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I. INTRODUCTION
N recent years, the HVDC transmission technology has
developed rapidly in China with the highest voltage promoted from 400, 500, 660, 800 kV to the forthcoming
1100 kV. The origins of these HVDC transmission lines in
China are mostly located in the western high-elevation region
with rich natural resource. For example, the highest altitude of
the 800-kV transmission line conveying the southwestern hydroelectric power to eastern China is close to 4000 m, and that
of the Qinghai-Tibet 500-kV transmission line is more than
5000 m above sea level.
Due to the thinner atmosphere at a higher altitude, the corona
discharges on the conductor surface occur more easily, and RI,
as one of the corona performances, is more obvious than that
Manuscript received May 07, 2016; revised July 01, 2016; accepted July 28,
2016. This work was supported in part by National Basic Research Program
of China (973 Program) under Grant 2011CB209402, and in part by SGCC
Science and Technology Project of China under Grant GY71-16-010.
L. Xie, J. Lu, and Y. Ju are with the China Electric Power Research
Institute, Beijing 100192, China (e-mail: xieli@epri.sgcc.com.cn; lujy@
epri.sgcc.com.cn; juyong@epri.sgcc.com.cn).
L. Zhao and X. Cui are with North China Electric Power University, Beijing
102206, China (e-mail: zhaolx@epri.sgcc.com.cn; x.cui@ncepu.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEMC.2016.2597300
0018-9375 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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2
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
the same bundles as the practical lines, may reach the identical
corona discharge intensity under the voltage of practical lines.
The reduced-scale ones with smaller cross-section subconductor and less splitting number, simulate the corona performance
of practical lines at the same average maximum surface voltage gradient by imposing a lower voltage. Generally speaking,
the full-scale test lines are the most realistic method except of
the consideration of the huge construction cost. To make a compromise, in this research, two full-scale test lines were built at
the altitudes of 50 and 4300 m, and four reduced-scale ones were
built at the altitudes of 50, 1700, 3400, and 4300 m, respectively.
The Yangbajing full-scale HVDC test line, located at an altitude of 4300 m in Tibet China, comprises two spans shown as
Fig. 1. The conductor bundles 8 JL/G1A-720/50 (diameter
3.623 cm) are strung between the first span of 200 m long as
the positive and negative polar power lead wires, where corona
discharges can hardly occur under the test voltage from 500
to 700 kV. The second section with a length of 300 m is the
main part for measurement purpose, which is strung with bipolar
4 JL/G1A-500/45 (diameter 3 cm) bundles with a pole spacing of 22 m and an average height of 20 m above ground.
The trap coils are installed between the power lead section and
the HVDC generators to prevent the high-frequency current of
the generator from flowing to the test line. The other terminal
of the measurement section is open, and the loop antennas to
measure RI data are arranged on the ground in a line in the
middle of measurement section.
The other full-scale HVDC test line is located in Beijing,
China, with the elevation of 50 m. Most dimensions and configurations of the test line are the same with the aforementioned
one, except of two parameters, shown in Fig. 2. One is that the
length of the measurement section is 605 m. The other one is the
situation of trap coils, which are fixed between the power lead
section and the measurement section, instead of the generators.
The test location section is 150 m away from the open end of
the test line.
The structure parameters of the four reduced-scale test lines
in Beijing, and Xiachayu, Bahe, Yangbajing in Tibet China, are
identical, and the altitudes of the four sites are 50, 1700, 3400,
and 4300 m, respectively. Bipolar 4 JL/G1A-95/15 (diameter
1.36cm) bundles with a pole spacing of 6 m, an average height
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XIE et al.: ALTITUDE CORRECTION OF RADIO INTERFERENCE OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINES PART I
Fig. 4.
50 m).
(1)
R,L,C, and G are the per-unit-length resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance matrices of the line, respectively; I 0 is the vector of all the induced current given by
I 0 = CI 0 /20 ; I 0 is the vector of the injected corona current,
where I0i is the ith element and the rest elements are zeroes; ()
is the Dirac function. The terms R + jL and G + jC are defined as the per-unit-length impedance matrix Z and admittance
matrix Y .
The line is connected with the impedances Z 1 and Z 2 on
both terminals, and the following relations exist:
V (L/ 2) = Z 1 I (L/ 2) ,
V (L/ 2) = Z 2 I (L/ 2)
Fig. 6. RI spectra measured on four reduced-scale test lines under the same
voltage.
(2)
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4
e
P
2
c
(U +P 2 )1 V (L/ 2) , x > x1 .
(4)
(5)
L /2
I (x) = G (x1 , x) I0 ,
x1 < x
(6)
I (x) = G (x1 , x) I0 ,
x1 > x.
(7)
Then, the vector consisted of the RI electric field x-axis components at different N points (x, yi , z0 ) (i = 1, 2, . . . , n) above
the ground can be written as [9]
[Ex (x, yi )]m = Z0 KG (x1 , x) I 0 ,
x1 < x,
x1 > x.
0j
2
0 j y i )
i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n
x1 < x
(8)
x1 > x.
(9)
L /2
L /2
2
qj i (x1 , x) dx1 ,
j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
x1 < x,
x1 > x
(11)
Assume that the function i corresponds to the power spectrum density i , then i is the RI excitation function of conductor i, with the unit A/m1/2 . i is related to corona discharge
intensity on the conductor surface, so it is approximately equivalent on the whole conductor [13][15].
In this way, the RI electric field may be written as
x
2
|Ex (x, yi )|
=
|qij |2 dx1
L /2
L /2
+
x
where hj and y0j are the z and y coordinates of the jth conductor center, and p is the penetration depth of the field.
p= [0 /(0 f )]1/2 , where 0 is the resistivity of the earth.
Consequently, RI electric field in the above equations can be
denoted by
(10)
If corona also exists on the other conductors with the perunit-length power spectral densities of 1 , 2 , . . . ,n , the power
spectrum density of their RI electric fields at (x, yj , z0 ) is
x
n
i
|qj i (x1 , x)|2 dx1
j (x) =
i=1
Substituting the results of (3) into (4) and (5), the relation of
I(x) and I0 can be denoted by
qj i (x1 , x)2 dx1
2
qij dx1
2i n
m n
i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
(12)
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XIE et al.: ALTITUDE CORRECTION OF RADIO INTERFERENCE OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINES PART I
2 S
(13)
Ex,i n = F S 2i n ,
2 L
(14)
Ex,i n = F L i n
where F S and F L represent the transfer function matrices from
excitation functions to the RI electric field for short lines and
long lines, respectively. If the excitation functions in these two
equations are identical, the RI electric fields of long and short
lines have the following relationship:
2 S
2 L
Ex,i n .
(15)
Ex,i n = F L F 1
S
Due to the terminal reflection of the lines, the RI electric field
of a short test line vibrates with frequency. However, the frequency characteristics of the RI electric field of practical long
lines are smoothly declining, since the terminal reflection may
be ignored. The effect of these two aspects leads to the oscillation
1
of F L F 1
S with frequency. Theoretically, F L F S at a certain
frequency is the corresponding conversion coefficient matrix,
but the experiment results at a single frequency are subject to be
influenced by the external interference. Especially, at the reference frequency of 0.5 MHz, the unintentional interference from
human activities and natural environment are very common, so
it is a better choice to make the RI conversion in a certain band
of frequency. Moreover, during the process of RI conversion,
a smooth frequency spectral curve related to the oscillating RI
frequency spectrum of the short line is needed as the base line,
representing the overall level of the frequency spectrum. The
maximum and minimum envelope curves are easy to derive.
It was presented in [17] and [18] that RI frequency spectrum
of the long lines is equal to the geometric mean of the maximum
and minimum frequency spectral envelopes of the short openended lines. The result is deduced for the single-conductor lines,
which may cause errors in the case of multiconductor lines.
On the other hand, the method in [17] and [18] adopt modal
transformation for the multiconductor transmission lines and
make inverse transformation after analysis of power spectral
density. However, it is obvious that the latter one is not a linear
transformation, so the order of the two processes cannot be
exchanged anyway.
Additionally, the measurement data show that the maximum
values are more likely to be disturbed, so its envelope is not
suitable to be the base line. As a result, the minimum envelope
is adopted as follows.
The RI conversion method from short lines to long lines
includes the following five steps.
First, measure the RI electric field frequency spectra on a
certain frequency range at n ground points perpendicular to the
line, denoted by ES,1 (f ), ES,2 (f ), . . . , ES , n(f ), where n is the
bundle conductor number generating RI.
Second, calculate the frequency characteristics of every element in the transfer function matrices F S and F L , denoted by
FS,ij (f ) and FL,ij (f )(i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n).
(16)
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.
(17)
U
Vy 2
y (Ly )
I y 1 and I y 2 are current vectors on both terminals of the
wires; V y 1 and V y 2 are voltage vectors on both terminals of
the wires; Z y c is the characteristic impedance matrix of the lead
wires; y (Ly ) is the propagation matrix of the lead wires; and
Ly is the length of lead wires. Let X represents the following
matrix:
X 11 X 12
X=
X 21 X 22
1
Z 1
0
U
y (Ly )
yc
=
U
y (Ly )
0 Z 1
yc
U
y (Ly )
U
y (Ly )
1
.
(18)
(19)
For the measuring section of the test line, the lead wires
connected to the terminal may be regard as impedance Z1 , and
the another terminal is open.
Assuming that the excitation function of the positive polar
conductor under arbitrary frequency is equal to 0 dB(A/m1/2 ),
the comparison of calculation and experiment frequency spectral curves is shown in Fig. 9(a). It is found that the values of
the excitation functions used in the calculation do not change
with frequency, and part of the minimum values on the frequency
spectral curve remained numerically stable. When the actual excitation function declines with frequency, the minimum values
at the same frequencies on the RI measured curve also decrease.
Thus, it is inferred that the decreasing trend of the values on
these frequencies reflects the attenuation characteristics of the
excitation function, as well as the frequency spectral features
of the RI level of infinite long lines. Therefore, we may select
some minimum values from the calculated frequency spectrum
of transfer function F s s element, which are relatively stable,
shown in Fig. 9(b), and then correspond them to the RI measurement frequency spectral curve shown in Fig. 9(a) to get the
marked frequency points in the figure.
To make the curve fitting for the selected minimum values on
measurement RI frequency spectrum shown in Fig. 9(a), we may
adopt a similar form with the RI frequency modified formula
given by
Em in = a + b(lg 10f )2
(20)
Fig. 10. RI electric field spectrum of long lines converted from the fitting
curve of minimum values on the measured RI spectrum of the test line.
where f is frequency with the unit MHz, and a, b are undetermined coefficients. The fitting curve for the selected values in
Fig. 9(a) is shown in Fig. 10. Then, using a constant to match
the values selected in Fig. 9(b) and according to the process presented in Section 4.1, the converted RI electric field frequency
spectrum of infinitely long lines is also shown in Fig. 10.
V. VERIFICATION
A. Verification of the RI Propagation Process
To verify the RI propagation process presented in this paper,
the calculated and measured results are compared under the
assumption that the excitation function of the positive conductor
is 0 dB(A/m1/2 ) for any frequency, and that of the negative one
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XIE et al.: ALTITUDE CORRECTION OF RADIO INTERFERENCE OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINES PART I
Fig. 11. Comparison of the calculated and measured RI spectrums for Beijing
full-scale test line (altitude 50 m).
Fig. 13. Comparison of the calculated and measured RI spectrums for Bahe
reduced-scale test line (altitude 3400 m).
Fig. 14. Comparison of the RI data between the converted data from test line
and measurement data on Hami-Zhengzhou 800-kV transmission line.
Fig. 12. Comparison of the calculated and measured RI spectrums for
Yangbajing full-scale test line (altitude 4300 m).
measured curves will match with each other not only in the
curve trends but also in the amplitudes.
The amplitude difference between calculated and measured
data in Fig. 11 are less than the difference in Fig. 12, which
means the value of the RI excitation function is corresponding
with the elevation. The difference of the RI excitation function
values derived, respectively, from Figs. 11 and 12 reflects the
RI correction factor from altitude 50 to 4300 m. However, the
RI excitation function value derived from Fig. 13 cannot be
compared with Figs. 11 and 12, because it is the value for
reduced-scale test line with thinner conductor. Nevertheless, the
elevation correction factor of the reduced-scale test lines can be
compared with that of the full-scale test lines within a certain
range.
B. Verification of the RI Conversion Method From Short Lines
to Long Lines
The RI conversion method from short lines to long lines is
validated in this section. Shown in Fig. 14, the RI data measured
on a test line are converted to the RI level of a practical long
line, and it is compared with the RI data of Hami-Zhengzhou
800-kV HVDC transmission line in China, which has the same
configuration and parameters as the test line.
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XIE et al.: ALTITUDE CORRECTION OF RADIO INTERFERENCE OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINES PART I
Yong Ju was born in Jilin, China, in 1977. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from North China Electric Power University,
Baoding, China, in 2000 and 2003, respectively.
He is currently at China Electric Power Research
Institute, Beijing, China. His main research interest
is electromagnetic environment in power systems.