Measures of Dispersion,

Skewness and Kurtosis

SOLUTIONS
1.1. The lowest and highest marks are 4 and 46 respectively. Thus,
Range = L S = 46 4 = 42
LS
46 4
42
Coeff. of Range =
=
= 0.84
=
50
L+ S
46 + 4
1.2. Do yourself.
2.1. It is clear that the given is a discrete series. In discrete series also we find lowest and
highest value of the variate X. The frequencies remain untouched in the measurement of
range.
Range = L S = 59 18 = 41
LS
59 18 41
Coefficient of Range =
=
=
= 0 532
L + S 59 + 18 77
2.2. Do yourself.
3.1. Range = 2000 1000 = 1000
LS
2000 1000 1
Coefficient of Range =
=
= = 0 33
L + S 2000 + 1000 3
3.2. Do yourself.
4.1. The given series is a inclusive series and so it will be converted into an exclusive series. By
doing so first class interval will be 9.5 19.5 and last class interval will be 40.5 49.5 and
the highest and lowest values will be 49.5 and 9.5 respectively.
Thus,
Range = L S = 49.5 9.5 = 40
LS
49.5 9.5
40
Coeff. of Range =
=
=
= 0.678
49.5 + 9.5
59
L+ S
5.1. Coefficient of Range =

LS
= 0 6 (given)
L+ S

60 S
24
= 0 6 60 S = 36 + 6 S 24 = 1 6S S =
= 15
60 + S
1 6
5.2. Do yourself.
6.1. Arrange the observations in ascending order as under :
37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54
N +1
11 + 1
th item =
Q1 No. =
= 3 rd item
4
4
Q1 = Value of the 3rd item = 41
3 ( N + 1)
3( 11 + 1)
th item =
th item = 9 th item
Q3 No. =
4
4
Q3 = Value of the 9th item = 49
Inter-quartile Range = Q3 Q1 = 49 41 = 8
Q Q1
49 41
Quartile Deviation = 3
=
=4
2
2
Q Q1
49 41
8
Coefficient of Q. D. = 3
=
=
= 0.089
Q3 + Q1
49 + 41 90

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

31

6.2. Do yourself.
7.1. For finding Q1 and Q3 we prepare cumulative frequency table as under :
Height (cm.)
135
136
137
138
139

f
15
20
32
35
33

c.f.
15
35
67
102
135

Height (cm.)
f
140
22
141
20
142
10
143
8
144
4
N +1
199 + 1
th item =
Q1 No. =
= 50 th item
4
4
This Q1 No. lies in c.f. 67. Thus, Q1 = 137
3 ( N + 1)
3 (199 + 1)
th item =
Q3 No. =
= 150 th item
4
4
This Q3 No. lies in c.f. 157. Thus, Q3 = 140
Q Q1 140 137
Quartile Deviation = 3
=
= 1.5
2
2
Q Q1
140 137
3
Coefficient of Q. D. = 3
=
=
= 0.010
Q3 + Q1 140 + 137 277

7.2. Do yourself.
8.1.
Class
48
8 12
12 16
16 20
20 24

f
6
10
18
30
15

c.f.
6
16
34
64
79

Class
24 28
28 32
32 36
36 40

f
12
10
6
2

c.f.
157
177
187
195
199

c.f.
91
101
107
109

N
109
Q1 No. = th item =
th item = 27.25
4
4
Q1 No. 27.25 lies in c.f. 34. Using the formula in class 12 16
i N
4

Q1 = L1 +
( 27.25 16)
C = 12 +

f 4
18
4
45
= 12 +
11.25 = 12 +
= 12 + 2.5 = 14.5
18
18
3 (109)
3N
th item =
Q3 No. =
th item = 81.75
4
4
Q3 No. 81.75 lies in c.f. 91, whose class interval is 24 28. Using the formula :
i 3N
4
4
11
Q3 = L1 +
C = 24 +
( 81.75 79) = 24 +
2.75 = 24 +
= 24.92

f 4
12
12
12
Q Q1
24.92 14.5 10.42
Quartile Deviation = 3
=
=
= 5.21
2
2
2
Q3 Q1
24.92 14.5 10.42
Coefficient of Q. D. =
=
=
= 0.264
Q3 + Q1
24.92 + 14.5 39.42
8.2. Do yourself.
9.1.
Class
Frequency
Class Interval
c.f
04
3
0.5 4.5
3
59
6
4.5 9.5
9
1014
10
9.5 14.5
19
1519
12
14.5 19.5
31

32

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054

15
22
12
10
8
8
4

Q1 = N 4 = 110 4 = 27.5

19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
49.5

24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
49.5
54.5

46
68
80
90
98
106
110

Q1 Class = 14.5 19.5

Q3 = 3N 4 = 3 110 4 = 82.5
Q3 Class = 34.5 39.5
i N
5
5

Q1 = L1 +
(27.5 19) =
8.5 = 18.04
C = 14.5 +

f 4
12
12
i 3N
5
5
Q3 = L1 +
C = 34.5 +
(82.5 80) =
2.5 = 35.75

f 4
10
10
Inter Quartile Range = Q3 Q1 = 35.75 18.04 = 17.71
Quartile Deviation = ( Q3 Q1 ) 2 = (35.75 18.04) 2 = 8.855
Q Q1
35.75 18.08 17.71
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation = 3
=
=
= 0.329
Q3 + Q1
35.75 + 18.08 53.79
10.1. Since mid values have been given, so the series must be continuous one. We have to
determine the class intervals with the help of mid values.
Steps to make continuous series from mid valuers :
1. Find gap of mid values
10
2. Divide the gap by 2, i.e.,
= 5 here.
2
3. Add and subtract the outcome of step 2 from every mid values to find the respective
class intervals, e.g., if mid value is 10, class intervals must be 10 5 = 5 to 15.
Mid values
10
20
30
40
50
N
Q1 =
4

f
3
5
8
3
1
N = 20
20
th item =
= 5 th item
4

c.f
3
8
16
19
20

1
gap = X
2
10 5 = 5 15
20 5 = 15 25
30 5 = 25 35
40 5 = 35 45
50 5 = 45 55
m

It lies in c.f. 8, i.e., in class interval 15 25.

i N

[Here L1 = 15, f = 5, C = 3, i = 10]

Q1 = L1 +
C

f 4
10
= 15 +
( 5 3) = 15 + 4 = 19
5
N
20
Q3 = 3 th item = 3 th item = 15 th item
4
4
15 th item lies in c.f. 16 and against class interval 25 35.
i 3N
Q3 = L1 +
C [ L1 = 25, f = 8, C = 8, i = 10]

f 4
10
10
= 25 +
(15 8) = 25 +
7 = 25 + 8.75 = 33.75
8
8

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

33

We know that
Quartile Deviation =

Q3 Q1
33.75 19 14.75
=
=
= 7.37
2
2
2

11.1.
X
05
5 15
15 40
40 50
50 70
70 100

f
5
8
10
12
8
7
N = 50

c.f
5
13
23
35
43
50

N
50
Q1 = th item =
= 12.5 th item
4
4
It lies in c.f. 13 and against class interval 5 15.
i N

[Here L1 = 5, f = 8, C = 5, i = 10 ]
Q1 = L1 +
C

f 4
10
10
(7.5) = 5 + 9.37 = 14.37
Q1 = 5 +
(12.5 5) = 5 +
8
8
N
50
Q3 = 3 th item = 3 th item = 37.5 th item
4
4
It lies in c.f. 43 and against it class interval 50 70.
i 3N
Q3 = L1 +
C

f 4

[ L1 = 50, f = 8, C = 35, i = 20, i.e., gap of 50 70]

20
20
Q3 = 50 +
( 37.5 35) = 50 +
2.5 = 50 + 6.25 = 56.25
8
8
Q Q1
56.25 14.37 41.88
Thus,
Q.D. = 3
=
=
= 20.94
2
2
2
12.1.
X

| d X | X 30

| d Med. | X 35

| dMo | X 35

11
12
16
18
22
35
35
38
42
50
51
330

19
18
14
12
8
5
5
8
12
20
21
142

24
23
19
17
13
0
0
3
7
15
16
137

24
23
19
17
13
0
0
3
7
15
16
137

X
330
=
= 30
N
11
N + 1
Median = Size of
th item = 6th item = 35
2
X =

Mode = 35
| d X | 142
MD ( X ) =
=
= 12.90
N
11

34

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

M.D(Med) =

| M . D( Med.) |
N

137
= 12.45
11

| dMo | 137
=
= 12.45
N
11
M.D. ( X ) 12.9
Coefficient of Mean Deviation from AM =
=
= 0.43
X
30
M.D. (Med.) 12.45
Coefficient of Mean Deviation from Median =
=
= 0.36
Median
35
M.D.(Mode) 12.45
Coefficient of Mean Deviation from Mode =
=
= 0.36
Mode
35
13.1.
f
| dX |
| d Med. | f
| d Mo |
| d Mo |
X
f
c.f.
fX
|
d
|
X 17
X 16 | d M |
X 16
X
M.D(Mode) =

12
14
16
18
22
24

1
2
3
3
1
1
10

1
3
6
8
9
10

12
28
48
36
22
24
170

5
3
1
1
5
7

5
6
3
2
5
7
28

4
2
0
2
6
8

4
4
0
4
6
8
26
| d X | 28
MD( X ) =
=
=
N
10

4
2
0
2
6
8

4
4
0
4
6
8
26

X 170
2.8
=
= 17;
N
10
2.8
Coefficient of Mean Deviation =
= 0.16
17
N +1
Median = Size of
th item = 10 + 1 2 = 5.5th item Median = 16
2
f | dM | 26
MD(Med.) =
=
= 2.6
N
10
MD(Med.) 2.6
Coefficient of Mean Deviation =
=
= 0.16
Median
16
Mo = 16
f | dMo | 26
MD(Mode) =
=
= 2.6
N
10
MD(Mode) 2.6
Coefficient of Mean Deviation =
=
= 0.16
Mode
16
14.1.
X =

Size

M.V.

c.f

| X Md |

f | X Md |

0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60

5
15
25
35
45
55

10
12
25
35
40
50

10
22
47
82
122
172

36
26
16
6
4
14

360
312
400
210
160
700
f| X M d |
= 2,142

Median

N
= Value of th item = Value of
2

172 th or 86 th item

This item lies in c.f. 122 which belongs to 40 50 class. Hence, 40 50 is the median class.
Using L1 = 40, f = 40, i = 10, C = 82 in the formula :

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

35

i N
10
10

( 86 82) = 40 +
4 = 41
C = 40 +

f 2
40
40
1
1
Mean Deviation (about median) =
= 12.45
f | X Md | =
2142
,
N
172
14.2. Do yourself.
15.1.
X 1200
X
c.f.
dx ( X 100)
X =
=
= 100
30
70
4,900
N
12
50
50
2,500
2
dx
19350
60
40
1,600
= 40.16
=
=
N
12
70
30
900
90
10
100
Coeff. of standard deviation
100
0
0

40.16
=
=
= 0.4
105
5
25
X
100
120
20
400

125
25
625
Coefficient of variation =
100
130
30
900
X
150
50
2,500
40.16
=
100 = 40.16%
170
70
4,900
100
1200
19,350
Median = L1 +

15.2. Do yourself.
16.1. Using the formula,
S.D. = =

X
N

2
1,000
60
= [100 36] = 8

10
10

16.2. Do yourself.
17.1.
X

X X
(d)

25
34
48
36
42
70
30
60
45
50
440

19
10
+ 4
8
2
+ 26
14
+ 16
+ 1
+ 6
d = 0

X =

X
440
=
= 44 ;
N
10

( X X)

d
361
100
16
64
4
676
196
256
1
36
2
d = 1710
,
d
N

1710
,
= 171 = 13.076
10

17.2. Do yourself.
18.1.
Size X

Frequency f

fX

( X X)
d

8
9
10
11

2
4
6
9

16
36
60
99

3
2
1
0

( X X)
2

d
9
4
1
0

f ( X X)
f d
18
16
6
0

36

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

12
13
14

6
4
2
N = 33

72
52
28
f X = 363

+1
+2
+3
d=0

1
4
9

6
16
18
2
f d = 80

We first calculate Mean

X =

fX
363
=
= 11.
N
33

Also,

fd
N

80
= 1.56
33

19.1.
Size X
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Frequency f
3
6
9
13
8
5
4
N = 48

f dx
f dx

N
N

f dx

dx
4
1
0
1
4
9
16

2
1
0
+1
+2
+3
+4
2

d x ( A = 8)

6
6
0
+ 13
+ 16
+ 15
+ 16
f dx = 48

172 48

48 48

f dx
12
6
0
13
32
45
64
2
fdx = 172

3.58 1 = 1.61

19.2. Do yourself.
20.1. Direct Method :
f
3
5
8
3
1
N = 20

Class
010
1020
2030
3040
4050

fx 440
=
= 22 ;
N
20
Short-cut Method :
x=

d=x x

fx
15
75
200
105
45
440

M.V. x
5
15
25
35
45

S.D. =

Class

M.V. x

010
1020
2030
3040
4050

3
5
8
3
1
N = 20

5
15
25
35
45

17
7
3
13
23

fd
N

fd
51
35
24
39
23

fd
867
245
72
507
529
2220

2220
= 111 = 10 53
20

d=x A
A = 25
20
10
0
10
20

fd

fd

60
50
0
30
20
60

1200
500
0
300
400
2400

Using the formula :

2

fd
fd

N
N

S.D. =

2400 60

20
20

= 120 9 = 111 = 10.53

Step Deviation Method :

Class

M.V. x

010
1020
2030

3
5
8

5
15
25

d =

x 25
10
2
1
0

fd

fd

6
5
0

12
5
0

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

3040
4050

3
1
N = 20

37

35
45

1
2

Using the formula : S.D. = i

fd
fd

N
N

3
2
6

= 10

24 6

20 20

3
4
24

= 10 (1.2 0.09)

= 10 . 1.11 = 1.053 10 = 10.53

21.1. We calculate mean and S.D. as follows :
dx
10
Mean = X = A +
= 7.5 +
= 7.3
50
N
2

dx
dx

N
N

400 10

50
50

8 0.04 = 2.8 approx.

22.1. Given that N = 10, X = 17 and = 33.

X
X
Now X =
or
17 =

X = 17 10 = 170
N
10
Weeding out the incorrect figure
X = 170 26 = 144
144
New Mean =
= 16
Q 9 units are left.
9
We also know that formula (8) can also be written as
S.D. = =
or

X
N

Variance = =
X

Corrected X

New S.D. =

X
N

N
2

or

33 =

X
2
(17 )
10

= 10 ( 33 + 289) = 3,220
2

= 3,220 ( 26) = 3,220 676 = 2,544

2
2,544
(16) =
9

2,544 2,304
=
9

240
= 5.16 approx.
3

22.2. Do yourself.
23.1.
( X X)

( X X)
( d)

X
3
7
14
15
16
X = 55
X
55
=
= 11 ;
N
5
Adding 3 to each item :
X =

d
64
16
9
16
25
2
d = 130

8
4
+3
+4
+5

S.D. =

( X X)
( d)

6
10

8
4

d
N

130
= 5.1
5
( X X)
2

d
64
16

38

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

17
18
19
X = 70

+3
+4
+5

X 70
=
= 14.0 ;
N
5
Subtracting 4 to each item :
Mean =

S.D. =

9
16
25
2
d = 130
d
N

130
=
5

26 = 5.1 (approx.)

( X X)

( X X)
( d)

X
1
3
10
11
12
X = 35

d
64
16
9
16
25
2
d = 130

8
4
+3
+4
+5

X
35
S.D. =
=
=7;
N
5
It is clear that S.D. remain unchanged.
24.1.
2
A = 15
x
d
5
100
10
x= A+
8
49
7
10
25
5
11
16
4
S.D. ( ) =
13
4
2
15
0
0
=
17
2
4
=
19
4
16
20
5
25
22
7
49
25
10
100
30
15
225
2
N = 12
d = 15
d = 613
X =

d
N

130
=
5

26 = 5.1

d
15
= 15 +
= 15 + 1 25 = 16 25
N
12
2

d
d

N
N

613 15

12
12

( 51 08 1 5625)
49 5175 = 7 04

(i) x 1 limits = 16 25 7 04 = 9 21 and 23 29

Number of items that would lie outside the limits would be 5, 8, 25 and 30 i.e., 4.
Thus, % would be = ( 4 / 12) 100 = 33 3%
(ii) x 2 limits = 16 25 2 (7 04) = 2 16 and 30 33
No point lies out side the limits.
(iii) x 3 limits = 16 25 3 (7 04) = 4 87 and 37 37
No point lies outside the limits.
25.1.
Size ( X ) cm
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
Total

f
8
22
30
20
14
6
100

d x from 31.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5

f dx
8
11
0
10
14
3
8

f dx
8
5.5
0
5.0
14.0
4.5
37.0

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

X = A+

39

f dx
8
= 31.5 +
= 31.5 + 0.08 = 31.58
N
10

2
2
1
N f dx ( f dx )
N
2
1
1
1
1
=
100 37 ( 8) =
3700
,
64 =
3,636 =
60.30 = 0.60
100
100
100
100
Minimum size of collar = Mean 3 S.D.
= 31.58 3 0.60 = 31.58 1.8 = 29.78 cm
Maximum size of collar = Mean + 3 S.D.
= 31.58 + 3 0.60 = 31.58 + 1.8 = 33.38 cm

S.D. =

26.1. Given N1 = 50, N 2 = 100, X 1 = 54.1, X 2 = 50.3, 1 = 8 and 2 = 7

N1 X 1 + N 2 X 2
50 54.1 + 100 50.3
=
N1 + N 2
50 + 100
2705
,
+ 5,030 7,735
=
=
= 51.57 approx.
150
150
For combined S.D. we find
D1 = (54.1 51.57) = 2.53 ;
D 2 = (50.3 51.57) = 1.27
Using the formula :
Combined Mean of two samples = X 1, 2 =

1. 2 =

[ N1( 1 + D1 )] + [ N 2( 2 + D 2 )]
N1 + N 2

1.2 =

[ 50 {( 8) + ( 2.53 ) }] + [100 {(7 ) + ( 1.27 ) }]

100 + 50

=
=

50 ( 64 + 6.40) + 100 ( 49 + 1.61)

50 70.40 + 100 50.61
=
150
150
3,520 + 5,061
8,581
=
= 7.56 approx.
150
150

26.2. Do yourself.
27.1.
(a) Total wages in factory A = 300 2 = Rs. 600
Total wages in factory B = 250 2.5 = Rs. 625
Thus, factory B pays larger amount as daily wages.
(b) For average daily wages for the two factories, we will calculate combined mean
N X + N2X2
2 300 + 2.5 250
Combined Mean = X 1, 2 = 1 1
=
N1 + N 2
300 + 250
600 + 625
=
= Rs. 2.227
550
2

(c) For combined S.D.,

2

1. 2 =

[ N1( 1 + D1 )] + [ N 2( 2 + D 2 )]
N1 + N 2
2

1 = 36, 2 = 64, D1 = ( 2 2.227) = 0.0515, D 2 = (2.5 2.227) = 0.075

Putting the values in the formula,
300 ( 36 + 0.0515) + 250 (64 + 0.075)
1. 2 =
300 + 250
=

300 36.0515 + 250 64.075

10,815.45 + 16,018.75
=
550
550

40

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

=

26,834.2
=
550

48.789 = 6.985

29.1. We are given that

2

N1 = 500, N 2 = 600, X 1 = 52.5, X 2 = 47.5, 1 = 100, 2 = 121

(i) For finding out the larger amount as monthly wages, we have to find out total salary
for each firm, i.e.,
Firm A
Firm B
N1 X 1 = 500 52.5
N 2 X 2 = 600 47.5
= Rs. 26,250
= Rs. 28,500
Thus, firm B pays out the larger amount as monthly wages.
(ii) For checking the variability, we find coefficient of variation for each firm.
Firm A
Firm B
1

C.V. =
C.V. = 2 100
100
X1
X2
10
11
=
100 = 19.05 %
=
100 = 23.16 %
52.5
47.5
As the C.V. of firm B is higher, firm B has great variability.
30.1. For the comparison of variability between two series, we will find coefficient of variation
of both the series.
Class III
Class IV
Weight
d
d
2
2

fd
f d
f d
f d
f
f
(in kg)
A = 35
A = 35
2
14
28
5
2
10
20
10 20
7
1
10
10
9
1
9
9
20 30
10
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
30 40
20
+1
+ 18
18
15
+1
+ 15
15
40 50
18
+2
+ 14
28
6
+2
+ 12
24
50 60
7
+8
84
56
+8
68
Total
62
f d
i
N
8
= 35 +
10
62
= 35 + 1.29 = 36.29

f d
i
N
8
= 35 +
10
56
= 35 + 1.43 = 36.43

Mean = A +

S.D. = i
= 10

f d
f d

N
N
84 8

62 62

Mean = A +

S.D. = i

= 10

f d
f d

N
N
68 8

56 56

10
10
84 62 64
=
68 56 64
62
56
10
10
=
5,208 64
=
3,808 64
62
56
10
717.2
10
611.9
=
71.72 =
=
61.19 =
= 11.56
= 10.92
62
62
56
56
11.56
10.92
C.V. =
C.V. =
100 = 31.85%
100 = 29.97%
36.29
36.43
Thus, there is a greater variation in the weight of the students of class III.
2
2
70
4
4
31.1.
Q.D. = = 35 =
M.D. = = 35 = 28
= 23.33 ;
3
3
3
5
5
=

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

2
2
= 18.5 = 12.33 ;
3
3
2
(c) We know that Q.D. =
or
3

41

(b) Q.D. =

M.D. =
16 =

4
4
= 18.5 = 14.8
5
5
16 3
=
= 24
2

Variance = ( 24) = 576

(d) Semi-interquartile range or Q.D. =

Q3 Q1
2

Q3 142
Q3 = 36 + 142 Q3 = 178
2
In a symmetrical distribution,
Q3 Median = Median Q1
Q + Q1 178 + 142
Median = 3
=
= 160
2
2
(e) Given X = 60, = 5
Q.D. = 0.6745 ( ) = 0.6745 5 = 3.3725
Interquartile Range Q3 Q1
Q.D. =
=
2
2
Q3 Q1 = Q. D. 2 = 3.3725 2 = 6.745
M.D. = 0.7979 ( ) = 0.7979 5 = 3.9895
32.1. We calculate the following cumulative percentages :
Wages
CumuFactory A
Factory B
No. of
CumuCumuNo. of
CumuCumuless than lative
Workers lative
lative % Workers lative
lative %
(in Rs.)
%
20
12.5
40
40
10.0
250
250
25
40
25.0
64
104
26.0
150
400
40
60
37.5
56
160
40.0
130
530
53
80
50.0
96
256
64.0
210
740
74
100
62.5
56
312
78.0
110
850
85
120
75.0
24
336
84.0
90
940
94
140
87.0
40
376
94.0
40
980
98
160
100.0
24
400
100.0
20
1,000
100
18 =

Y
100
FA
CT
OR
Y
FA
A
LIN
CT
E
O
OF
RY
EQ
B
UA
LD
IS
TR
IB
UT
IO
N

Percentage of Wages

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100

X
90

80

70

60
50
40
30
Percentage of Workers

20

10

Inference : From the above curve, we observe that the curve of Factory B is nearer to the
line of equal distribution as compared to factory A. Hence, the wages in factory B has lesser
variability as compared to factory A.

42

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

33.1.
X = 13
( X X)
dx
8
5
3
2
0
1
2
4
5
6
dx = 0

X
5
8
10
11
13
14
15
17
18
19
X = 130

dx

64
25
9
4
0
1
4
16
25
36
2
dx = 184
2

dx
X 130
184
=
= 18.4 = 4.29
=
= 13 where N = 10 ;
=
N
10
N
10
Since there is no mode in the data as every item is repeated only once, so we shall
compute Pearsons skewness by computing Median.
N + 1
10 + 1
Median =
= 5.5 th item

th item =
2
2
5 th + 6th item 13 + 14
5.5 th item =
=
= 13.5
2
2
K.P. skewness = 3 ( X Median) = 3 (13 13.5) = 1.5

3 ( X Median) 3 (13 13.5) 1.5

Coefficient of K.P. skewness =
=
=
= 0.3496

4.29
4.29
34.1.
Table for Calculation of Mean and S.D.
X =

2
d x ( A = 12)
f dx
f dx
f
2
2
4
8
4
1
4
4
10
0
0
0
8
1
8
8
5
2
10
20
1
3
3
9
+ 13
49
N = 30
f dx
13
Mean ( X ) = A +
= 12 +
= 12 + 0.43 = 12.43
N
30
By inspection it is evident that highest frequency is 10 and thus mode = 12.

X
10
11
12
13
14
15

S.D. ( ) =

f dx
f dx

N
N

49 13
= 1.63 0.1849 = 1.445 = 1.20
30 30

Karl Pearsons coefficient of skewness :

Mean Mode 12.43 12
SkP =
=
= 0.358
S. D.
1.20
35.1.
Calculation of Mean, Median and Coefficient of Skewness
d
2
M.V.
f d
f d
X
f
c.f.
d
X
A = 275.5
150
3
15
45
100.5150.5
125.5
5
5
100
2
16
32
150.5200.5
175.5
8
13
50
1
14
14
200.5250.5
225.5
14
27

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

250.5300.5
300.5350.5
350.5400.5
400.5450.5
Total

275.5
325.5
375.5
425.5

20
29
15
9
100

43
0
50
100
150

47
76
91
100

0
1
2
3

0
29
30
27
41

0
29
60
81
261

f d
41
i = 275.5 +
50 = 275.5 + 20.5 = 296.0
N
100
N
100
Median = th item =
th item
2
2
Mean = A +

= 50 th item which lies in the group 300.5 350.5

Using formula :
i N
50
150

Median = L1 +
( 50 47 ) = 300.5 +
C = 300.5 +

f 2
29
29
= 300.5 + 5.17 = 305.67
By inspection mode lies in the group 300.5 350.5
f1 f0
29 20
Mode = L1 +
i = 300.5 +
50
2 f1 f0 f2
58 20 15
9 50
450
= 300.5 +
= 300.5 + 19.56 = 320.06
= 300.5 +
23
23
2

f d
f d

N
N

S.D. =
=
SkP =

i =

261 41

100 100

50

2.61 0.1681 50 = 2.4419 50 = 1.56 50 = 78.00

296 320.06 24.06
Mean Mode
=
=
= ( 0.3) approx.
S.D.
78
78

36.1.
x

0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60

4
6
20
10
7
3
50

Mean = A +

d =

x 35
10
3
2
1
0
1
2

f d

f d

12
12
20
0
7
6
31

36
24
20
0
7
12
99

f d
( 31)
310
i = 35 +
10 = 35
= 35 6.2 = 28.8
N
50
50
2

S.D. =

M.V.
X
5
15
25
35
45
55

fd
fd

i=

N
N

99 31

50 50

10 = 1.98 0.38 10= 1.60 10 = 12.6

As the maximum frequency is 20 which belongs to class 20 30, thus it is a modal class.
Using formula,
f1 f0
20 6
140
Mode = L1 +
= 29.83
i = 20 +
10 = 20 +
2 f1 f0 f2
2 20 6 10
24
Mean Mode
28.8 29.83 1.03
Coefficient of SkP =
=
=
= 0.081
S. D.
12.6
12.6

8
800
37.1. (i) C.V. = 100 =
100 =
= 26.67
x
30
30
Mean Mode
30 26.8 3.2
(ii) Coefficient of SkP =
=
=
= 0.4
S. D.
8
8

44

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

38.1.
X (Marks)
0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60

f (Students)
5
8
12
13
7
5
N = 50

c.f.
5
13
25
38
45
50

N
50
= 12.5 th item
Q1 = th item =
4
4
It lies in class interval 10 20.
i N
10
10

(12.5 5) = 10 +
7.5 = 10 + 9.375 = 19.375
Q1 = L1 +
C = 10 +

f 4
8
8
N
50
Q3 = 3 th item = 3 = 37.5 th item
4
4
It lies in class interval 30 40.
i 3N
10
10
Q3 = L1 +
C = 30 +
(37.5 25) = 30 +
12.5 = 30 + 9.62 = 39.62

f 4
13
13
N
50
Median = th item = th item = 25 th item
2
2
It lies in c.f. 25 and against its class interval 20 30.
i N
10
10

Median = L1 +
( 25 13) = 20 +
12 = 20 + 10 = 30
C = 20 +

f 2
12
12
Bowleys skewness

= Q3 Q1 2 Median
= 39.62 + 19.375 2 (30)
= 58.995 60 = 1.005
Q + Q1 2 Median
Bowleys coeff. of Sk. = 3
Q3 Q1
39.62 + 19.375 2 (30) 1.005
=
=
= 0.049
39.62 19.375
20.245
39.1. We know that variability can be measured by comparing the coefficient of variation, i.e.,
(C.V.) of the two data.
Firm A
Firm B

C.V. =
C.V. =
100
100
X
X
7
10
=
100 = 20%
=
100 = 25%
35
40
Firm B is more variable as its coefficient of variation is more than that of firm A. We know
that
Mean Mode
K.P. coefficient of skewness =

35 32 3
For firm A =
= = 0.43
7
7
40 30 10
For firm B =
=
= 1.0
10
10
Skewness of both firms is positive but still firm B is more skewed.

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

45

40.1.
X
2
3
5
7
8
X = 25

d= X X
3
2
0
2
3
d = 0

Mean =
1 =

d
9
4
0
4
9
2
d = 26

d
27
8
0
8
27
3
d = 0

d
81
16
0
16
81
4
d = 194

x 25
=
=5
N
5

d 0
= = 0;
N
5
3

2 =

d
26
=
= 5.2
N
5
4

d
d
0
194
= = 0;
4 =
=
= 38.8
N
5
N
5
Hence, the four central moments are :
1 = 0, 2 = 5.2, 3 = 0, 4 = 38.8
41.1.
3 =

x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

d=x 5
f
fx
4
1
1
3
2
4
2
3
9
1
4
16
0
5
25
1
4
24
2
3
21
3
2
16
4
1
9
N = 25 f x = 125
f x 125
X =
=
= 5 (Direct Method)
N
25
1 =

fd
0
=
= 0;
N
25

fd
16
18
12
4
0
4
12
18
16
100

fd
4
6
6
4
0
4
6
6
4
0

fd
64
54
24
4
0
4
24
54
64
0

fd
256
162
48
4
0
4
48
162
256
940

2 =

fd
100
=
=4
N
25

fd
fd
0
940
=
= 0;
4 =
=
= 37.6
N
25
N
25
Thus, the four central moments are
1 = 0, 2 = 4, 3 = 0, 4 = 37.6
42.1
3 =

Class
0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60
60 70

Frequency M.V. d = x 35
fd
f
x
( A = 35)
4
30
120
5
8
20
160
15
11
10
110
25
15
0
0
35
11
10
110
45
7
20
140
55
4
30
120
65
20
N = 60

Moments about assumed mean A = 35 are :

fd

3,600
3,200
1,100
0
1,100
2,800
3,600
15,400

fd

1,08,000
64,000
11,000
0
11,000
56,000
1,08,000
8,000

fd

32,40,000
12,80,000
1,10,000
0
1,10,000
11,20,000
32,40,000
91,00,000

46

Practical Problems in Business Statistics

1 =

d 20
=
= 0.33 ;
N
60

2 =

d
15,400
=
= 256.66
N
60

d
8,000
d
91,00,000
=
= 133.33 ; 4 =
=
= 1,51,666.66
N
60
N
60
Thus, central moments are as follows :
1 = 0;
2
2
2 = 2 1 = 256.66 ( 0.33) = 256.66 0.1089 = 256.5511
3 =

3 = 3 3 1 2 + 2 ( 1 )

= 133.33 [3 0.33 256.66] + [2 0.33 ]

= 133.33 + 254.09 0.072 = 120.688
2
4
4 = 4 4 3 1 + 6 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 )
2

= 1,51,666.66 [4 0.33 133.33] + [6 0.33 256.66] [3 0.33 ]

= 1,51,666.66 175.99 + 167.7 0.0356 = 1,51,658.34
43.1.
Class
0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50

Frequency M.V. d =
f

1
3
5
7
4
N = 20

5
15
25
35
45

x 25
10

f d

f d

( A = 25)
2
1
1
2

f d

f d

2
3

4
3

8
3

1,6
3

7
8
100

7
1,6
3,000

7
32
28

7
6,4
9,0

fd
fd
2
10
30
;
i=
10 = 5
2 =
(i ) =
100 = 150
N
20
N
20
3
4
fd
fd
3
4
28
90
3 =
(i ) =
1000 = 1400 ; 4 =
(i ) =
10000 = 45000
N
20
N
20
Thus, central moments are as follows :
1 = 0;
2
2
2 = 2 1 = 150 ( 5) = 150 25 = 125
1 =

3 = 3 3 1 2 + 2 ( 1 )

= 1,400 3 5 150 + 2 ( 5) = 1,400 2,250 + 250 = 600

2

4 = 4 4 3 1 + 6 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 )

= 45,000 4 1,400 5 + 6 150 ( 5) 3 ( 5)

= 45,000 28,000 + 22,500 1,875 = 37,625
44.1. The first four moments about arbitrary mean are :
1 = 1, 2 = 3, 3 = 6 and 4 = 18
(i) Moments about mean ( X ) are :
1 = 1 1 = 1 1 = 0
2
2
2 = 2 1 = 3 1 = 3 1 = 2
3

3 = 3 3 1 2 + 2 ( 1 ) = 6 3 1 3 + 2 . (1) = 6 9 + 2 = 1
2

4 = 4 4 3 1 + 6 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 )
2

= 18 4 1 6 + 6 1 3 3 (1)

= 18 24 + 18 3 = 9

Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis

47

(ii) Moments about zero are :

1 = A + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 = X
2
2
2 = 2 + 1 = 2 + 3 = 2 + 9 = 11
3

3 = 3 + 3 1 2 2 ( 1 ) = 1 + ( 3 3 11) 2 ( 3) = 1 + 99 54 = 44
2

4 = 4 + 4 1 3 6 1 2 + 3 1
2

= 9 + ( 4 3 44) ( 6 3 11) + ( 3 3 )
= 9 + 528 594 + 243 = 186
3
0.7
1 = 1 =
=
= 0.177
3/ 2
3/ 2
2
2.5

18.75 18.75
For Kurtosis :
2 = 4 =
=
=3
2
2
6.25
2
2.5

45.1. For Skewness :

Since the value of 2 is 3, so it is a case of mesokurtic or normal curve.

45.2. Do yourself.
2
2
46.1. In case of mesokurtic, 2 = 3, = 3 (given)
2 = = Variance = 3 = 9
4
4
or 3 =
[ 2 = 3 if Mesokurtic]
Q 2 =
2
9

4 = 27.

47.1.
Class
0 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60
60 70

x 35
M.V.
2
3
d =
f d
f d
f d
10
f
x
8
5
3
24
72
216
12
15
2
24
48
96
20
25
1
20
20
20
30
35
0
0
0
0
15
45
1
15
15
15
10
55
2
20
40
80
5
65
3
15
45
135
18
240
N = 100
102
f d
18
1 =
i =
10 = 1.8
N
100
2
f d
2
240
2 =
(i ) =
100 = 240
N
100
3
f d
102
3
3 =
(i ) =
1,000 = 1,020
N
100
4
f d
4
1,440
4 =
(i ) =
10,000 = 1,44,000
N
100
2
2
1 = 0; 2 = 2 1 = 240 ( 1.8) = 240 3.24 = 236.76
Frequency

f d

648
192
20
0
15
160
405
1,440

4 = 4 4 3 1 + 6 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 )

= 1,44,000 4 ( 1,020) ( 1.8) + 6 240 ( 1.8) 3 ( 1.8)

= 1,44,000 7,344 + 4,665.6 + 17.496 = 1,41,339.096

4 1,41,339.096
=
= 2.52
2
56,055.30

2 =

Since 2 is less than 3, distribution is platykurtic.