq,km
Information: It joins the left bank of Ganga near Chapra (Bihar).
Ghagra:
Source: Rises from east of Gangotri,
Total Length: 1,080 km
Rivers Basin: 127, 500 sq,km More than half of its basin is in Nepal.
Information: It joins the left bank of Ganga near Chapra(Bihar).
Gandak:
Source: Rises near the Nepal-China border at an altitude of 7,600m in
the Central Himalaya.
Total Length:425 km(in India)
River Basin:48,500, 9,500 sq.km (in India)
Information: It flows through eastern Nepal, enters Bihar in Champaran
district and turn south east to join the left banh of Ganga near Sonepur.
Kosi (formed by the confluence of the Son Kosi, the Arun Kosi and the Tamur
Kosi)
Source: Rises from the peak of Nepal Tibet and Sikkim
Total Length: 730km (in India)
Rivers Basin:86,900, 21,500 sq, km (in India)
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Information: It flows through eastern Nepal, enters Bihar in Saharasa

district and joins the left bank of Ganga below Bhagalpur (Bihar).
The river is notorious for shifting its course and causing floods, thus
often termed as the Sorrow of Bihar.
Damodar(Sorrow of Bengal)
Source: Rises in Chota Nagpur plateau in the Plalamau district
(Jharkand)
Rivers Basin: 22,000 sq.km
Information: It joins the Bhagirathi Hooghly in West Bengal
THE BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM
Brahmaputra or Tsangpo (Tibet)
Source: Rises in the Kailash Range near Mansarovar Lake.
Total Length: 2,900 km one of the longest rivers of the world.
Rivers Basin: 240,000 sq,km
Information: Important tributaries: Subansiri Kameng, Dhansiri,
Dilhang, Lohit,Tista, Torsa. Manas; Burhi Dihing, etc. It flows through
Tibet, India and Bangladesh and forms the large delta of the world along
with Ganga.
PENINSULAR RIVERS
Mahanadi(An important river of the peninsular India)
Source: Northern foothills of Dandakarnaya near Shiawa in Raipur
district.
Length: 857km
Rivers Basin: 141,600 sq.km in M.P., Orissa, Bihar and Maharashtra
Information: Left bank tributaries; Sheonath, Hasdeo, Ib and Mand.
Right bank tributaries ; tel, Ong, and Jonk.
Subarnarekha, Brahmi and Baitarni:
These smaller river basins are interposed between the Ganga and the
Mahanadi basin.
THE GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
Godavari:
Source: Trimbak plateau of north Sahyadri near Nasik (Maharashtra)
Length: 1465 (longest river of Peninsular India)
Rivers Basin: 312,812 half of which lies in Maharashtra and also in
Andhra Pradesh ,M.P., Orissa, and Karnataka.
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Information: Largest river system of the Peninsular India and is next

only to theGanga system in India. Left bank tributaries; Penganga,
Wardha, Wainganga, Indravati and Sabri Right Bank tributaries: Manjra.
KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
Krishna
(Second largest east flowing river of the Peninsula)
Source: North of Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats.
Length: Flows for a distance of 1,400 km to the Bay of Bengal
Rivers Basin: 258,948 sq.km. Lies in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
Information: Important tributaries: Bhima, Tungabhadra, Ghatprbha,
Malaprabha,Musi and Koyna.
Kaveri
Source: Rises in the Brahmgiri Range of Western Ghats.
Length: 800km
Rivers Basin: 87,900 sq.km.- Shared by Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil
Nadu.
Information: Left bank tributaries: Herangi, Hemavati, Shimsha,
Arkavati, etc.
Right bank tributaries: Kabani, Bhavani and Amravati etc.
WEST FLOWING RIVER
Sabarmati:
Source: Mewar hills in Aravalli Range.
Length: 320km
Rivers Basin: 21,674 sq. km. Shared by Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Information:
Important tributaries: Hathmati, Sedhi, Wakul, etc.
Mahi
Source: Vindhya Range at an altitude of 500 m.
Length: 533km
Rivers Basin:34,862sq.km
Information: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat share the river
basin.
Narmada
(Largest west flowing Peninsular river)
Source: Rises in Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh.
Length: 1312 km ( from its source to its estuary in the Gulf of
Khambhat)
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Rivers Basin:98,796 sq.km which it shared by M.P. Gujarat and

Maharashtra.
Information:Left bank tributaries: Tawa Burhner, etc. Right Bank
tributaries: Hiran
worlds famous Dhuan Dhar or Cloud of Mist Falls is located on this
river. It flows through a rift valley between the Vidhyas and the Satpura
Range.
Tapi or Tapti
(Second largest of west flowing river of Peninsula)
Source: Rises near Multai on the Satpura Range in Betul district (M.P)
Length: 740 km
Rivers Basin: 65,145 sq.km in M.p., Maharashtra and Gujarat
Information: Left bank tributaries: Purna, Veghar, Girna, Bari and the
Punjhar.
Right Bank tributaries: Betul, Arunavati, Ganjal and Gomai. It is also
Known as the twin or handmaid of the Narmada.
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RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

Bhakra Nangal Multipurpose Project.
Bhakra dam: One of highest gravity dam in the world.
Govind Sagar Lake (H.P) is a reservoir.
River: Sutlej(A tributary of Indus)
State:Joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
Purpose: Irrigation, Hydro electricity.
Thein Dam Project:
River: Ravi ( A tributary of Indus)
State: Punjab
Purpose: Irrigation, hydroelectricity
Dulhasti project:
River: Chenab (A tributary of Indus)
State: Jammu and kashmir
Purpose: Part of the prgramme of cascade development for irrigation
Salal project:
River: Chenab
State: Jammu and Kashmir
Purpose: Irrigation
Beas project:
River: Beas (A tributary of Indus)
State: Joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
Purpose: Hydro electricity
Sharda Sahayak Project:
River: Ghagra ( left bank tributary of Ganga)
State: Uttar Pradesh
Purpose: Irrigation
Ramganga multipurpose project
River: Chuisot stream near Kalabagh
Purpose: Irrigation, hydroelectricity
Banasagar project
River: Son
State: M.P., Bihar and U.p.,
Purpose: Irrigation
Rihand scheme Reservoir: Govind Ballabh Sagar (U.P)
River: Rihand
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Purpose: Hydroelectricity for the development of south eastern industrial

region of U.P.
Damodar Valley multipurpose project
Four dams: Tilaiya and Maithon (on the Barakar River), konar (konar
River) and
Panchet (Damodar River)
River: Damodar
State: West Bengal(also shared by Jharkhand)
Purpose: Flood control, Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
Mayurakashi project
River: Mayrkashi
State: West Bengal (also shared by Jharkhand)
Purpose: Flood control, Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
Hirakud multipurpose project (worlds longest main stream dam)
River: Mahanadi
State: Orissa
Purpose: Irrigation , Hydroelectricity
Pochampad Project
River: Godavari
Purpose: Irrigation
Jaykawadi Project:
River: Godavari
State: Maharashtra
Purpose: Irrigation
Nagarjuna Sagar
River: Krishna
Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity
Upper Krishna Project
River: Krishna
Purpose: Irrigation
Tunghbhadra multipurpose project
River: Tungbhadra (A tributary of Krishna)
State: Joint venture of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity.
Ghat Prabha project
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River: Ghatprabha ( A tributary of Krishna)

State: Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
Purpose: Irrigation
Malprabha project:
River: Malprobha( A tributary of Krishna)
State: Karnataka
Purpose: Irrigation
Bhima project:
River: Bhima
State: Maharashtra
Purpose: Irrigation
Mettur projects
River: Kavery
State: Tamil Nadu
Purpose: Hydroelectricity
Shivasamudram Scheme on Cauvery Falls
River: kavery
State: Karnataka
Kundah project:
River:Kundah
State: Tamil Nadu
Sharavati project (near Jog falls)
River: Sharavati
State: Karnataka
Chambal project:(Gandhi Sagar Dam M.P), Rana Pratap Sagar(Rj )and
Jawahar Sagar Dam or Kota Dam
River: Chambal (a tributary of Yamuna)
State: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
Kakrapara Project
River: Tapi
State: Gujarat
Purpose: Irrigation
Ukai project
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River: Tapi
State: Gujarat
Purpose:Irrigation
Sardar Sarovar Project
River: Narmada
State: Gujarat, M.P., Rajasthan Maharashtra
Tawa project:
River: Tawa ( A tributary of Narmada)
State: Madhya Pradesh
Purpose: Irrigation
Mahi project (Jamnalal Bajaj Sagar)
River: Mahi
State: Gujarat
Purpose: Irrigation
.
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THE CLIMATE OF INDIA

India has tropical monsoon type of climate. It is greatly influenced by the
presence of the Himalayas in the north as they block the cold air masses from
Central Asia. It is because of them only that the monsoons are happening in
India.
The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two almost equal climatic zones,
namely, the northern zone and the southern zone. The warm temperate or the
subtropical climate of the northern zone gives it cold winter seasons and the
hot summer seasons.
The southern tropical climatic zone is warmer than the north and does not
have a clear-cut winter season.
The northern zone does not have the midday sun vertically overhead during
any part of the year; the southern zone has the midday sun almost vertically
overhead at least twice every year.
Climate Seasons in India
Indian climate can be divided into four seasons basing on the monsoons
Pre Monsoon Season
South west Monsoon Season
North East Monsoon Season
Post Monsoon Season
The vertical rays of the sun advance towards Tropic of Cancer from midMarch, due to which hot and dry weather arrives. As temperatures rise over
most of northern and Central India, a vast trough of low pressure is created.
The highest temperature experienced in South is in April while in North it is in
May and June.
Pre Monsoon Season: This part of the year is marked by a dry spell and the
north-western parts of the country experience hot, dry winds, called loo. In
this period, the country also experience storms / dust storms at various
places.
1. Tornado like dust storms in Punjab and Haryana, called Andhis in UP and
Kalbaisakhis in West Bengal.
They involve strong convectional movements causing some precipitation.
2. The Norwesters originate over the Chhotanagpur Plateau and blow in the
north-east direction which brings about 50 cm of rainfall in Assam and about
10 cm rainfall in West Bengal and Orissa. This rainfall is very useful for Assam
tea and spring rice crops of West Bengal.
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3. Similarly, Cherry Blossoms are there in Karnataka, beneficial to coffee

plantation and Mango showers in elsewhere South India, which are beneficial
to mango crops.
SW Monsoon Season :This weather is followed by hot, wet weather from
June to September. In May, the south west monsoon sets in. The normal
dates of onset of the monsoon are May 20 in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, June 3 in the Konkan, June 15 in Kolkata and June 29 in Delhi.
The south west monsoon enters the country in two currents, one blowing
over the Bay of Bengal and the other over the Arabian Sea. This monsoon
causes rainfall over most of the country (except Tamil Nadu and Thar Desert
area). The S.W monsoon entering from Western Ghats causes heavy rainfall
over Kerala coast, but Tamil Nadu falls on the leeward side. In the Thar area,
the winds blow parallel to the Aravallis and do not cause rain. The Bay of
Bengal current causes heavy rainfall in the north east parts of the country and
a part of it turns west along the Himalayas over the Indo-Gangetic plains
causing rainfall in this region. But the Bay of Bengal current, by the time it
reaches W Rajasthan, runs out of moisture.
The Bay of Bengal branch after crossing the deltaic region enters the Khasi
valley in Meghalaya and gets entrapped in it due to funnel shape of the region.
It strikes Cherrapunji in a perpendicular direction causing
heavies rainfall in Mawsinram (Approx. 1400 cm).
NE Monsoon Season: From mid-Sept to mid-Dec, the monsoon retreats. As
the suns vertical rays start shifting towards the Tropic of Capricorn, the low
pressure area starts moving south and winds finally start blowing from land to
sea. This is called north-east monsoon. The withdrawal of monsoon is a much
more gradual process than its onset. It causes rainfall in Tamil Nadu as the
winds pick some moisture from Bay of Bengal. This explains the phenomenon
why Tamil Nadu remains dry when the entire country receives rain and why it
gets rain when practically the entire
country is dry.
Post Monsoon Season : The cold and dry weather starts in early December.
In this, the average temperature in south is 24-25c, and while in the north is
10-15c. In the latter part of December and in January, the dry spell is broken
by the westerly depressions (temperate cyclones) from Mediterranean Sea,
which causes some rain in north-west India.
Almost all the precipitation in India is caused by the monsoons and it is
primarily orographic in nature. Cyclonic storms provide only a little rain,
mainly in the north.
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INDIA- MAJOR SOIL TYPES

ALLUVIAL SOIL
DISTRIBUTION:7.7 lakh km2 (24% of the countrys total area)

Formation:
Formed due to deposition of alluvium brought by rivers over millions of
years. Newer alluvium is called khadar and the old alluvium is called
Bhangar, infertile soil: Usar
Characteristics: Very fertile soil, rich in potash and lime, deficient in
humus, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Regions&States: Northern plains or river basin: Punjab, Haryana,
eastern part of Rajasthan,Gujarat, U.P., Bihar, West Bengal and Assam
Valley.
BLACK COTTON SOIL OR REGUR SOIL.
Distribution: 5.18 lakh km2 (16%)
Formation: Formed over Deccan lava, gneiss and granites.
Characteristics: Black in colour due to presence of Fe and Mg. Deficient
in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Rich in potash and lime.
Regions&States: It covers plateaus of Maharastra, South Orissa,
Northern Karnataka, Parts of Rajasthan (two districts of Bundi and
Tonk)Central and South Tamil Nadu.
RED SOIL
Distribution: 5.18 lakh km2 (16%)
Formation: The soil developed on old crystalline rock under moderate to
heavy rainfall. It is in different shades of Red and Yellow.
Characteristics: Red colour due to presence of Fe. Deficient in organic
plant material, phosphorus, nitrogen and lime content. Potash and
alumina content are satisfactory
Regions & States: Larger part of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka. Southern parts of Maharashtra, Eastern Mp, parts of Orissa
and Chotanagpur and Bundelkhand.
LATERITE SOIL:
Distribution: 1.26 lakh km2
Formation: The Laterite soil is a result of intense leaching due to heavy
tropical rains with alternate wet and dry seasons.
Characteristics: More acidic on higher areas due to presence of Al and
Fe. Deficient in nitrogen, potash, magnesium and phosphoric acid.
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Regions & States: Tropical humid areas where rainfall is more than 200
cm e.g., Western Ghats, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Chotanagpur Plateau
and slopes of North Eastern states.
ARID OR DESERT SOIL
Distribution: 1.42 lakh km2
Formation: Sand and windblown. Weathering due to temperature help
in the formation of these soils. Developed under arid or semiarid
conditions in the north western part of the country.
Characteristics: Deficient in humus and nitrogen, rich in phosphorus,
Due to less leaching mineral content is high.
Regions& States: Punjab, Southern parts of Haryana, Western
Rajasthan and Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat.
MOUNTAIN SOILS
Formation: Formed by the deposition or organic matter derived from the
forest growth, Characteristic of soil varies with variation of rocks, ground
configuration and climate.
Characteristics: Rich in humus but deficient in potash, phosphorus and
like. Most suitable for plantation crops like tea, coffee etc.,
Region& states: Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh. Also in Western and Eastern Ghats as well as in some region of
Peninsular plateau.
PEATY AND ORGANIC SOIL:
Formation: Developed in hot humid conditions as a result of
accumulation of large amount of organic matter.
Characteristics: Dark and almost black in colour, very strongly acidic
and saline.
Region & States: They are confined to depression caused by dried lakes
in alluvial and coastal plain areas and developed under water logged
environments. For example, Regions like Kari in Kerala, T.N., coastal
Orissa, W.B. and North Bihar.
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MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL

AREA OF HEAVY RAINFALL
Rainfall between 200- 400 cm
The western Ghats and Western coastal regions from June to september.
In North East India, southern hills of Shillong Plateau, Garo, Khasi,
Jaintia hills and other states.
In These regions Orographic features play an important role because the
moisture laden monsoon winds strike against physical barriers the like
mountains, to cause heavy rainfall.
AREA OF MODERATE RAINFALL
Rainfall between 100 200 cm
The average rainfall over North Indian Plain generally remains between
100 to 200 cm.
Other areas of moderate rainfall are northeastern parts of Peninsular
India,
highlands of Central India, and Tamil Nadu.
Rain fall between 60 100 cm
occurs in the upper Ganga Valley, eastern parts of Aravallis,
eastern Gujarat,
internal parts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,Maharashtra and
Karnataka.
The intensity of rainfall decreases from east to west and north to south in
the Northern Plains.
AREA OF SCANTY RAINFALL
Rain fall between 40 60 cm
Parts of Punjab, Haryana, northern and western Rajasthan and Kachchh
and Kathiawar regions of Gujarat.
A narrow strip of land, lying in rain shadow areas of Peninsular India
receives rainfall below 60cm.
The dry regions of Rajasthan, west of the Aravalli hills receives rainfall
below 20cm,
Northern parts of Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir are other regions
which receive scanty rainfall.
REAS OF WINTER RAINFALL
The northwestern parts of India-Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and U.P
plains.
Tamil Nadu: Rainfall due to North East monsoon.
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NATURAL VEGETATION OF INDIA

The following are the principal types of natural vegetation in India:
(1) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests,
(2) Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests,
(3) Dry Deciduous Forests and Scrubs,
(4) Thorny or Desert Vegetations,
(5) Tidal or Mangrove Forests and
(6) Mountain Forests.
Tropical evergreen rain forests: These forests grow in areas where rainfall is
more than 200 cm. They are mainly found
On the slopes of the Western Ghats
The North eastern regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam,
Nagaland.
The Tarai areas of the Himalayas and
The Andaman groups of Islands.
The trees in these belts have dense growth. Important varieties of trees are
sishu, chap lash, rosewood, mahogany, bamboos, garjan and sandalwood.
Deciduous or Monsoon type of forests: These forests are found in areas
where the rainfall is between 100 cm and 200 cm.
These forests grow on the lower slope of the Himalayas, Assam, West
Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka and the adjoining regions.
The trees of these forests shed their leaves during dry winter and dry
summer. The main trees are teak, sal, sandalwood, deodar, blue gum,
ebony, sisam, jackfruit, mahua, pal, ash, arjun, khair and bamboo.
Dry deciduous forests and Scrubs: These forests grow in areas where the
rainfall is between 50 cm and 100 cm.
These are found in areas of central Deccan plateau, South-east of
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.
Dwarf Deciduous trees and long- grasses grow in these regions. Most of
the areas are used for agriculture.
Semi- deserts and Deserts vegetations: These types of vegetation grow in
areas where rainfall is less than 50 cm.
Mostly thorny bushes, acacia, babul and sand binding grasses are found
in this vegetation zone. The Indian wild date is common in these deserts.
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These plants grow far apart from each other. They have long roots and
thick fleshy stems in which they store water to survive during the long
drought.
These vegetations are found in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarats, Punjab
and Karnataka.
Tidal or Mangrove forests: These forests grow along the coast and on the
edges of the deltas
The deltas of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. They
are called Tidal Forests.
In West Bengal these forests are known as Sundarbans. The sundari is
most significant tree in these forests.
The other notable trees of these forests are hogla, garan, gewa, golpata,
gilepata, pasur etc. These forests are supply timber and fire wood. Palm
and coconut trees adorn the coastal strip.
Mountain forests: Mountain forests vary considerably along the slopes of
mountain.
On the foothills of the Himalayas unto a height of 1500 meters, evergreen
trees, (Sal, teak, bamboo and cane) grow abundantly.
On higher slope between 1,500 meters to 3,500 meters, temperate
conifer trees, (pine, fir, oak, maple, deodar, laurel spruce, ceder) grow.
At the higher altitude of the Himalayas, rhododendrons and junipers are
found. Beyond these vegetation belts, alpine grasslands appear up to
snowfield
National Parks in India
State-wise list of National Parks in India
State / UT
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
National Park
Established
Campbell Bay National Park
1992
Galathea National Park
1992
Mahatma Gandhi Marine National

Park (previously : Wandur National Park)
1983
Middle Button Island National Park
1987
Mount Harriet National Park
1987
North Button Island National Park
1987
Rani Jhansi Marine National Park
1996
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Nicobar
Andaman and
Saddle Peak National Park
Nicobar
Andaman and
South Button Island National Park
Nicobar
Andhra Pradesh Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
Andhra Pradesh Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
Andhra Pradesh Mrugavani National Park
Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara National Park
Arunachal
Mouling National Park
Pradesh
Arunachal
Namdapha National Park
Pradesh
Assam
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
Assam
Kaziranga National Park
Assam
Manas National Park
Assam
Nameri National Park
Assam
Orang National Park
Bihar
Valmiki National Park
Bihar
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary
Bihar
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
Chhattisgarh
Indravati National Park
Chhattisgarh
Kanger Ghati National Park (Kanger Valley)
Chhattisgarh
Sanjay National Park
Goa
Mollem National Park
Gujarat
Vansda National Park
Gujarat
Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar
Gujarat
Gir National Park
Gujarat
Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park
Haryana
Kalesar National Park
Haryana
Sultanpur National Park
Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan National Park
Himachal Pradesh Pin Valley National Park
Jammu and
Dachigam National Park
Kashmir
Jammu and
Hemis National Park
Kashmir
Jammu and
Kishtwar National Park
Kashmir
Jammu and
Salim Ali National Park
Kashmir
Jharkhand
Betla National Park
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
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Manipur
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Meghalaya
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Mizoram
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
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Punjab
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
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Hazaribag National Park

Dimna National Park
Anshi National Park
Bandipur National Park
Bannerghatta National Park
Kudremukh National Park
Rajiv Gandhi National Park (prev: Nagarhole
National Park)
Eravikulam National Park
Mathikettan Shola National Park
Periyar National Park
Silent Valley National Park
Bandhavgarh National Park
Fossil National Park
Kanha National Park
Madhav National Park
Panna National Park
Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh
Sanjay National Park
Satpura National Park
Van Vihar National Park
Chandoli National Park
Gugamal National Park
Navegaon National Park
Pench National Park
Sanjay Gandhi National Park a.k.a. Borivili
National Park, Mumbai
Tadoba National Park
Keibul Lamjao National Park
Sirohi National Park
Balphakram National Park
Nokrek National Park
Murlen National Park
Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park
Ntangki National Park
Bhitarkanika National Park
Nandankanan National Park
Simlipal National Park
Harike Wetland
Darrah National Park
Desert National Park
Keoladeo National Park
INSURANCE, RAILWAYS
1954
1975
1987
1974
1974
1987
1988
1978
2003
1982
1984
1982
1983
1955
1959
1973
1975
1981
1981
1979
2004
1987
1975
1975
1983
1955
1977
1982
1986
1986
1991
1997
1993
1988
1976
1980
1987
2004
1980
1981
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Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
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Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary

Ranthambore National Park
Sariska National Park
Khangchendzonga National Park
Guindy National Park
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
Indira Gandhi National Park (prev: Annamalai
National Park)
Mudumalai National Park
Mukurthi National Park
Palani Hills National Park
Dudhwa National Park
Corbett National Park
Gangotri National Park
Govind Pashu Vihar
Nanda Devi National Park
Rajaji National Park
Valley of Flowers National Park
Buxa Tiger Reserve
Gorumara National Park
Neora Valley National Park
Singalila National Park
Sundarbans National Park
1960
1980
1982
1977
1976
1980
1989
1990
1990
19XX
1977
1936
1989
1990
1982
1983
1982
1992
1994
1986
1992
1984
LIST OF BIOSPHERS IN INDIA
1988
1986
Nilgiri
Biosphere
Reserve
Part
of Waynad, Nagarhole,
Bandipur andMuduma
lai, Nilambur, Silent
Valley and Anaimalai
Hills
Nanda Devi
National
Park &
Biosphere
Reserve
Parts of Chamoli
District, Pithoragarh
District &Bageshwar
District
Tamil
Nilgiri
Nadu,Kerala Western Tahr, Lion
5520
andKarnatak Ghats
-tailed
a
macaque
Uttarakhand
Western
Himalay
as
5860
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Gulf of
Mannar
Tamil Nadu
Coasts
Nokrek
Part of Garo Hills
Meghalaya
East
Himalay Red Panda 820
as
Sundarbans
Part of delta
of Ganges and Baraha West Bengal
maputra river system
Royal
Gangetic
Bengal
Delta
Tiger
Manas
Part
of Kokrajhar, Bongaiga
on, Barpeta, Nalbari,
Assam
Kamrup and Darrang
Districts
East
Golden
Himalay Langur,Re 2837
as
d Panda
Simlipal
Part of Mayurbhanj
district
Odisha
Gaur, Roy
Deccan
al Bengal
Peninsul
4374
Tiger, Wild
a
elephant
10
11
14
15
1988
1989
1989
1994
1998
DihangDibang
Part
of Siang and Dibang
Valley
Arunachal
Pradesh
Eastern
Himalay
a
Parts of Betul
District, Hoshangabad Madhya
District andChhindwar Pradesh
a District
1999
Pachmarhi
Biosphere
Reserve
2005
Part
Achanakamar
of Annupur, Dindori a
-Amarkantak
nd Bilaspur districts
2008
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Indian part of Gulf of

Mannar extending
from Rameswaram
island in the North to
Kanyakumari in the
South of Tamil Nadu
and Sri Lanka
1989
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Part
Great Rann of of Kutch, Rajkot, Sure
Gujarat
Kutch
ndranagar and Patan
Districts
SemiArid
Dugong or
10500
Sea Cow
5112
Giant
Squirrel,Fl 4981.
ying
72
Squirrel
Madhya
Maikala
Pradesh,Chha
Hills
ttisgarh
Desert
9630
3835
Indian
Wild Ass
12454
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Cold Desert
17
18
7770
2001
East
Snow
Himalay Leopard,R 2620
as
ed Panda
1989
1997
Khangchendz Parts of Kanchanjunga

Sikkim
onga
Hills
Western
Snow
Himalay
Leopard
as
Great Nicobar Southern most islands Andaman and

Biosphere
of Andaman and
Nicobar
Islands
Reserve
Nicobar Islands
Islands
2010
Pin Valley National

Park and
surroundings;Chandra Himachal
tal and Sarchu &
Pradesh
Kibber Wildlife
Sancturary
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Neyyar, Peppara and S

Agasthyamala
Nilgiri
henduruny Wildlife
Kerala, Tamil Western
i Biosphere
Tahr,Elep 1828
Sanctuaryand their
Nadu
ghats
Reserve
hants
adjoining areas
2011
12
2000
2009
16
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885
East
Golden
Himalay
Langur
as
765
Seshachalam Hill
Seshachalam Ranges covering parts Andhra
Hills
of Chittoor and Kadapa Pradesh
districts
Eastern
Ghats
4755
Part
Madhya
of Panna and Chattarp
Pradesh
ur Districts
catchme
nt area
of the
Ken
River
DibruSaikhowa
Panna
Part
of Dibrugarh and Tins Assam
ukia districts
Saltwater
Crocodile
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AGRICULTURE OF INDIA
Careful and intentionally growing of the crops is termed as Agiculture
Indian Agriculture dates backs to 10000BC. Evidences are there in the
Kaibangan cite of the Indus Valley Civilisation that the man has grown food
crops in this region.
Types of Agriculture
1. Subsistence and commercial farming: Majority of farmers in India
practises subsistence farming. This means farming for own consumption. In
other words, the entire production is largely consumed by the farmers and
their family and they do not have any surplus to sell in the market. In this type
of farming, landholdings are small and fragmented. Cultivation techniques are
primitive and simple. In other words there is a total absence of modern
equipments like tractors and farm inputs like chemical fertilizers, insecticides
and pesticides. In this farming, farmers mostly cultivate cereals along with oil
seeds, pulses, vegetables and sugarcane.
Commercial farming is just the opposite to subsistence farming. In this case,
most of the produce is sold in the market for earning money. In this system,
farmers use inputs like irrigation, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides
and High Yielding Varieties of seeds etc. Some of the major commercial crops
grown in different parts of India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, groundnut etc.
Rice farming in Harayana is mainly for commercial purpose as people of this
area are predominantly wheat eaters. Howevr in East and North-Eastern states
of India, rice cultivation would be largely of subsistence type.
2. Intensive and Extensive Farming: The basic difference between these two
types of farming is the amount of production per unit of land. India does not
practise extensive cultivation. When we use large patch of land for cultivation
then we call it extensive farming. Here, total production may be high due to
larger area but per unit are production is low. Intensive Farming records high
production per unit of land. Best example of intensive cultivation is in Japan
where availability of land for cultivation is very limited. Similar kind of
situation can be observed in the state of Kerala in India.
3. Plantation Farming: It is an estate where a single cash crop is grown for
sale. This type of agriculture involves growing and processing of a single cash
crop purely meant for sale. Tea, coffee, rubber, banana and spices are all
examples of plantation crops. Most of these crops were introduced in India by
the Britishers in the 19th Century.
4. Shifting Cultivaton:
Called as Slash and Burn cultivation, normally
performed by the Tribal people.
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Area
India
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippinnes
Thailand
Myanmar
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Name of the Shifiting

Jhuming AP
Lalang MP
Huma KL
Caigin JH
Taureg A&N
Taungya
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Cultivation
Podu
Bhera
Ponam
Dahiya
Dip
RAINBOW REVOLUTION
Green
Food Crops
White
Milk
Yellow
Oil seeds
Grey
Fertilisers
Gold
Fruits
Red
Meat/ Tomotos
Round
Potatoes
Silver
Eggs
Blue
Aqua culture
Black
Non Conventional Energy
FOOD CROPS DISTRIBUTION
RICE(KHARIF CROP)
Conditions Required
Temperature: not below 21o C
Rainfall: More than 125cm
Soil: Clayey loam best suited
Distribution (in order of Production)
1. West Bengal
2. U P
3. Andhra Pradesh
WHEAT (RABI CROP)
Conditions Required
Temperature: 10 15o C (winder) 21o - 26o C (Summer)
Rainfall: 75cm -100cm (moderate)
Soil: Well drained fertile, friable loams, and clay loams
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Punjab
3. Haryana
4. Madhya Pradesh
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Millets
BAJRA
Condition Required
Temperature: 25o - 30o C
Rainfall: 40 50cm
Soil: Poor light sandy soils, black and red soils
Distribution (in order of Production)
1. Rajasthan
2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
BARLEY
Condition Required
Temperature: 10 - 15o C
Rain fall: 75 cm to 100cm
Soil: Light clay and alluvial soil
Distribution(In order of production)
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Rajasthan
3. Madhya Pradesh
CASH CROPS
COTTON
Conditions Required
Kharif crop of tropical and subtropical areas.
Temperature : 21o - 30o C but not below 21o C.
210 frost free days.
Rainfall: 50 100cm or irrigation facility.
Soil: Deep black soil (regur), even grows in alluvial soils and laterite
soils.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
1. Punjab
2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
JUTE
Condition Required
Second important fibre crop of India, crop of hot and humid climate.
Rainfall: heavy rainfall of 120 150 cm with 80 90 percent of relative
humidity.
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Soil: light sandy or clayey loams.

1. West Bengal (70 percent of the production, over 60 percent of the area)
2. Bihar
3. Assam
4. Orissa
SUGAR CANE
Rainfall: 70 150 cm or irrigation facilities with high humidity.
Soil: tolerate any type of soil that can retain moisture.
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Maharashtra
TOBACCO
Condition Required
Plant of tropical and subtropical climates and frost is harmful
Rainfall: 50 100 cm or irrigation facilities
Soil: Well- drained friable loam
1. Gujarat (90 percent of Tobacco from Vadodara and Kheda districts).
2. Andhra Pradesh (West and East Godavari, Prakasham, Kurnool and
Nellore are the main producing districts) Other areas of minor production
(a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) West Bengal.
PLANTATION CROPS
TEA
Condition Required:
Tropical and subtropical plant, which thrives well in hot and humid
climate.
Rainfall: 150 300cm (well distributed)
Soil: forest soil rich in humus and iron content is the best suited.
1. Assam (the Brahmaputra valley, Surma valley)
2. West Bengal (the Duars, Darjeeling)
3. Tamil Nadu (highest yield per hectare)
4. Kerala (Kottayam, Kollam and Tiruvananthapuram district).
Other areas of minor production
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(a) Tripura
(b) Karnataka
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Himachal Pradesh (Kangra valley)
COFFEE
Condition Required
Crops of hot and humid climate
Temperature: 15o - 28o C but does not tolerate frost.
Rainfall: 150 250cm
Soil: well drained rich friable loams with rich in humus, iron and
calcium.
1. Karnataka (80 percent of total coffee production)
2. Kerala (13 percent of total production)
3. Tamil Nadu
RUBBER
Condition Required
Rainfall: about 300 cm (well distributed throughout the year)
Soil: well drained loamy soil of hilly region.
1. Kerala(above 90 percent of total production, Kottayam, Ernakulum,
Kozhikode and Kollan are the main producing districts)
2. Tamil Nadu
and 3. Karnataka
OTHER CROPS
MAIZE
Condition Required
Rainfall Kharif Crops
Rain fall: 50 100 cm
Soil: well drained alluvial, or red loams
Distribution (In order of production)
1. Bihar
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Karnataka
4. Andhra Pradesh
JOWAR
Conditions Required
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Both Kharif and Robi crops

Temperature: 26o - 33o C for kharif crops and not below 16oC for rabi
crops
Rainfall: >30 cm but <100 cm; rainfed crop in dry farming areas
Soil: Variety of soil including clayey, sandy
1. Maharashtra
2. Karnataka
3. Madhya Pradesh
4. Andhra pradesh
RAGI
Conditions Required
Soil: red, light black and sandy loams
1. Karnataka
2. Tamil Nadu
3. Maharashtra
4. Uttar Pradesh
5. Andhra Pradesh
GRAM
Conditions Required
Most important of all pulses
Rainfall: 40 45cm
Soil: Grows well in loamy soil
Distribution:
Madhya Pradesh
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MINERAL RESOURCES IN INDIA

METALLIC MINERALS
IRON:
Distribution:
Jharkhand: Singhbhum (Noamundi, Sindurpur, Kiriburu)
Orissa Mayurbhanj( Gurumahisani., Badampahar, Sulaiput), Keonjhar
Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur, Balaghat
Chhatisgarh Durg (Dalli Rajara), Bastar (Bailadila)
Andhra Pradesh Guntur, Kurnool
Tamil Nadu Salem, Tiruchirapalli
Maharashtra Surajgarh, Lohra-Piplagaon Ratnagir.
Kerala Kozhikode
BAUXITE:
Distribution:
Orissa Kalahandi, Koraput
Jharkhand Palamanu, Ranchi
Madhya Pradesh Katni, Amarkantak, Maikata Range.
Chhattisgarh Sarguja, Raigarh and Bilaspur
Tamil Nadu Salem, Nilgiri, Coimbature and Madurai.
Gujarat Sabarkanha, Jamnagar, Surat.
Maharashtra Kalaba, Ratnagiri, Kolhapur.
Karnataka Belgaum.
COPPER
Distribution:
Rajasthan Jhunjhunu, Khetri, Alwar, Bhilenara and Udaipur
Jharkhand Hazaribagh, Singhbhum.
Madhya Pradesh Balaghat (Malanjkhand belt)
Andhra Pradesh Khammam, Guntur and Kurnool
Maharashtra Chandrapur
Karnataka Chitradurga, Hassan.
LEAD AND ZINC:
Distribution:
Rajasthan- Zawar(Udaipur) Aguncha Rampura (Bhilwara)
Sikkim, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh (Cuddapah)
Gujarat _ Banaskantha, Panchmaha, Vadodra, Surat
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NON METALLIC MINERALS

MICA:
(Abhrak) valuable mineral in electrical and electronic industry.
Distribution:
Jharkhand Hazaribagh, (Largest mica producing state of India)
Andhra Pradesh Nellore.
Bihar Gaya
Rajasthan Ajmer, Bewar, Tonk, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Banswara.
LIME STONE:
75% used in cement industry 16% in irons and steel industry. 4% in
chemical industry.
Distribution:
Madhya Pradesh- Satna, Jabalpur, Betul, Sagar and Rewa.
Chhattisgarh Bilaspur, Raigarh, Raipur and Durg.
Andhra Pradesh-Adilabad, Warangal, Nalgonda, Mohboobnagar, Guntur
Karnataka Bijapur, Gulbarga, Shimoga (cement grade limestone)
Rajasthan Jhunjhunu, Bikaner, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi, Udaipur
Chittorgarh, Ajmer, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Banswara.
Gujarat Banaskantha, Amreli Junagadh, Surat, Kachchh, Kheda and
Panchmahals.
DOLOMITE:
Distribution:
Bihar Rohtas
Jharkhand Chaibasa in Sighbhum district and Palamau district.
Orissa (largest produces)-Sundargarh, Sambalpur, and Koraput districts
Madhya Pradesh Chhindwara, Jhabua, Jabalpur, Balaghat,
Chhatisgarh Bilaspur, Durg and Bastar district.
Gujarat Bhavnagar and Vadodara district.
ASBESTOS:
Used for making fire proof cloth, rope, paper, paint, etc. and also
asbestos cement products like sheets etc.
Distribution:
Rajasthan Alwar, Ajmer, Pali, Udaipur and Dungarpur districts,
Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah district.
Karnataka Shimoga, Chickmagalur, Hassan, Mandya and Mysore
districts.
GYPSUM:
Mainly used in making of ammonia sulphate fertilizer in cement industry and
in making plaster of paris, etc.
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Distribution:
Rajathan (largest producer of gypsum in India): Churu, Ganganagar,
Bikaner,Jaisalmer, Nagaur and Pali districts produce 95 percent of the
total gypsum of India.
Jammu and Kashmir Baramula and Doda districts.
Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli
DIAMOND:
Distribution:
Madhya Pradesh Panna
Andhra Pradesh Anantapur, Kurnool
Karnataka Bellary.
ATOMIC MINERALS
URANIUM:
Distribution:
Bihar Gaya
Jharkhand Jaduguda
Andhra Pradesh - Cuddapah(Thummalapalli)
Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur
Rajasthan Udaipur. Rohil region
Kerala Uranium from monazile sand of coastal regions.
THORIUM:
Distribution:Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Rajasthan
OIL FIELDS
Distribution:
Assam Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran, and Sibsagar.
Gujarat Mehsana, Cholka, Kalol, Nawagam, Ankaleshwar and Kosamba
OFF SHRE OIL FIELDS
Distribution:
Mumbai High
Bassein
Ravva
Aliabet
OIL REFINERIES:
Distribution:
Assam Digboi(IOC), Guwahati (IOC), Bongaigaon
Bihar Barauni (IOC)
Uttar Pradesh Mathura
Gujarat Koyali, Jamnagar (largest oil refineries)
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Maharashtra Mumbai (BPCL)

Karnataka Mangalore(MRPL)
Kerala Kochi(CRI)
West Bengal Haldia (IOC)
Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam (HPCL)
Tamil Nadu Chennai (MRI)
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INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
Indian industrial segment is the back bone of the economy of India. we are
here giving a list of industries that are seen in India.
Nuclear Power Plants
Plant
Location
State
Capacity
Narora Atomic Power Station
Narora
Uttar Pradesh 440 MW
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station
Rawatbhata Rajasthan
1180 MW
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
Tarapur
Maharashtra
1400 MW
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
Kakrapar
Gujarat
440 MW
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Kudankulam Tamilnadu
- MW
Madras Atomic Power Station
Kalpakkam
Tamilnadu
- MW
Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant
Kaiga
Karnataka
660 MW
Madras Atomic Power Station
Kalpakkam
Tamil Nadu
440 MW
IRON AND STEEL PLANTS OF INDIA

List of Iron and Steel Plants in India
Andhra Pradesh
Rashtriya (spat Nigam Ltd
1
2
Chattisgarh
Jindal Steel& Power Ltd.
Bhilai Steel Plant
1
2
Jharkhand
Bokaro Steel Plant (SAIL)
Tata Steels Ltd
Karnataka
JSW Steel Limited
1
2
Orissa
Tata Sponge Iron Limited
Rourkela Steel Plant
Tamil Hiithi
Salem Steel Plant
1
2
West Bengal
Durgapur Steel Plant
Indian Iron & Steel Company Ltd
Visakhapat
Raigarh
Bhilai
Bokaro
Jamshedpu
Bellary
Keonjhar
Rourkela
Salem
Durgapur
Burnpur
India(11 Plants)
3200000
3200000
MTPA
MTPA
1880000
3153000
5033000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
5885000
4000000
9885000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
2000000
2000000
MTPA
MTPA
240000
1671000
1911000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
156000
156000
MTPA
MTPA
1586000
426000
2012000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
24197000
MTPA
11
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Coal Mining centres of India

Distribution of coal reserve by states
State
Coal Reservers
(in million metric tonnes)
Type of Coalfield
Jharkhand
80,356.20
Gondwana
Orissa
71,447.41
Gondwana
Chhattisgarh
50,846.15
Gondwana
West Bengal
30,615.72
Gondwana
Madhya Pradesh
24,376.26
Gondwana
Telangana
22,154.86
Gondwana
Maharashtra
10,882.09
Gondwana
1,061.80
Gondwana
Uttar Pradesh
Meghalaya
576.48
Tertiary
Assam
510.52
Tertiary
Nagaland
315.41
Tertiary
Bihar
160.00
Gondwana
Sikkim
101.23
Gondwana
Arunachal Pradesh
90.23
Assam
TOTAL
2.79
Tertiary
Gondwana
293,497.15
The top producing states are:
Orissa - Talcher in Angul district

Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Other notable coal-mining areas include:
Singareni collieries in Khammam district, Telangana

Jharia mines in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand
Nagpur & Chandrapur district, Maharashtra
Raniganj in Bardhaman district, West Bengal
Neyveli lignite mines in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu
Singrauli Coalfield and Umaria Coalfield in Madhya Pradesh.
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Railway Industry:
S.No.
Name of PU
Place where situated
1.
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works
Chittaranjan
2.
Diesel Locomotive Works
Varanasi
3.
Integral Coach Factory
Chennai
4.
Rail Coach Factory
Kapurthala
5.
Rail Wheel Factory
Bangalore
6.
Diesel Loco Modernisation Works
Patiala
Ship industry in India
Alcock ashdown Gujarat limited

Cochin Shipyard Limited
Hindustan Shipyard Limited- Visakhapatnam
Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers- Kolkata
Goa Shipyard Limited
Mazagon Dock Limited-Mumbai
Naval Dockyard (Bombay)
Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
Shalimar Works (1980) Ltd
Hooghly Dock & Port Engineers Limited
Central India Water Transport Company
keppel ship yard
List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna

CentralPublicdSectorEnterprises(CPSEs)
As per available information(as on 26 June, 2014)
Maharatnas - 7
Navaratnas - 17
Mini Navaratnas Category I -53
Mini Navaratnas Category II- 18
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Maharatna CPSEs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

Coal India Limited
GAIL (India) Limited
Indian Oil Corporation Limited
NTPC Limited
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Steel Authority of India Limited
Navratna CPSEs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Bharat Electronics Limited

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
Container Corporation of India Limited
Engineers India Limited
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
National Aluminium Company Limited
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited
NMDC Limited
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited
Oil India Limited
Power Finance Corporation Limited
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
Shipping Corporation of India Limited
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TRANSPORT IN INDIA
NATIONAL WATERWAYSIndia has about 190 ports in all, with 12 major and the rest intermediate and
minor.
The 12 Major Ports are:
Port
State
Kolkata (including Haldia)
West Bengal
Paradip
Orissa
Vishakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Tamil Nadu
Tuticorin
Tamil Nadu
Cochin
Kerala
New Mangalore
Karnataka
Mormugao
Goa
Jawaharlal Nehru
Maharashtra
Mumbai
Maharashtra
Kandla
Gujarat
All these ports are administered by the respective Port Trusts, except the newly
constructed Ennore port which is under the Ennore Port Ltd. Company.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI): was created by Indian
Government on 27 October 1986 for development and regulation of Inland
Waterways for shipping and navigation.
We have 6 national waterways in or country1) National waterway 1
Allahabad Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system.
Estd = October 1986. Length = 1620 km
2) National waterway 2
Sadiya -Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra river. Estd = September 1982. Length =
891 km
Kottapuram-Kollam stretch of the West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal and
Udyogmandal Canal. Estd = February 1993 Length = 205 km
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Kakinada - Puducherry stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank,
Bhadrachalam Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad
Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna. Estd = November 2008 Length = 1095 km
Talcher - Dhamra stretch of the Brahmani River, the Geonkhali - Charbatia
stretch of the East Coast Canal, the Charbatia - Dhamra stretch of Matai river
and the Mangalgadi - Paradip stretch of the Mahanadi River Delta. Established
= November 2008 Length = 623 km
Lakhipur to Bhanga of river Barak. Proposed Length = 121 km
RAILWAYS IN INDIA
Indian railway system is the largest in Asia and the fourth largest in the world.
It is the biggest departmental public undertaking in the country.
The first train ran in India between Bombay and Thane, a stretch of 34 km.
on April 16 1853.
The Indian Railways celebrated its 150th anniversary on April 16, 2003. To
commemorate the occasion, 16 January Shatabadi inter city express
trains were announced to be inducted.
The second train ran between Howrah and Hooghly in 1854.
The headquarters of Indian Railway is in New Delhi.
The first electric train in India was Deccan Queen. It was introduced in
1929 between Bombay and Poona.
Indian Railways has the second biggest electrified system in the world after
Russia.
The fastest train in India is the Shatabadi Express whose maximum speed
is 140 km/hr.
The total route covered is approx 63,000 km.
The total number of railway stations in India is 7,100.
The longest railway platform in India is at Kharagpur (W.B.).
Mumbai is the destination where maximum number of trains in India head
for.
The longest train route is of Vivekananda Express from Cochin to
Dibrugarh(Assam).
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The first Metro Rail was introduced in Kolkata (W.Bengal) on October 24,
1984. The two stations connected were
Dumdum and Belgachhia.
Railway Zones
Head Quarters
Central
Mumbai VT
Eastern
Kolkata
Northern
New Delhi
North Eastern
Gorakhpur
North-East Frontier
Maligaon-Guwahati
Southern
Chennai
South Central
Secunderabad
South Eastern
Kolkata
Western Mumbai
Churchgate, Mumbai
East Coast
Bhubaneshwar
East Central
Hajipur
North Central
Allahabad
North Western
Jaipur
South Western
Hubli - Karnataka
West Central
Jabalpur
South-East Central
Bilaspur
Metro railways
Kolkata
The Indian Railways operate in three different gauges :
1. Broad Gauge Railway (Distance between rails is 1.67 m).
2. Metre Gauge Railways (Distance between rails is 1.00 m).
3. Narrow Gauge Railways India (Distance between rails is 0.762 or 0.610 m).
The broad gauge accounts for nearly 50% route followed by metre gauge (43%)
and the remaining by narrow gauge.
Indian railways are divided into 17 zones, headed by a General Manager who is
responsible to the Railway Board, for all matters.
Northern Railway (NR) is the largest railway zone having length of 10,995
km.
North East Frontier (NEF) is the smallest railway zone having just 3,860
km route length.
Konkan Railways India : It is a project to shorten the distance between
Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The
total route length is 786 km between Apta (Maharashtra) and Mangalore
(Karnataka).
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Railway Manufacturing Units:

Chittaranjan Locomotive Works: Located in Chittaranjan (W.B) and
manufactures electric engines.
Diesel Locomotive Works: Located in Varanasi (U.P) and manufactures
diesel engines.
Integral Coach Factory in India: Located in Perambur (TN) and
manufactures rail coaches.
Wheel and Axle Plant: Locatedat Yalahaka (Bangalore, Karnataka) and
manufactures wheels and axles.
Diesel Component Works: Locatedat Patiala (Punjab) and manufactures
components of diesel engines.
Rail Coach Factory in India: Located at Kapurthala (Punjab) and
manufactures rail coaches.
Road Transport in India
Indias road network is one of the largest in the world. The total length of roads
is more than 41 lakh km.
For the purpose of maintenance and construction, roads are classified into
National Highways, State Highways, District Highways, Village Roads, Border
Roads, etc.
National highways are maintained by the Central Government, State
highways by the respective state government while District highways by the
respective District Board. Border roads and International highways are also
responsibility of Central Government.
The present length of the National Highways in India is approx. 45,000 km.
They constitute only 2% of the total road length and carries nearly 40% of the
road traffic.
Some of the Important National Highways are:
NH 1: New Delhi Ambala Jalandhar Amritsar.
NH 2: Delhi Mathura Agara Kanpur Allahabad Varanasi Kolkata.
NH 3: Agra Gwalior Nasik Mumbai
NH 4: Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaun.
NH 5: Kolkata Chennai
NH 6: Kolkata Dhule
NH 7: Varanasi Kanyakumari
NH 8: Delhi Mumbai (via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad)
NH 9: Mumbai Vijaywada
NH 10: Delhi Fazilka
NH 11: Agra Bikaner
NH 12: Jabalpur Jaipur
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NH 24: Delhi Lucknow

NH 27: Allahabad Varanasi
NH 28: Barauni Lucknow
NH 29: Gorakhpur Varanasi
NH 56: Lucknow Varanasi
NH 7 is the longest highway of India.
The Golden Quadrilateral Project connecting the four Metropolitan cities of
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata covering a total distance of 5846 km.
It is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP).
Total cost of the project is Rs 300 billion, funded largely by the governments
special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing.
The North South East West Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest ongoing
expressway project in India. It is the second phase of the National Highways
Development Project (NHDP), and consists of building 7300 kilometers of
four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar, Kanyakumari, Porbandar and
Silchar.
Maharashtra has the maximum length of surfaced roads in India.
Air Transport in India
J.R.D. Tata was the first person to make a solo flight from Mumbai to Karachi
in 1931.
1. In 1935, the Tata Air Lines started its operation between Mumbai and
Thiruvananthapuram and in 1937 between Mumbai and Delhi.
2. In 1953, all the private Airline companies were nationalised and Indian
Airlines and Air India came into existence.
3. Air India administers international flights while Indian Airlines caters to the
domestic circuit.
4. Indian Airlines is now known by the name of Indian.
Airports in India :
There are 19 International Airports in India :
Ragiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad
Srinagar International Airport, J&K
Jaipur International Airport, Rajastan
B.R.Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur
Calicut international Airport, Calicut
Thiruchanapali Airport, Tamiladu
Vasco-di-Gama international Airport, Panaji
Cochi International Airport, Cochin
V.D.Savarkar International Airport, Portbair
Coimbatore International Airport, Tamilnadu
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Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai

Annadurai International Airport, Chennai
Bangalore(Devanahalli) International Airport, Bangalore
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordolio International Airport, Guwahati
Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi(biggest of all)
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata
Raja Sansi International Airport, Amritsar
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad
Thiruvananathapuram International Airport, Thiruvananathapuram
The Indira Gandhi International Airport and the Chatrapati Shivaji
International Airport handle more than half of the air traffic in South Asia.
Besides these airports several other domestic airports are located in India.
In total, there are more than 334 civilian airports in India 238 with paved
runways and 108 with unpaved runways.
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IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR NICK NAMES

NICK NAME
Golden City
Manchester of India
City of Seven Islands
Queen of Arabian Sea
Space City
Garden City of India
Silicon Valley of India
Electronic City of India
Pink City
Gateway of India
Twin City
City of Festivals
Deccan Queen
City of Buildings
Dakshin Ganga
Old Ganga
Egg Bowls of Asia
Soya Region
Manchester of the South
City of Nawabs
Venice of the East
Sorrow of Bengal
Sorrow of Bihar
Blue Mountains
Queen of the Mountains
Sacred river
Hollywood of India
City of Castles
State of Five Rivers
City of Weavers
City of Lakes
Steel City of India
City of Temples
Manchester of the North
City of Rallies
Heaven of India
Boston of India
Garden of spices of India
Switzerland of India
Abode of the God
Pittsburg of India
CITY
Amritsar
Ahmedabad
Mumbai
Cochin
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Jaipur
Mumbai
Hyderabad - Secundrabad
Madurai
Pune
Kolkata
Godavari
Godavari
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Coimbatore
Lucknow
Cochin
Damodar river
Kosi river
Nilgiri
Mussoorie (Uttarakhand)
Ganga
Mumbai
Kolkata
Punjab
Panipat
Srinagar
Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
Varanasi
Kanpur
New Delhi
Jammu & Kashmir
Ahmedabad
Kerala
Kashmir
Prayag (Allahabad)
Jamshedpur
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IMPORTANT INDIAN TOWNS ON RIVERS

Town
Allahabad
Patna
Varanasi
Kanpur
Haridwar
Badrinath
Agra
Delhi
Mathura
Ferozpur
Ludhiana
Srinagar
Lucknow
Jaunpur
Ayodhya
Bareilly
Ahmedabad
Kota
Jabalpur
Panji
Ujjain
Surat
Jamshedpur
Dibrugarh
Guwahati
Kolkata
Sambalpur
Cuttack
Srirangapatnam
Hyderabad
Nasik
Vijayawada
Kurnool
Tiruchirapalli
River
At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna
Ganga
Ganga
Ganga
Ganga
Alaknanda
Yamuna
Yamuna
Yamuna
Satluj
Satluj
Jhelum
Gomti
Gomti
Saryu
Ram Ganga
Sabarmati
Chambal
Narmada
Mandovi
Kshipra
Tapti
Swarnarekha
Brahmaputra
Brahmaputra
Hooghly
Mahanadi
Mahanadi
Cauvery
Musi
Godavari
Krishna
Tungabhadra
Cauvery
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FAMOUS HILL STATIONS IN INDIA

Hill Stations
Height From Sea Level (m)
Gulmerg
2550
Ooty (Ootacamundalum) 2290
Shimla
2210
Pahalgam
2200
Darjeeling
2135
Kodaikanal
2120
Lansdowne
2120
Dalhousie
2035
Mussoorie
2006
Mukteshwar
1975
Nainital
1940
Kasauli
1985
Coonoor
1860
Gangtok
1850
Manali
1830
Ranikhet
1830
Ranchi
1800
Srinagar
1770
Almora
1650
Shillong
1500
Mahabaleshwar
1370
Kalimpong
1250
Mt. Abu
1220
Kullu Valley
1200
Panchgani
1200
Mannar
1160
Panchmarhi
1065
Periyar
915
Mandi
709
Lonawala
620
Khandala
620
Tribal Groups of India
Tribal Groups
Abhors
Adivasis
States
J&K
Tamil Nadu
H.P
J&K
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Uttarkhand
H.P
Uttarkhand
Uttarkhand
Uttarkhand
H.P
Tamil Nadu
Sikkim
H.P
Uttarkhand
Jharkhand
J&K
Uttarakhand
Meghalaya
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Rajasthan
H.P
Maharastra
Kerala
M.P
Kerala
H.P
Maharastra
Maharastra
Found in
North-East
MP (Bastar distt.)
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Angami
Apatamis
Badagas
Baigas
Bakkarwals
Bhils
Bhotias
Bhuia
Birhors
Chang
Chenchus
Chutia
Gaddis
Gallong
Garos
Gonds
Gujlars
Irula
Jaintias
Jarawas
Kanikar
Katkari
Kharia
Khond
Khas
Khasis
Khonds
Kol
Kolam
Kotas
Kuki
Lahaulas
Lepchas
Lushai
Murias
Minas
Moplahs
Mundas
Murias
Nishi
SSC BANKING
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Manipur
Arunachal Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
M.P
J&K
M.P & Rajastan
Uttarakhand
M.P
M.P and Bihar
North - East
A.P and Orissa
Assam
Himachal Pradesh
North-East
Assam and Meghalaya
M.P and Bihar
J & K and H.P
Tamil Nadu
Meghalaya
Little Andamans
Tamil Nadu
M.P
M.P
M.P
U.P
Assam and Meghalaya
Orissa
M.P
A.P
Tamil Nadu
Manipur
Himachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Tripura
M.P
Rajastan
Kerala
Bihar
M.P
North - East
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Nagas
Oarons
Onges
Pho
Santhals
Sangtam
Sema
Sentinelese
Shompens
Todas
Uralis
Wancho
Warlis
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Nagaland
Bihar and Orissa
Andaman & Nicobar
North - East
WB, Orissa and Bihar
North-East
Nagaland
Andaman & Nicobar
Andaman & Nicobar
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
North - East
Maharashtra
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INDIAN TOWNS ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIES

Town
Ahmedabad
Agra
Aligarh
Ankleshwar
Ambernath
Amritsar
Anand
Alwaye
Ambala
Bokaro
Bangalore
State
Gujarat
U.P
U.P
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Punjab
Gujarat
Kerala
Haryana
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Batanagar
Bareilly
Bhilai
Barauni
Burnpur
Bhurkunda
Bhagalpur
Bhandara
Bhadravati
Bongaigaon
Bhadoi
Churk
Cyberabad
West Bengal
U.P
Chhattisgarh
Bihar
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Bihar
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Assam
U.P
MP
Andhra Pradesh
Chitranjan
Kolkata
Cochin
Calicut
Coimbatore
Dhariwal
Durgapur
Digboi
Delhi
Dalmianagar
Darjeeling
West Bengal
West Bengal
Kerala
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
West Bengal
Assam
Delhi
Bihar
W. Bengal
Industries
Cotton Textiles
Leather, Marble, Carpet
Locks, Cutlery
Oil Fields
Machine Tools
Woolen Clothes
Milk and its Products
Fertilizer, Monazite Factory
Scientific Instruments
Steel Plant
Telephones, Aircrafts, Motors, Cotton
Textiles, Toys
Shoes
Resin Industries, Match Factory
Steel Plant
Chemical Fertilizer
Steel Plant
Glass Industries
Silk industries
Explosives
Iron & Steel
Petroleum
Carpets
Cement
Electronics, Computers, Information
technology
Locomotive
Jute, Leather, Electric goods
Ship building, coconut oil, rubber
Coffee, coconut
Cotton industries
Woolen clothes
Steel
Petroleum
Textiles, Electronics, D.D.T
Cement
Tea
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Dindigul
Frozabad
Guntur
Gwalior
Gomia
Hardwar
Hatia
Haldia
Hazira
Jamshedpur
Jallundhur
Jaipur
Jharia
Jabalpur
Jainakot
Japla
Kanpur
Katni
Korba
Koyna
Koyali
Kolar
Kota
Kanchipuram
Karnal
Kandla
Khetri
Ludhiana
Lucknow
Chennai
Madurai
Mirzapur
Muradabad
Mathura
Mysore
Meerut
SSC BANKING
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Tamil Nadu
M.P
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Jharkhand
Uttarakhand
Jharkhand
W. Bengal
Gujarat
Jharkhand
Cigar, Tobacco
Bangle works
Cotton industries
Pottery, Tobacco
Explosives
Heavy electricals
Heavy Engineering Corporation
Chemical fertilizer
Artificial Rayon
Iron & Steel, Locomotives, Railway
coaches
Punjab
Surgical goods and sports articles
Rajasthan
Cloth Printing, Brass
Jharkhand
Coal mines
Madhya Pradesh Bidi industry
Jammu & Kashmir H.M.T watch
Jharkhand
Cement
U.P
Cotton and Woollen mills, Leather,
Sugar
M.P
Cement
Chattisgarh
Aluminium factory, Thermal plant
Maharashtra
Aluminium factory
Gujarat
Petrochemical industries
Karnataka
Gold mining centre
Rajasthan
Atomic power plant
Tamil Nadu
Silk clothes
Haryana
Dairy product
Gujarat
Chemical fertiliser, famous port
Rajasthan
Copper industries
Punjab
Hosiery
U.P
Embroidery work, Chicken work
Tamil Nadu
Leather, cigarette, Integral coach
factory
Tamil Nadu
Cotton and Silk Weaving
U.P
Carpet, Pottery, Brass industries
UP
Brassware, cutlery
U.P
Oil refinery
Karnataka
Sandalwood oil, Silk goods
U.P
Publication work, Sports goods,
Scissors making
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Mumbai
Maharashtra
Cinema industries, Cotton textiles
Modinagar
U.P
Nylon thread
Moorie
Jharkhand
Aluminium
Majhagaon
Maharashtra
Ship building
Nagpur
Maharashtra
Cotton mills, Oranges
Nepanagar
Madhya Pradesh Newsprint
Nasik
Maharashtra
Security Printing Press
Neyveli
Tamil Nadu
Lignite industries
Nunamati
Assam
Oil refineries
Narora
U.P
Atomic Power Plant
Nangal
Punjab
Fertilisers
Panna
M.P
Diamond mining
Pinjore
Haryana
Hindustan Machines Tools
Perambur
Tamil Nadu
Integral coach factory
Pimpri
Maharashtra
Penicillin factory
Raniganj
W. Bengal
Coal mining
Rourkela
Orissa
Steel plant, Chemical fertiliser
Rana Pratap Sagar Rajasthan
Hydro Power Plant
Renukoote
U.P
Aluminium Plant
Roopnarayanpur W. Bengal
Cables
Rishikesh
Uttarakhand
Antibiotic Plant
Saharanpur
U.P
Cigarette factory, News print
Sindri
Jharkhand
Chemical fertilizers
Srinagar
Jammu & Kashmir
Woolen shawls, Silk, Woodwork
Surat
Gujarat
Cotton textiles, Diamond Cutting
Surajpur
Haryana
Cement factory
Suratgarh
Rajasthan
Agriculture implements
Singhbhum
Jharkhand
Copper, Iron
Singreni
Andhra Pradesh
Cool mining
Salem
Tamil Nadu
Iron and Steel
Samastipur
Bihar
Jute, Paper, Tobacco, Sugar
Tarapur
Maharashtra
Atomic Power Plant
Titagarh
W. Bengal
Paper & Jute
Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
Coir matting
Trombay
Maharashtra
Oil refinery
Tiruchirapalli
Tamil Nadu
Cigar
Tirupati
Andhra Pradesh
Scooter
Tanjore
Tamil Nadu
Silk clothes
Thumba
Kerala
Rocket launching Station
Vijaypur
M.P
Fertilizers
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Viiaynagar
Karnataka
Vishakhapatnam A.P
Varanasi
Worli
Zainkot
U.P
Maharashtra
J&K
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Steel Plant
Ship building, Iron and Steel, Oil
refinery
Rail Engines and Saari industries
Baby food
HMT Watches
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LARGEST LONGEST HIGHEST AND SMALLEST IN INDIA

Longest River
The Longest Tributary River of India
The Longest River of the South
Highest Mountain Peak
Largest Lake (Fresh Water)
Highest Dam
Largest Mosque
Longest Road
State with Longest Coastline
Longest Railway Route From
Longest Tunnel
Longest National Highway
Longest Dam
Longest River Bridge
Largest Populated City
Largest Museum
Largest Delta
Largest Dome
Largest Zoo
Largest Man - made Lake
Largest Desert
Highest Tower
Smallest State (Area)
Smallest State (Population)
Highest Waterfall
Longest Electric Railway Line
Densest Populated State
Largest Cave Temple
Largest Animal Fair
Highest Gateway
Biggest Hotel
Largest State (Area)
Largest State (Population)
Place of Heaviest Rainfall
Largest Corridor
Largest Cantilever Span Bridge
Ganges
Yamuna
Godavari
Godwin Austin (K2)
Wular Lake (Kashmir)
Bhakra Dam (Punjab)
Jama Masjid, Delhi
Grand Trunk Road
Gujarat
Jammu to Kanyakumari
Jawahar tunnel (Jammu & Kashmir)
NH - 7 which runs from Varanasi to
Kanyakumari
Hirakud Dam (Orissa)
Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna
Mumbai
National Museum, Kolkata
Sunderban Delta, W. Bengal
Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur (Karnataka)
Zoological Gardens, Alipur, Kolkata
Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam)
Thar (Rajasthan)
Pitampura Tower, Delhi
Goa
Sikim
Gersoppa waterfall (Karnataka)
From Delhi to Kolkata via Patna
West Bengal
Kailash temple, Ellora (Maharashtra)
Sonepur (Bihar)
Buland Darwuza, Fatehpur Sikri (Agra)
Oberai-Sheraton (Mumbai)
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Mausinram (Meghalaya)
Rameshwaram temple corridor
Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)
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Largest Forest State

Highest Straight Gravity Dam
Longest Railway Platform
Largest Stadium
Largest Port
Highest Lake
Largest Lake (Saline Water)
Highest Award
Highest Gallantry Award
Largest Gurudwara
Deepest River Valley
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Madhya Pradesh
Bhakra Dam
Kharagpur (W. Bengal)
Salt Lake (Yuva Bharti), Kolkata
Mumbai
Devatal (Garhwal)
Chilka Lake, Orissa
Bharat Ratna
Paramveer Chakra
Golden Temple, Amritsar
Bhagirathi & Alaknanda
State with Longest Coastline of South India Andhra Pradesh

Longest River which forms estuary
Narmada
Largest Church
Saint Cathedral (Goa)
Longest Beach
Marina Beach, Chennai
Highest Battle Field
Siachin Glacier
Highest Airport
Leh (Laddakh)
Largest River Island
Majuli (Brahmaputra River, Assam)
Largest Planetarium
Birla Planetarium (Kolkata)
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IMPORTANT MONUMENTS IN INDIA

Name
Ajanta - Ellora Caves
Aram Bagh
Agra Fort
Akbar's Mausoleum
Itmod - ud - daula Fort
Anand Bhawan
Bada Imambara
Bharatpur Fort
Bibi Ka Maqbara
Char - Minor
Charar - e - Sharif
Chhota Imambara
Dargah Ajmer Sharif
Dilwara's Jain Temple
Deewan - e - Khas
Adhai Din Ka Jhopra
Elephanfa's cave
Fatehpur Sikri
Ferozshah Kotla
Golghar
Gateway of India
Hauz Khas
Hawa Mahal
Humayun's Tomb
Jama Masjid
Jama Masjid
Jagannath Temple
Jantar - Mantar
Jaigarh Fort
Jim Corbett Park
Jodhpur Fort
Kanheri's Fort
Khirki Masjid
Lai Bagh
Lakshmi Narayan
Makka Masjid
Place
Aurangabad (Mah.)
Agra (UP)
Agra (UP)
Sikandra (UP)
Agra (UP)
Allahabad (UP)
Lucknow (UP)
Bharatpur (Raj.)
Aurangabad (Mah.)
Hyderabad (AP)
Jammu & Kashmir
Lucknow (UP)
Ajmer (Raj.)
Mount Abu (Raj.)
Agra Fort (UP)
Ajmer (Raj.)
Mumbai (Mah.)
Agra (UP)
Delhi
Patna (Bih.)
Mumbai (Mah.)
Delhi
Jaipur (Raj.)
Delhi
Agra (UP)
Delhi
Puri (Ori.)
Delhi
Jaipur (Raj.)
Nainital (Uttar.)
Jodhpur (Raj.)
Mumbai (Mah.)
Delhi
Bangalore (Kar.)
Temple Delhi
Hyderabad (AP)
Built by
Gupta rulers
Babur
Akbar
Akbar
Noorjahan
Motilal Nehru
Asaf-ud-daula
Raja Surajmal Singh
Aurongzeb
Quli Qutub Shah
Zainul Abedin
Muhammad Ali Shah
Sultan Shyasuddin
Siddharaja
Shahjahan
Qutubuddin Aibak
Rashtrakuta rulers
Akbar
Ferozshah Tughlaq
British Government
British Government
Alauddin Khilji
Maharaja Pratap Singh
Hymayun's wife
Shahjahan
Shahjahan
Anantvarmun Ganga
Sawai Jai Singh
Sawai Jai Singh
Sir Malcom Hqilley
Rao Jodhoji
Buddhists
Ghyasuddin Tughlaq
Hyder Ali
Birla Family
Quli Qutub Shah
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Moti Masjid
Moti Masjid
Nahargarh Fort
Nishat Garden
Parana Qila
Pathar Ki Masjid
President House
Qutub Minor
Red Fort
Safdar Jung Tomb
Sabarmati Ashram
Shantiniketan
Shish Mahal
Shalimar Garden
Shershah's Tomb
Saint George Fort
Sati Burj
Sun Temple
Swarna Mandir (Golden
Taj Mahal
Bellure Math
Victoria Memorial
Vishnupad Temple
Viiaya Stambha
SSC BANKING
Agra Fort (UP)

Delhi Fort
Jaipur (Raj.)
Srinagar (J & K)
Delhi
Patna (Bih.)
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Ahmadabad (Guj.)
West Bengal
Agra (UP)
Srinagar (J & K)
Sasaram (Bih.)
Chennai (TN)
Mathura (UP)
Konark (Ori.)
Temple) Amritsar (Pun.)
Agra (UP)
Kolkata (WB)
Kolkata (WB)
Gaya (Bih.)
Chittorgarh (Raj.)
INSURANCE, RAILWAYS
Shahjahan
Aurangzeb
Sawai Jai Singh
Asaf Ali
Shershah Suri
Pervez Shah
British Government
Qutubuddin Aibak
Shahjahan
Shuja-ud-daula
Mahatma Gandhi
Rabindra Nath Tagore
Shahjahan
Jahangir
Shershah's son
East India Company
Raja Bhagwan Das
Narsimhadeva
Guru Ramdas
Shahjahan
Swami Vivekanand
British Government
Rani Ahiliabai
Maharana Kumbha
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SSC BANKING
INSURANCE, RAILWAYS
POPULATION OF INDIA
India has a long and rich tradition of conducting Census taking. The earliest
references of census taking in the country are found in Kautilyas
Arthashastra (321-296 BC) and later in the writings of Abdul Fazls in
Ain-e-Akbari during the days of Emperor Akbar.
However, the first systematic and modern population Census, in its present
scientific form was conducted non- synchronously between 1865 and 1872
in the country. The first synchronous censusin India was conducted in
the Year 1881.
The Census 2011 was the fifteenth Census in this series as reckoned from
1872 and the seventh since independence. The successful conduct of
Census without any break since 1872 makes the Indian census unique and
unparalleled in the world.
The 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and
population enumeration.
House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of
information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register
was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit
unique identification number to all registered Indians by Unique
Identification Authority of India.
The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 to 28
February 2011.
Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first
time biometric information was collected.
The motto of census 2011 was Our Census, Our future.
Spread across 35 states and union territories, the Census covered 640
districts, 5767 tehsils, 7742 towns and more than 6 lac villages.
2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 6,40,867 villages,
classifying
the
population
according
to gender,
religion,
education andoccupation.
The cost of the exercise was approximately 2,200 crore this comes to less
than $ 0.5 per person, well below the estimated world average of $4.6 per
person.
Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering
Indias vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the
manpower involved.
Information on castes was included in the census
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SSC BANKING
INSURANCE, RAILWAYS
Census data was collected in 16 languages and training manual was

prepared in18 languages.
Shri C.Chandramouli is the Registrar General and commissioner of
2011 Indian census.
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Indian Geography (2) .Unlocked

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Geographical Location of India

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Facts about position of states

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Everest (or Sagarmatha or Chomo Langma) 8850 m (in Nepal)

There are few passes they include

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Shipki La and Bara Lacha in Himachal Pradesh,

Lesser Himalayas or The Himachal

Also known as Himachal-Himalaya which is separated from the Shiwalik

(I) PIR PANJAL RANGE

Lowest range (average elevation is 900-1200 m).

Trans Himalayan Zone

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is K2 or Godwin Austin (8611m, in Pak occupied Kashmir). Other high peaks

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THE GREAT NORTHERN PLAINS

Bhabar : Along the foothills of Shiwaliks. Highly porous

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THE GANGA PLAINS:

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THE PENINSULAR INDIA

Spreads south of the Indo-Gangetic plains flanked by sea on three sides.

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AJANTA RANGE, BALAGHAT RANGE, AND HARISH CHANDRA

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Malwa plateau is an example of dissected lava plateau, which is covered

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Runs from Rann of Kachchh to Kanyakumari and are confined to a

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IMPORTANT LAGOONS AND LAKES

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FRESH WATER LAKE

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SALINE WATER LAKES

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Total coastline of India : 7516 km. Longest coastline: Gujarat (Second

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Right Bank tributaries; Yamuna, Son. The Bhagirathi Hooghly is the

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Information: It flows through eastern Nepal, enters Bihar in Saharasa

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Information: Largest river system of the Peninsular India and is next

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Rivers Basin:98,796 sq.km which it shared by M.P. Gujarat and

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RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

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Purpose: Hydroelectricity for the development of south eastern industrial

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River: Ghatprabha ( A tributary of Krishna)

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THE CLIMATE OF INDIA

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3. Similarly, Cherry Blossoms are there in Karnataka, beneficial to coffee

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