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f (a)
g( a )
f (c)
.
g (c)
[ f (b)
f ( a ) ] g( x )
[ g( b )
g( a ) ] f ( x ) .
[ f (b)
f ( b ) g( b )
[ f (b)
f ( a ) g( a )
f ( a ) ] g( a )
g( b ) f ( a )
f ( a ) ] g( b )
f ( a ) g( b )
[ g( b )
g( b ) f ( b )
[ g( b )
g( a ) ] f ( a ) =
g( a ) f ( a ) = f ( b ) g( a )
g ( b ) f ( a ) and
g( a ) ] f ( b ) =
g( a ) f ( b ) = g( a ) f ( b )
f ( a ) g( b )
Thus, by Rolles Theorem, there exists a number c in the open interval ( a , b ) such
that h ( c ) 0 . Since h( x ) [ f ( b ) f ( a ) ] g ( x ) [ g ( b ) g ( a ) ] f ( x ) and
f ( b ) f ( a ) and g ( b ) g ( a ) are constants, then
h ( x ) [ f ( b ) f ( a ) ] g ( x ) [ g( b ) g( a ) ] f ( x ) .
Thus, h ( c )
[ f (b)
[ f (b)
f (a)] g (c)
f (a)] g (c)
[ g( b )
[ g( b )
g( a ) ] f ( c )
g ( a ) ] f ( c ) and h (c )
0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
[ f (b)
NOTE:
g( x )
f (b)
g( b )
f (a)] g (c)
[ g( b )
f (b)
g( b )
g( a ) ] f ( c )
f (a)
g( a )
f (c)
g (c)
f ( x)
g( x )
lim
f ( x)
.
g ( x)
f (x)
f ( x)
provided that xlim a g ( x ) exists or xlim a g ( x )
} = (a
, a) (a, a
) be a deleted
Proof Let { x : 0 x a
neighborhood of the number a on which the functions f and g are differentiable.
f ( x)
0
Suppose that g ( x ) has the indeterminate form
at x a . Then we have that
0
f ( x)
L for some number
lim f ( x ) 0 and lim g ( x ) 0 . Suppose that xlim a
x
a
x
a
g ( x)
f ( x)
lim
L. We want to show that x a g ( x ) L . Lets defined the following two
,a
).
functions F and G on the open interval ( a
F( x )
f ( x) , x
0 , x
a
a
and G( x )
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
g( x ) , x
0 , x
a
a
,a
) , then the function F is
Since F ( x ) f ( x ) for all x a in ( a
, a) (a, a
) . Thus, the
differentiable on the deleted neighborhood ( a
, a) (a, a
).
function F is continuous on the deleted neighborhood ( a
Since lim F ( x ) lim f ( x ) 0 = F ( a ) , then the function F is continuous at
x
,a
).
x a . Thus, the function F is continuous on the interval ( a
,a
) . Thus, for each x in the
Similarly, the function G is continuous on ( a
, a) (a, a
) , we can apply Cauchys Formula to
deleted neighborhood ( a
the interval [ x , a ] if x a or to the interval [ a , x ] if x a for the functions F
and G. Thus, by Cauchys Formula, there exists a number c x between a and x
such that
F( x )
G( x )
F (cx )
F(a )
G( a )
G (cx )
a,
a , then we have that F ( x ) f ( x ) and G( x ) g ( x ) . Since c x
g ( c x ) . Also, F ( a ) 0 and
then we have that F ( c x ) f ( c x ) and G ( c x )
G( a ) 0 . Thus,
Since x
F( x )
G( x )
F (c x )
F(a )
G( a )
f ( x)
g( x )
G (cx )
f ( x)
g( x )
lim
f (c x )
0
0
g (cx )
a , we have that c x
f (cx )
a
g (cx )
lim
cx
f ( x)
This argument would also be true if xlim a g ( x )
indeterminate form
f ( x)
g( x )
f (cx )
a
g (cx )
f (cx )
g (cx ) .
a . Thus,
L.
calculus.
lim
sin x
0
x
lim
sin x
sin 0
0
=
=
0
x
0
0
Indeterminate Form
sin x
cos x
lim
=
= xlim 0 cos x = 1
0
x
0
x
1
Answer: 1
NOTE: The calculation of this limit was needed in order to calculate the
derivative of the sine function.
2.
lim
sin 3 t
0
5t
lim
sin 3 t
sin 0
0
=
=
0
5t
0
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
sin 3 t
3 cos 3 t
3
3
lim
lim cos 3 t =
=
=
0
t
0
5t
5
5 t 0
5
Answer:
3
5
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
3.
sin 2 x
5x
lim
x
Since
lim
x
5x
x , then
sin 2 x
0
=
0
x
sin 2 x
=
5x
lim
x
1
5
lim
x
sin 2 x
.
x
Indeterminate Form
sin 2 x
lim
=
x
0
5x
1
5
1
5
1
5
sin 2 x
lim
=
x
0
x
4
5
lim 4 x cos 2 x =
x
0
lim
x
lim
x
2 cos 2 x
=
1
2 x
x cos 2 x =
4
(0) = 0
5
Answer: 0
4.
lim
lim
cos h
h
cos h
h
cos 0
0
1
0
0
0
Indeterminate Form
cos h
h
= hlim 0
sin h
=
1
lim sin h
Answer: 0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
1 ( 0)
NOTE: The calculation of this limit was also needed in order to calculate the
derivative of the sine function.
5.
lim
lim
cos 6 x
4x2
cos 6 x
1
=
4x2
cos 0
1 1
0
=
=
0
0
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
1
0
cos 6 x
= xlim 0
4x2
sin 6 x
0
=
0
x
0
( 6 sin 6 x )
6 sin 6 x
3
sin 6 x
lim
= xlim 0
=
8x
8x
4 x 0 x
Indeterminate Form
9
2
Answer:
6.
lim
t
cos t
t3
lim
t
cos t
t3
cos 0
1 1
0
=
=
0
0
0
Indeterminate Form
cos t
t
lim
t
( sin t )
1
sin t
lim
=
2
3t
3 t 0 t2
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim
t
sin t
0
=
0
t2
Indeterminate Form
lim
t
cos t
1
=
0
t
cos t
:
t
Sign of y
1
sin t
1
cos t
lim
lim
=
by
t
0
3 t 0 t2
6 t 0
t
1
sin t
lim
LHopitals Rule, then
.
3 t 0 t2
Thus,
lim
Thus,
lim
t
cos t
t
cos t
t
. Since
1
sin t
lim
3 t 0 t2
Answer:
7.
lim
x
lim
x
tan 4 x
x
tan 4 x
tan 0
0
=
=
x
0
0
Indeterminate Form
4 sec 2 4 x
lim
4 sec 2 0 = 4 (1) 4
=
x
0
1
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
Answer: 4
8.
lim
tan ( 6 x )
0
x5
Since the tangent function is an odd function, then we may write tan ( 6 x ) =
tan 6 x . Thus, we have that
lim
lim
tan ( 6 x )
0
x5
tan 6 x
0 3
= xlim 0
tan 6 x
3
tan 0
0
=
0
0
x5
lim
tan 6 x
0 3
x5
Indeterminate Form
tan 6 x
0 3
x5
lim
1
sec 2 6 x
lim
=
x
0
x 2/3
0
Sign of y
sec 2 6 x
:
x 2/3
6 sec 2 6 x
5 2/3 =
x
3
18
sec 2 6 x
lim
5 x 0 x 2/3
+
0
sec 2 6 x
Thus, x lim0
x 2/3
sec 2 6 x
and x lim0
x 2/3
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
sec 2 6 x
. Thus, xlim 0 2 / 3
x
lim
Since
lim
tan 6 x
0 3
x5
0 3
Thus, xlim 0
x5
tan 6 x
18
sec 2 6 x
lim
by LHopitals Rule, then
5 x 0 x 2/3
tan ( 6 x )
3
x5
lim
tan 6 x
0 3
x5
Answer:
9.
lim
lim
sec 5
7
sec 5
7
1
2
1
2
sec 0
0
1
0
0
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
sec 5
7
1
2
5 sec 5 tan 5
0
14
5 sec 5 tan 5
14
lim
tan 5
0
5
( lim sec 5 )
0
14
1 , then
lim
5
( lim sec 5 )
0
14
5
tan 5
lim
0
14
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
tan 5
0
lim
tan 5
0
lim
tan 5
0
0
Indeterminate Form
Thus, lim 0
Answer:
10.
5
lim 5 sec 2 5
0
14
sec 5
7
1
2
= lim 0
25
lim sec 2 5
0
14
5 sec 5 tan 5
14
25 2
25
sec 0 =
14
14
5
tan 5
lim
0
14
25
.
14
25
14
4 x 2 3x 6
lim
x
5 2 x 3x 2
4 x 2 3x 6
lim
=
x
5 2 x 3x 2
Indeterminate Form
lim
8x 3
lim
2 6x = x
Answer:
8
6 =
4
3
4
3
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
Indeterminate Form
11.
lim
6t
t2
7
9
lim
6t
t2
7
=
9
Indeterminate Form
lim
6t
t2
7
=
9
lim
6
1
= 3 t lim
= 3 (0)
2t
t
Answer: 0
12.
5x 3x 2
lim
x
4 x 11
5x 3x 2
lim
=
x
4 x 11
Indeterminate Form
lim
6x
4
1
lim ( 5
4 x
6x) =
Answer:
13.
12
lim
w
(4w2
8 w 6 3 w 10
5 ) 3 ( 2 w 4 3)
12
lim
w
(4w2
8 w 6 3 w 10
=
5 ) 3 ( 2 w 4 3)
Indeterminate Form
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
You can apply LHopitals Rule to this limit. However, it much easier to use
the methods of the MATH-1850 course to evaluate this limit.
lim
lim
lim
12
w 10
1
(4w2
6
w
8
3
w4
1
5) 3 4 ( 2 w 4
w
12
w 10
8
w4
0) (2
5)
3)
3
w4
3
=
64 ( 2 )
=
0)
lim
12
(4w2
lim
3
3
1
(4w2
2
w
(4
8 w 6 3 w 10
=
5 ) 3 ( 2 w 4 3)
12
(4w2
lim
1
w 10
1
w 10
10
8w
3w
5) 3 ( 2 w 4 3)
12
w 10
1
w2
8
w4
(4w
12
8
w 10 w 4
3
5
4
2
w2
5)
3
w4
3
3
w4
3
128
3
128
Answer:
NOTE: I will let you do the TEN applications of LHopitals Rule in order to
produce this answer.
14.
lim
lim
5x
11
x
5x
4
3
2
11
x
3
2
9
4
3
0
=
2
0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
Indeterminate Form
lim
1
( 5 x 11)
5 x 11 3
2
= xlim 4
1 1/ 2
x 2
x
2
1/ 2
5 x 1/ 2
5 (2)
= xlim 4
=
=
( 5 x 11) 1 / 2
3
10
3
Answer:
10
3
15.
lim
lim
t2
49 2 3 3
t 5
t2
49 2 3 3
=
t 5
0
0
24
23 3
23 3
23 3
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
t2
49 2 3 3
=
t 5
2
5
3 ( 24 ) 2 / 3 =
lim
10
3 ( 24 ) 2 / 3 =
1 2
(t
5 3
49 )
2/3
10 ( 24 ) 1 / 3
=
3 ( 24 )
53 3
18
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
2
lim
2t =
5 (t 2
3 t
10 ( 2 ) 3 3
=
3 ( 24 )
t
49 ) 2 / 3 =
53 3
=
3 (6)
53 3
18
Answer:
NOTE: This is the limit which is required to calculate the value of the
2
49 at t
5 using the definition of
derivative of the function f ( t ) 3 t
derivative. It is ironic that we used the value of the derivative of this function
5 in order to calculate this limit. To calculate this limit, without
at t
using LHopitals Rule, would require the algebra of rationalizing the
3
b 3 ( a b ) ( a 2 a b b 3 ) , then in order to
numerator. Since a
t2
(t 2
49 ) 2
3
lim
lim
lim
lim
49 )
2 3 3 (t 2
t2
49 2 3 3
t 5
(3 t 2
5
(3 t 2
49 2 3 3
=
t 5
lim
lim
2 3 3 in the fraction
49 ) 2
t2
3
t
49
49 2 3 3
, we would need to multiply the numerator and denominator
t 5
2
of the fraction by ( 3 t
3
t2
(t
5) ( 3 ( t 2
(t 2
49 ) 2
2 3 3 (t 2
49 )
43 9
(t 2
49 ) 2
2 3 3 (t 2
49 )
43 9
49 ) 3
49 ) 2
(t
5) ( 3 ( t 2
49
49 ) 2
(t
5) ( 3 ( t 2
49 ) 2
(t
5
(t
5) ( 3 ( t 2
49 ) 2
49 )
43 9 )
49 )
43 9 )
49 )
43 9 )
49 )
43 9 )
24
2 3 3 (t 2
t2
(2 3 3 )3
2 3 3 (t 2
t2
5
(2 3 3 ) 2 =
49 ) ( 2 3 3 )
25
2 3 3 (t 2
5) ( t
5)
2 3 3 (t 2
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim
t
5 3
(t 2
49 ) 2
2 3 3 (t 2
49 )
10
3
( 24 ) 2
2 3 3 ( 24 )
10
2 3 3 ( 8 3)
( 3 24 ) 2
10
43 9
43 9
53 3
18
16.
lim
lim
5x 2
4x
10
3
24 2
2 3 3 ( 24 )
10
43 9
(2 3 3 ) 2
10
=
12 3 9
43 9
43 9
53 3
5
63 9
6 3 27
53 3
=
6 ( 3)
4x
3
43 9
43 9
43 9
43 9
21
19
5x 2
4
21
19
21
3 64
21
0
=
4
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
lim
4x
3
5x
9
2
2 (4 x
1
(4x
2
21
19
9)
= xlim 3 1
4
(5x 2
3
1/ 2
= xlim 3
9)
19 )
2/3
10 x
6 ( 4 x 9 ) 1/ 2
3
( 5 x 2 19 ) 2 / 3
lim
= x 3
=
10 x ( 5 x 2 19 ) 2 / 3
5
x ( 4 x 9 ) 1/ 2
10
x ( 5 x 2 19 ) 2 / 3
3
16 21
1 16
16
3 64 2 / 3
=
=
=
5 3 21
5
105
21
5 21
1/ 2
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
16 21
Answer:
105
17.
lim
lim
sin 3 y
cos 5 y
y2
e3y
sin 3 y
cos 5 y
y2
e3y
1
0
0
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
sin 3 y
0
0
0
e3y
cos 5 y
y2
=
0
0
= ylim 0
3 cos 3 y
5 sin 5 y
2y
3 e3y
Indeterminate Form
lim
lim
3 cos 3 y
0
9 sin 3 y
0
Answer:
18.
3 e3y
5 sin 5 y
2y
25 cos 5 y
2
= ylim 0
9 e3y
3 ( 3 sin 3 y )
25
2
17
ln x 3
lim
x
0 cot 6 x
ln x 3
lim
=
x
0 cot 6 x
Indeterminate Form
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
5 5 cos 5 y
2
34
=
2
17
3 3 e3y
3 ln x
ln x 3
Since x lim0
= x lim0
, then applying LHopitals Rule to the
cot 6 x
cot 6 x
last limit, we have that
3 ln x
lim
=
x
0 cot 6 x
lim
x
0
sin 2 6 x
lim
=
x
0
x
0
3
x
=
6 csc 2 6 x
1
sin 2 6 x
lim
2 x 0
x
Indeterminate Form
1
lim 2 sin 6 x ( cos 6 x ) 6 =
2 x 0
3 lim sin 12 x =
x
0
Answer: 0
19.
sin 2 4 t
lim
t
0 3t 2
sin 2 4 t
0
lim
=
2
t
0 3t
0
Indeterminate Form
sin 2 4 t
1
sin 2 4 t
lim
=
, then applying LHopitals Rule to the
3t 2
3 t 0 t2
last limit, we have that
Since tlim0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
1
2 sin 4 t ( cos 4t ) 4
2
2 sin 4 t cos 4t
1
sin 2 4 t
lim
lim
lim
=
=
=
2
3 t 0 t
3 t 0
2t
3 t 0
t
2
sin 8 t
lim
3 t 0 t
sin 8 t
0
=
0
t
0
lim
sin 8 t .
Indeterminate Form
sin 2 4 t
1
2 sin 4 t ( cos 4t ) 4
2
sin 8 t
lim
lim
Thus, tlim0
=
=
=
2
3t
3 t 0
2t
3 t 0 t
16
16
lim cos 8 t =
3 t 0
3
Answer:
20.
lim
16
3
tan 3
ln sin
lim
tan 3
ln sin
tan 3
=
2
ln sin
tan
ln 1
0
0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
Indeterminate Form
lim
3 sec 2 3
lim
1
cos
2
2
tan 3
ln sin
=
2
sin
Since
lim tan
= 6 lim tan
lim sec 2 3
sec 2 3
2
= sec 3
2
= sec
2
= ( 1) =
lim
tan 3
ln sin
Answer:
21.
y3 8
lim
y
2 ln ( 4 y 2
15)
0
y3 8
0
lim
=
=
2
y
2 ln ( 4 y
ln 1
15)
0
Indeterminate Form
lim
3y2
8y
4y
3
lim y ( 4 y 2
2
8y
Answer:
15 ) =
sec 2 3
and
3 sec 2 3
lim
1
cot
2
2
=
15
3
( 2 ) (1) =
8
3
4
3
4
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim 3 y
2
4 y 2 15
=
8y
22.
lim
lim
ln ( 7 2 x )
x2 6x 9
ln ( 7 2 x )
=
x2 6x 9
9
ln 1
0
=
18 9
0
Indeterminate Form
Sign of y
(x
1
3) ( 2 x
7)
1
3) ( 2 x
+
7
2
ln ( 7 2 x )
is the set of numbers
x2 6x 9
Thus,
, 3)
lim
x
3,
7)
7
.
2
ln ( 7 2 x )
x2 6x 9
and
lim
x
ln ( 7 2 x )
x2 6x 9
ln ( 7 2 x )
Thus, xlim 3 x 2 6 x 9 = DNE.
Answer: DNE
Now, we will study the indeterminate forms of 0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
0
,1 ,0 ,
, and
as either the
lim x 2 e 5 x
Since
lim e 5 x
0 , then
lim x 2 e 5 x =
x
Indeterminate Form
e 5x
lim x 2 e 5 x =
Since x e =
2 , then we could write
x
x
0
indeterminate form of this last limit is .
0
2
Since x e
5x
5x
x2
e
5x
lim
e 5x
=
x 2
lim
5e 5 x
=
2x 3
lim
5x
lim
lim
e 5x
. The
x 2
x2
e
5x
. The
e 5x
, we have that
x 2
5
5e 5 x
lim
2 x
x 3
0
5e 5 x
Since x
=
, then we can apply LHopitals Rule again.
x 3
0
However, since the exponent on the x in the denominator will always stay
negative and the numerator will always contain the exponential function, we
will not be able to determine an answer for the limit.
lim
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim
x2
5x
lim
5x
lim
5x
2x
5e
lim
2
x
lim
5 x
e 5x
5x
Indeterminate Form
2
x
lim
=
5 x
e 5x
2
(0)
25
Thus,
1
5e
5x
2
1
2
lim
lim e 5 x =
=
5
x
25 x
e
25 x
lim x e
5x
lim
x2
e
5x
2
x
2
lim
lim e 5 x
=
5
x
5 x
e
25 x
Answer: 0
2.
lim
t
/ 2)
Since
ln
sec t ln tan
lim
t
5t
2
sec t
and
/ 2)
1 = 0, then
lim
t
lim
t
sec t ln tan
/ 2)
ln tan
/ 2)
5t
=
2
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
5t
2
ln tan
0
5
4
Indeterminate Form
ln tan
5t
2
lim
t
sec t ln tan
/ 2)
5t
2
5t
2
, then we can write
cos t
ln tan
1
sec t
5t
2
, which has an indeterminate
cos t
ln tan
5t
=
2
lim
t
/ 2)
0
.
0
form of
5t
2
cos t
ln tan
lim
t
/ 2)
sin
/ 2)
tan
5
4
5
2
lim
t
2 )2
5 (
=
2 ( 1) ( 1)
5t
2
5t =
sin t tan
2
sec 2
/ 2)
5
(2) =
2
Answer:
3.
5
4
sec 2
5
2
lim
5
5t
sec 2
2
2
5t
tan
2
=
sin t
lim sin 3 x ln x 2
x
Since
0
lim ln x 2
x
and
lim sin 3 x
x
0 , then
lim sin 3 x ln x 2 =
x
0
Indeterminate Form
2
Since sin 3 x ln x
ln x 2
2 ln x
=
=
1
csc 3 x , then we can write
sin 3 x
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim sin 3 x ln x 2 =
x
0
2 ln x
, which has an indeterminate form of
csc 3 x
lim
x
sin 3 x
0
=
x
0
2
3
lim
x
2
1
lim
=
3 x 0 x csc 3 x cot 3 x
sin 3 x
x
lim tan 3 x
x
Indeterminate Form
sin 3 x
=
x
lim 3 cos 3x
x
tan 0
0 , then
2
3
lim
x
sin 3 x
x
lim tan 3 x
x
Answer: 0
4.
lim
cot
Since
lim cot
Since
cot
lim
0
, then
1
cot
lim
cot
= 0
Indeterminate Form
0
,
which
has
an
indeterminate
form
of
.
tan
0
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
cot
lim
tan
1
sec 2
lim cos 2
Answer: 1
5.
6
x3
lim x 3 sin
6
6
= sin xlim 3
3
x
x
Indeterminate Form
6
x3
sin
3
Since x sin
1
x3
3
, then we can write xlim x sin
1
x3
6
x3
3
0 , then xlim x sin
6
x3
sin
lim
6
x3
= sin 0
6
x3
6 Dx
1
x3
0
.
0
sin
x
lim
1
x3
6 lim cos
x
6
x3
cos
= xlim
= 6 cos
6
x3
Dx
1
x3
Dx
lim
6
x3
6
x3
= xlim
= 6 cos 0
Answer: 6
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
6
x3
cos
6 ( 1)
Dx
1
x3
6.
lim
y
( sec 3 y
lim
Since
lim
y
tan 3 y )
/ 2)
sec 3 y
( sec 3 y
tan 3 y ) =
( sec 3 y
tan 3 y ) =
/ 2)
lim
and
/ 2)
tan 3 y
, then
/ 2)
) =
/ 2)
1
cos 3 y
Indeterminate
Form
lim
y
/ 2)
lim
y
/ 2)
then
/ 2)
/ 2)
sin
lim
y
/ 2)
3
2
1 sin 3 y
0
=
cos 3 y
0
sin 3 y
lim
y
sin 3 y
cos 3 y
sin 3 y
cos 3 y
lim
Since
lim
sin 3 y
=
cos 3 y
1 and
cos 3 y
3
2
cos
/ 2)
Indeterminate Form
1
lim
y
lim
y
lim
/ 2)
/ 2)
sin 3 y
, we have that
cos 3 y
3 cos 3 y
=
3 sin 3 y
lim
y
cot 3 y
/ 2)
Answer: 0
7.
lim [ ln ( 2 x
3)
Since xlim ln ( 2 x
x
lim [ ln ( 2 x
3)
ln (5 x
3)
ln (5 x
4)]
and xlim ln (5 x
4)
4)] =
Indeterminate Form
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
, then
0,
lim [ ln ( 2 x
ln
3)
2
5
lim
2x
5x
apply LHopitals Rule.
lim ( 6 x 2
Since
x
7x
6x 2
7x
and
lim
7x
6x 2
11 ) =
lim ( 6 x 2
7x
6x 2
11 ) =
lim
7x
6x2
7x
6x2
7x
7x
6x
(6 x 2
7x
6x2
2x
5x
3
4
, then we can
11 )
lim ( 6 x 2
lim
lim
3
has an indeterminate form of
4
6x 2
lim
lim ( 6 x
3
= ln
4
2
5
Answer: ln
2x
5x
2
5
= ln
8.
4 ) ] = xlim ln
ln (5 x
11 )
11)
6x2
11
20
6x2
11
11
, then
Indeterminate Form
6x2
7x
6x2
11
6x2
7x
6x2
11
= x lim
1
x
1 =
x
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
6x 2
7x
6x2
7x
20
6x2
11
20
x
7
x
lim
1
(6 x 2
2
x
7x
lim
6
7
x
7 6
12
Answer:
7 6
12
7
2 6
9.
lim ( t 2
Since
9)
20
x
7
9
x2
1
(6 x 2
2
x
11
x2
11)
0
0
7
6
ln t 2 )
lim t 2
and
lim ln t 2
, then
lim ( t 2
ln t 2 ) =
Indeterminate Form
lim ( t
ln t ) =
Now, consider
lim
ln t 2
Since t lim
=
t2
limit, we have that
lim
2 ln t
=
t2
lim t
ln t 2
t2
ln t 2
=
t2
lim
2
lim t =
2t
Indeterminate Form
2 ln t
, then applying LHopitals Rule to this last
t2
lim
1
t2
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
Thus,
Thus,
Since
Thus,
ln t 2
lim
=
t2
lim
lim t
lim ( t
ln t 2
t2
= 1
and
2 ln t
t2
lim
lim
1.
ln t 2
t2
ln t ) =
0.
lim t
1 , then
lim t
ln t 2
t2
ln t 2
t2
Answer:
10.
lim
y
Since
lim
y
lim
y
1
y
log 3 ( y )
lim
y
1
y
1
y
log 3 ( y )
1
y
log 3 ( y )
Now, consider
Since
and
lim log 3 ( y )
0
Indeterminate Form
1
[1
y
lim
y
y log 3 ( y ) ]
lim y log 3 ( y ) = 0
0
lim y log 3 ( y ) =
0
, then
lim
y
Indeterminate Form
log 3 ( y )
, then applying LHopitals Rule
1
y
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim
y
Thus,
Since
lim
y
Thus,
log 3 ( y )
=
1
y
lim
y
lim y log 3 ( y )
0
lim
y
1
[1
y
and
1
y
1
lim y =
ln 3 y 0
0 . Thus,
lim [1
y
lim [1
y
y log 3 ( y ) ]
lim
y
1
y
1
y ln 3
=
1
y2
log 3 ( y )
1
(0)
ln 3
y log 3 ( y ) ] = 1
1.
y log 3 ( y ) ] = 1, then
lim
y
1
[1
y
y log 3 ( y ) ]
Answer:
g( x )
Guidelines for evaluating xlim a f ( x )
if the indeterminate form is 1 , 0 0 , and
.
f ( x ) g( x )
1.
Let y
2.
3.
4.
If xlim a ln y
x
NOTE: Since the natural exponential function y e is continuous for all
ln y
y for all positive real numbers, then lim y =
real numbers and e
x
a
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim e ln y = e x
x
a
lim ln y
a
lim ( 9 x 2
1) 1 / x
2
Since xlim 0 ( 9 x
1
x2
1 and lim
x
0
1)
2
, then xlim 0 ( 9 x
1) 1 / x
Indeterminate Form.
Let y
( 9x
1)
1/ x 2
1
ln ( 9 x 2
2
x
. Then ln y
ln ( 9 x 2
Now, find xlim 0
x2
1)
ln ( 9 x 2
1) =
x2
1)
0
.
0
lim
ln ( 9 x
0
x2
18 x
18 x
1
9
1)
9x 2 1
lim
= x 0
= xlim 0 9 x 2 1 2 x = xlim 0 9 x 2 1
2x
ln ( 9 x 2
Thus, xlim 0 ln y = xlim 0
x2
2
Thus, xlim 0 y = xlim 0 ( 9 x
1) 1 / x
1)
= e9
Answer: e 9
2.
lim (1
t
tan 5 t ) csc 3 t
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim (1
Since
Let y
1 and
tan 5 t ) csc 3 t = 1
lim (1
t
tan 5 t )
csc 3t ln (1
tan 5 t ) =
ln ( 1 tan 5 t )
.
sin 3 t
ln (1 tan 5 t )
0
, which has an indeterminate form of .
sin 3 t
0
lim
t
, then
Indeterminate Form.
(1
Now, find
lim csc 3 t
t
1
=
0 ) (1)
5
3
Thus, t lim0 ln y =
lim
Thus,
(1
lim y =
t
0
Answer: e
3.
lim
lim
1
x
1
x
lim (1
t
ln (1 tan 5 t )
=
sin 3 t
tan 5 t ) csc 3 t = e
5
lim
3 t 0 (1
5
3
5/3
5/3
= 1
Indeterminate Form.
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
sec 5 t
=
tan 5 t ) cos 3 t
Let y
1
x
1
x
ln 1
. Then ln y
1
x
1
x
1
x
ln 1
x ln 1
1
x
0
.
0
Dx 1
1
x
ln 1
x
lim
1
x
lim
1
1 = 1
x
1
x
1
x
= xlim
1
0
Dx
= xlim
1
x
1
1
Dx
x
x
Dx
1
x
1
x
= e
Answer: e
x
1
1
lim
1
1
e
NOTE: Since x
= , then we can use the expression
x
x
to generate approximations for the number e . You can use your calculator to
verify that
1
1,000,000
1, 000, 000
2.71828 .
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
4.
lim
lim
4
t
4
t
Let y
2t
2t
= 1
4
t
Indeterminate Form.
. Then ln y
lim
4
t
2 t ln 1
1
t
4
t
2 ln 1
Now, find
4
t
2 ln 1
2t
1
t
0
.
0
Dt 1
2 ln 1
t
lim
4
t
2 lim
t
= 2 t lim
1
t
4 Dt
1
4
t
1
Dt
t
1
t
4
1
Dt
t
t
Thus, xlim y =
lim
4 =
t
= 2 t lim
8 lim
4
t
2t
= e
4
t
Dt
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
1
1
4
1
Dt
t
t
0 =
Answer: e
5.
or
1
e8
lim x x
x
lim x x = 0 0
x
0
Let y
Indeterminate Form.
x x . Then ln y
lim
Now, find
ln x
1 .
x
x ln x =
ln x
1 , which has an indeterminate form of
x
lim
x
ln x
1 =
x
1
x
1 =
x2
lim
x
Thus, xlim ln y =
Thus, xlim y =
lim x ln x
x
1
x
lim
0
x2 =
lim x x = e 0
x
0
Answer: 1
6.
3t
lim ( e )
tan
5
t
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
lim x
x
Since
lim e
0
= 0
0 and
5
lim tan
t
= tan 0
0 , then
3t
lim ( e )
tan
5
t
Indeterminate Form.
5
t
tan
3t
Let y
(e )
Now, find
Since
3t
. Then ln y
lim 3 t tan
5
t
lim 3 t tan
5
5
ln e 3 t = 3 t tan
.
t
t
tan
5
0.
, which has an indeterminate form of
t
5
tan
t
3
lim
= t
, which has an indeterminate form
1
0
, then we can applying LHopitals Rule to this last limit. Thus,
0
of
5
t
tan
3 lim
15 lim sec 2
t
Thus,
= 3 t lim
1
t
Thus,
sec 2
5
t
2
= 15 sec
lim ln y =
lim y =
lim
lim ( e )
tan
5
t
5
t
lim 3 t tan
3t
5
5
Dt
t
t
1
Dt
t
5
t
7.
lim ( e )
sin
15
= e 15
a
x6
= 3 t lim
2
= 15 sec 0
Answer: e 15
x6
sec 2
, where a is a constant
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
15
5
1
5 Dt
t
t
1
Dt
t
Since xlim e
0
Let y
a
and xlim sin 6
x
x6
0 , then lim ( e )
sin
a
x6
Indeterminate Form.
x6
sin
(e )
a
x6
. Then ln y
6
Now, find xlim x sin
6
Since xlim x sin
a
x6
a
a
x6
6
ln
e
= x sin 6 .
6
x
x
sin
a
0.
, which has an indeterminate form of
x6
a
sin 6
x
lim
= x
, which has an indeterminate form
1
x6
0
, then we can applying LHopitals Rule to this last limit. Thus,
0
of
a
x6
sin
x
= sin 0
x6
lim
a
a
D
x
x6
x6
1
Dx 6
x
cos
= xlim
1
x6
lim
a
x6
6
Thus, xlim ln y = xlim x sin
a
x6
a lim cos
x
a
x6
= a cos
x6
sin
= xlim
= a cos 0
a
x6
cos
= ea
a
Answer: e
Copyrighted by P.T.Bathe
a ( 1)
a
1
a
D
x
x6
x6
1
Dx 6
x
a