Fale 3

Slide 1

WAVE PROPAGATION
Huyghens principle:

Slide 2

Behaviour of sound wave in air

at the presence of obstacles:

Ref. 3.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Specular and scattered reflection:

Refraction

Slide 3

Refs. 3 and 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
z1

A
B

z2
C

Incident wave Ae-jkx

Reflected wave Bejkx
Transmited wave Ce-jkx
Slide 4

Refs. 3 and 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
z1

A
B

z2
C

Pressure at the boundary:

Velocity at the boundary:

Slide 5

Refs. 3 and 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
z1

A
B

Therefore:

Amplitudes

z2
C

Sound intensity

Reflected:
Transmited:
Slide 6

Refs. 3 and 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
z1

r
i

z2
C

Sound intensity
Reflected:
Transmited:
Slide 7

Refs. 3 and 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Huyghens principle and
frequency effects of diffraction

Slide 8

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION

Slide 9

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION

Slide 10

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Attached end

Slide 11

Free end

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Reflection of acoustical wave in a pipe:

Slide 12

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Temperature and wind effects:

Slide 13

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Conditions of medium
Wind

Wind

Slide 14

Ref. 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Temperature effects and reflection:

Slide 15

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION

Effect of surface:

Slide 16

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION

Shape dependent specular

reflection

Slide 17

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION

Doppler effect and interference

Slide 18

Refs. 5 and 6.

WAVE PROPAGATION

Surface effects
Slide 19

Daigle, 2006

WAVE PROPAGATION

Surface effects
Slide 20

Daigle, 2006

WAVE PROPAGATION

Surface effects
Slide 21

Daigle, 2006

WAVE PROPAGATION
Scattering

C = 340m/s
a=
f=
10 m
17 Hz
1m
170 Hz
10 cm 1.7 kHz
1 cm
17 kHz
Slide 22

Specular flat (left)

<30Hz
<500Hz
<5 kHz

Scattering (mid.) Specular tilted (right)

1750 Hz
>100Hz
80-350 Hz
>1 kHz
0.8-3.5 kHz
>10 kHz
12-20 kHz
-Ref. 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
Scattering

In room acoustics:
= Eabsorbed/Eincident absorption coefficient,
s = 01, scattering coefficient
Scattering coefficient is an important parameter in computational
room acoustics modeling.
Slide 23

Ref. 4.

WAVE PROPAGATION
For 200-300 Hz:
1st harmonic: 0.001 dB/m
10th harmonic: 0.045 dB/m
At a distance 100m away,
0.1 and 4.5 dB,
respectively.

Sound attenuation in air:

Reasons for attenuation are

viscosity, heat conduction,
thermal relaxation.
Energy is irreversibly
extracted from the sound.
Humidity influences
attenuation in a crucial way:
a 10%
c 80%
B 40%
Slide 24

d 2
Ref. 4.

EXAMPLE OF HARMONIC SERIES

Slide 25

Sound attenuation in air causes a change in waveform at large

distance. Attenuation of high order harmonics is a cue for
distance perception.

RULES FOR LEVEL ADDITIONS

Original signal level: 50 dB
+1

+6 dB

-1

Canceling

+3 dB
(energy summation)
Amplitude summation

Energy summation
Slide 26

Ref. 4.

Slide 27