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Piasecki, MA J. & Cliff , RA 1988: Rb-Sr dating of stra in-induced mineral growth in two ductile
shear zones in the Western Gneiss Region of Nord-Trendelaq , central Norway .Nor. geol. unders.
Bull. 413, 33-50 .
In the Bjugn district of the northern part of the Western Gneiss Region, Nord-Tmndelag , a basement gneiss - cover nappe boundary is marked by a thick zone of ductile shearing , in which a
layer-parallel mylonitic fabric with related new mineral growth overprints and retrogresses a previous fabr ic associated with a granulite(?) facies mineral assemblage. Related minor shear belts
contain abund ant new minerals and vein systems , including pegmatite s, believed to represe nt
strain-induced products for med at the time of the shearing movements.
Centra l parts of two large muscovite books ' from such a pegmatite yielded Rb-Sr, Early to Middle Devonian ages of 389 6 and 386 6 Ma, interpreted as indicat ing the approxi mate time
of pegmatite form ation and of the shearing . Small, matrix-s ize muscovite and biotite grains from
the host mylonite gave ages of, respec tively, 378 6 and 365 5 Ma, thought to relate to
post-Shearin g uplift and cooling.
East of the Verran Fault, a major shear zone also contained syn-shearing pegmatites from which
a large muscovite book yielded a Rb-Sr age of 4214 6 Ma, interpreted as indicating the time of
the pegmat ite formatio n during Scandia n nappe movements. This shear zone has been subsequently reactivated by later shearing asso ciated with regiona l retrogression .
The fabr ics of the major and minor shear zone s in Bjugn, and of the late shearing east of the
Verran Fault, are characterised by a NE-SW tre nding stretching lineation. Kinemat ic markers indicate
a sense of layer-parallel , subhor izontal overthrusting movements not towards the southeas t, but
toward s the southwest. parallel to the strike trend of the orogen. This sugges ts that this parti cular region may have had a different tectonic history to that of adjacent parts of the centra l Scand inavian Caledonide s.
MAJ. Pissecki, Depar tment of Geology, University of Hull. Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
RA Cliff. Department of Earth Science, University of Leeds . Leeds LS2 9 JT , UK.
Introduction
The geology of the Western Gneiss Region
of Nord-Trendelaq (Fig, 1), also known as
.Vestranden' , was until recently amongst the
least well known in the Scandinavian Caledonides (for reviews see Gorbatschev 1985, Roberts 1986), Its most common rocks are granitic (sensu lato) gneisses and metabasites of
basement aspect and of probable Proterozo ic
age. These gneisses are interfolded with distinctive, supracru stal 'cover' assemblages of
gneissic calc-ps ammites and calc-sch ists with
metabasites and local marbles, Although both
the gneisses and the supracrustal rocks show
polyphase deformation sequences and a pervasive development of amphibolite facies mine-
of earlier granulite-facies mineralogy (Johansson 1986, Mi:iller 1986). The boundary betw e-
34
o
=
..
G
t
~ D e v oni an
~Oa~ ~ ~a n ia n nappe
Prot erozoic supracrusta ls
or Cctedorucn nappe
<'~~;;:IT.
rocks
;:
Pr ote r o l o ic
: '. >.'.
P.7:l sup r a c r us t a ls or ....
C aledo nian na p pe
k ilometr e s
5
,
05
t!
Fig. 1. Outline geological map of the area northwes t of Trondheim, show ing location s of areas descr ibed in the text. Geology mod ified after the NGU 1:250,000 map-shee t Trondheim' (WoIII 1976), Gee & WolII (1981 ), Gee et al. 1985 and Tucker
(1986). Inset locatio n of the area in relation to the Vestrande n (Western Gneiss region) distr ict of Nord-T rendelaq.
Fig. 2.
(a) Typical swarm of small quartz plates (0 ), in a ductile mylonite derived from a semipelitic garnet-biotite schist of form ation 9
in Fig. 7, 1km west of Slettliheia. Natura l size.
(b) Highly elongate quartz gra ins (0) forming quartz plates in a mylonite. In betwee n the plates, plagioclase (F at top-centre), and
a granular aggregate after ptagloctase (F at botto m-centre ). Near R0mmen in Fig. 5.
(c) Well developed S-C (s & c) and shear band (sb) foliations in a phyllonite (mica-rich mylonite) with quartz plates (0); sense
of shear tran sport is right-latera l. In an adjacent dom ain, S-C foliations occur without shear bands. aturat size , southernmost road- cut in the road to Ulladalen, Are, Swede n.
(d) Matrix muscov itisation : muscovite (M, grey colour ) replaces biotite in the matrix of the mylonite featured in Fig. 4b. The
parent rock of the mylon ite (Fig. 4a) does not con tain muscovite.
(e) Muscovite porphyroblasts (M) in a mylonite derived from a semipelitic schist, deformed during a later phase of the
same shearing event, or during a subseq uent shearing event, with the development of S-C foliations (s & c) and shear bands
(sb). Some back-ro tation on shear bands steepens the attitudes of the s -ronauon. Sense of shear transpo rt is right- Iaterat, Natura l size, Fleur de Lys Supergroup, Newfoundland, Canada.
(f) Muscovite porphyroblast (M) growing in a quartz plate (0) in the mylonite of Fig. 4b. Near natural size.
35
36
In semipelitic and siliceous lithologies sheared under amphibolite facies cond itions in the
presence of fluid, the new products are quartz veins, mica, feldspar , garnet and rarer
pegmat ites . referred to as 'shear-zone pegmatites' (Piasecki & van Bremen 1983, Piasecki 1984).
Quartz plates and quartz ribbons . The most
common syn-shearing products form by an
apparent segregation of quar tz into veins,
which can be oblate (plates) or elongate (ribbons). These range in size from microscopic
to more than 20 metres in length, and are
usually subparallel to the mylonitic foliation
(the C-fabr ic) of their host rocks (Figs. 2a &
b, 4b, c & d). In the ribbons, the direct ion of
maximum exten sion corre sponds with the orientation of other extensional fabrics in the
host mylon ites. Such veins may also be present in rocks outside the shear zones , but
they reach swarm proportions in the ductile
mylonites of the shear zones (Figs. 2a. 3a, 4b
& c). Such swarm s of quartz plates characterise Precambri an and Palaeozo ic duct ile shear
zones in Scotland, Grenvillian shear zones in
Ontario , Canada (Culshaw & Fyson 1984), and
the Gander Terrane in Newfoundl and (Piasecki 1988). In calcareous rock s, plates or ribbons of carbon ate accompany those of quartz
(Beach 1981), or quartz plates carry porphy roblasts of carbon ate.
Micas . Many ductile shear zones are characterised by abundant growt h of new muscovite,
which takes several forms. One is the replacement of small matrix biotite and K-feldspa r in
the rocks undergoing mylonitisation by new
matrix muscovite (as at Jessund, see p. 44,
and Figs. 4a, 4b and 2d). The result is commonly that of extensive matr ix muscovitisation in
the mylonites (see also Andreas son 1979).
Another form of muscov ite growth is the nucleation of porphyroblasts, which sometimes
measure from 2 cm to over 10 cm across
(001). These form either separately (Fig. 2e),
or in assoc iation with recrystallising quartz
(Fig. 2f).
Garne t. Strain-induced growth of garnet com monly results in rot ated porphyroblasts with
'snowball' structures, or in tabular-shaped
para llelism with this direction, common ly becoming curvilinear in the process, and in some
cases developing into sheath folds (Fig. 4f; for
the concept, see Carreras et al. 1977, Cobbold & Quinquis 1980).
of the parent rock s and from subsequent garnet (see Fig. 6a, b & c in Piasecki & van Breemen 1983). Such garnet iferous , muscovitised
mylonites with swarms of quartz plates often
have the field aspect of quartz -garnet- muscovi-
NGU- BULL.413,1988
37
38
NGU -BULL.413.1988
matites, or large feldspars deformed into aggregates of polygon al grains, can coexist in
close proximity with little deform ed pegmatites
or feldspar porphyroblasts which may even
overprint part of the mylonitic fabric (F in Fig.
3c, and Fig. 4d). In Scott ish shear zones, the
equivalence of such apparently contr asting
rock-types is supported by similar Rb-Sr ages
obtained from muscovite porp hyroblasts in
such deformed and undeform ed pegmatites.
Such relationships indicate that:
(a) During the evolution of the shear zone,
local increments of shearing movement may
have followed separate , subparallel paths,
which anastomosed on all scales, and those
products which had nucleated in the path of
subsequent movements became more defo rmed than others.
(b) The stra in-induced products may have
formed episod ically during an extended period
of shearing (cf. Wintsch & Knipe 1983). This
is indicated by the occurrence of early-, lateand post-shearing garnet porphyrob lasts and
pegmatites (respectively, the most and least
deformed) in Scott ish shear zones , in which
mineral gro wth locally outl asted the shearing
movements (Piasecki & van Breemen 1983,
and unpublished work ; see also Andreasson
& Gorbatsc hev 1980).
39
Fig. 3.
(a) Relatively little deformed shear -zone pegmat ite with muscov ite porphyroblasts (M). in the mylonite of Fig. 4b with muscovitised matr ix (Fig. 2d) and with a swarm of quartz plates (right of pegmatite); near locality P in Fig. 5a & 5b.
(b) Quartz plate -pegmatite in a sem ipelitic mylonite. The mylonite co ntains small musc ovite porphyroblasts (M); quartz Q. muscovi te - M. plag ioclase - F; part of the dated peg matite near Slettl iheia (Fig. 7).
(c) 'Early' shear-zone pegmatite . syn-shear ing folding and growth of feldspar porphyroblasts. The pegmatite was first deformed with the development of an internal mylonit ic fabric (c' in pegma tite) ; furthe r increments of the shearing movements
deformed both into an asymmetric fold . its axial surface corr espon ding to the S-fo liation of the S-C fabri c in the host mylonit e (s
& c). A feldspar porphyroblast (F). overprints the earlier mylon itic C-fa bric but later incre ments of this fabric sweep around
it. Other teldspars (F') are indi stingui shable from porphyroclasts with tails (see text p.37). All the kinematic indicato rs (S-C
fabr ic. porpnyroclasts with tails, fo ld vergence ). indicate a left-lateral sense of shear transpor t. Shear-zone separat ing gneisses from supra crustal metasediments , near Foldere id.
(d) Muscovite porphyroblast (M. 7 mm long) stra ined and recry stallised . and a ptaqloctas e feldspar (F. bottom) dynam ically
recrys tallised into a granular aggregate (F, cen tre). Base of the supracrustal assemblage . south Valler sund (Fig. 5).
(e) Shear -zone pegmatite which appears to have nucleat ed in the S-fabric plane of a myloni te. At (X). the thin pegma tite
follows the s-taonc, cutt ing acros s the intense rnyioruuc c -taorlc (c) of an earlier phase of the shearing event. without being
itself cros s-folia ted in par allelism with this (c) fabric. At (Y), it has been rotated . evidently during a later incre ment of shearing
into the c -tabrtc , with in wh ich it is dr awn out into boud ins or 'tectonic fish ' (F. enhanced for clarity). The sense of shearing movement is rightlateral. Fleur de Lys Superg roup . Newfoundland. Canada.
40
41
Fig. 4.
(a & b) Rocks from the dated minor shear-zon e at Jes sund (p ' in Fig. 5). Both natural size . Both share the same major and
trace element co mpo sition .
(a) Semipelitic. migmatitic biotite-paragneiss . with abundant stro matic neosome (coarse wh ite). just outs ide the shear zone.
(b) A mylon ite derived from the paragn eiss of Fig. 4a. The coarse neosome has been granul ated . dyn amically recrystallised
and has merged Into the groun dmass . which is strong ly musc ovitised (Fig. 2d): the protolith conta ins no musco vite. The
qua rtz plates (Q) and muscovite-pegmat ites (Figs. 2f. 3a) which cha racterise the sheared rocks are not pres ent in the
parent paragne iss .
(c) Relics of a higher-grade paragenes is pre serv ed as porp hyroclasts (sensu stricto) in blastomylonite deri ved from sup rac rustal metased iment. Quartz plates (Q) in the C-mylonite fabric plane surround a deformed kyanite (K). whereas a garnet (G) in
a micaceo us string er IS deformed by a shear band. S-C foliations (s & c ) and shear band s (sb) indicate a left-lateral sen se
of movement. Shear-zone at the base of the supr acru stal asse mblage . north-eas tern extremity of Vallersund in Fig. 5. The
circu lar grid is 3 mm in diamete r.
(d) A syn-shearing albite porphyroblast (A. black). It had overg rown earlier element s of a shear fabric (the included quartz
plates. Q'). but has been augened dur ing cont inued shear ing. the fabric of which sweeps around it (quartz plate (Q) at its top
right and the mylon itic schistos ity). Fleur de Lys Supergroup. Newfoundland. Canada .
V!4Q
I B io t ite-pa rag ne is s
44
40
86
82
k ilo m e t r e s
!! ! ,
"
oI
A s s e r \2ly
NW
SE
A udal
1-
, .... r ,
~ 1~;~
.---- /
L/
, ,"",
L..,
k ilometres
, I
Fig. 5.
(a) Provisional geology of a part of the northe rn coast of Bjugn. based on reconna issance mapp ing. Fig. 1 shows the geology
of the same area after the NGU 1-250.000 map-sheet Trondhe irn' (Wolff 1976).
(b) Generalised section showing interfol ded granitic gneisses and paragneisses in the basement complex. the minor shearzones in the basement (X and Y in the inset). and the related major thrust at the base of the supracrustal assemblage. all
modified by the late. steep ly inclined NE-SW trend ing folds. such as the Vallersund synform. Minor syn-shearing folds are
shown diagrammatically. folded by the Vallersund synform.
43
44
SE
NW
J .
I.. .
,
;'
I, ,
L'/.~ ., \ ,
/
l -
P
1'1
/P/"Q~,
~
I r' :':' "t'
I
I \ ~ y l// /I ~ /j
I
I" I ,
'U "
JJPIQ
I
&~
, I
J,
\J I/I ,
p - Peg m at ite
Pl - Date d pegmat ite
Q -
Quartz pla te
Fig. 6. Dated pegmatite in the minor shear- zone at Jessu nd. Sketch of the dated pegmat ite (P in shear -zone Y .in Fig. 5b).
showi ng the locations of the dated musco vite porphyrob lasts. Syn-shearinq folds deform the earner shear tabr ic (crenulated schisto stty, quartz plates (0) and the pegm atite itself), while their axial surfaces are defined by later Increments of trus fabric
_ a mylonitic foliat ion and later quart z plates (0 ). The steep alt itude of the shear fabr ic IS caused by the late. upriqtu folds .
trend ing NE-SW.
feldspar, indicate apparent overthrusting towards the southwest. The rock s have also
been deformed by very late, minor conjugate
45
46
m.
/I /I
~ Amphibolite
sch ist
__ Sheared roc ks
~ Da ted pegmatite
= "'"
Ster'en Group
A mph ibolite w it h lay er s
~ of qua r tz- kera tophy re
in w est
Gula G r o up
1~9- 1 M ica sc hist, in part
~ ~ w it h ga r ne t
~
k ilo m e t r e s
Fig. 7. Outline geological map of the Store Juvatnet area. Geology after the NGU 1:50.000 preliminary map-sheet t eksvik'
(Wolff 1973). except in the studied areas (circled). The symbol for sheared rock s relates only to examined expos ures .
dure s and purified by pro longed grinding under methano l in an agate mortar. In each case, betwe en 0.1 and 0.2 gm was weighed for
analyses . Rb and Sr were separated by standard cation-exchange methods. Rb isotope
dilution measurements were made in tr iple
tanta lum filaments ; replic ate analyses of unspiked Rb, separated using the norm al procedure s . s ho w
that th is
Sample
Rb
(ppm)
Sr
(ppm)
"Rbl"Sr
"Sr/"Sr
47
Age
(ma)
1. muscovite porphyroblast M1
2. muscovite porphyroblast M2
3. plagioclase
320
308
310
310
7.63
70.4
68.0
69.1
69.2
453
13.25
13.18
13.12
13.09
0.0488
0.79579
0.79436
0.79373
0.79391
0.72227
389
388
386
388
255
249
455
440
9.82
60.2
57.7
11.7
16.8
178.4
12.32
12.56
119.1
79.11
0.1595
0.78792
0.78886
1.3425
1.1324
0.72234
379
377
366
365
3.6918
4.2503
0.71970
424 6
422 6
6
6
6
My/onite:
4. matrix muscovite
5. matrix biotite
6. plagioclase
6
6
5
5
710
771
22.2
5.39
5.12
360
491.5
586.0
0.1788
TABLE 1. RbSr data for shear-zone pegmatites. "denotes duplicate analyses of the same sample.
Analytical results
Results for samples collected from the Jessund and Slettliheia shear zones are given in
Table 1. In each case all of the principal RbSr-bearing minerals were analysed. Mica ages
were calculated using co-exisiting feldspar as
control on the initial ratio.
Jessunti shear zone. In the minor shear zone
at Jessund (p, 44), a quartz plate-pegmatite
bearing large' books' of muscovite and folded
by syn-shearing folds (Fig. 6) was selected for
isotopic dating. In this pegmatite, in the lower
strain region of the fold hinge zone, muscovite porphyroblasts were relatively little deformed and not recrystallised. The following
samples were analysed (Table 1):
(a) From the pegmatite, two of the least deformed muscovite porphyroblasts measuring
5 cm across (001) and more than 1cm
thick (samples 1 and 2 in Table 1, and
grains believed to have formed by replacement of biotite during the shearing (Fig.
2d), and small grains of matrix biotite
thought to represent biotite of the protolith
recrystallised during the shearing.
(c) Samples 3 and 6 are plagioclase feldspar
from the pegmatite and the host mylonite
(An'2 and An28_'2' respectively), for use as
a control on the initital 87Sr/86ratio together
with the other samples.
The central cores of the two large muscovite porphyroblasts yielded ages within the narrow range of 389 to 386 6 Ma; the matrixsized muscovite gave an age of 378 6 Ma
(averaged), and biotite and age of 365.5 5
Ma.
Store Juvatnet (Slettliheia) shear zone. From
this mylonitic zone (p. 45), a large muscovite
porphyroblast (sample 7), 5 cm across (001)
and 3 cm thick, and a plagioclase feldspar
(albite-oligoclase, sample 8) were selected
from a boudined quartz plate-pegmatite of the
less deformed type' (Fig. 3b located at P in
Fig. 7). The muscovite was weakly strained
around its margins, and the undeformed part
of its central core yielded an age of 423 6
Ma (averaged age, Table 1).
Discussion of results
The pegmatite dated at Jessund can be shown
to be syntectonic with the shearing move-
48
NGUBULL.413.1988
NGU-BULL.413,1988
49
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Cliff, RA. 1985: Isotopic dating in metamorphic belts. J.
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grain growth. J. Struc. Geol. 6, 663-68.
Dallmeyer, R.D. & Gee, D.G. 1986: JAr/lOAr mineral dates
50
NGU-8ULL.413,1988