PROBLEM 14.

91
The ends of a chain lie in plies at A and C. When given an initial speed
v, the chain keeps moving freely at that speed over the pulley at B.
Neglecting friction, determine the required value of h.

SOLUTION
Let be the mass per unit length of chain. Consider the impulse-momentum applied to the link being brought
to rest at point C.
Calculation of m.

m = ( l ) = v ( t )
Impulse-momentum principle:

( m ) v + C t = 0
v ( t ) v + C t = 0
C = v2
Impulse
momentumapplied
appliedto to
moving
portion
of the
chain.
Consider
the changes
in momentum
Impulse-momentum
thethe
moving
portion
of the
chain:
Consider
onlyonly
the changes
in momentum
and forces contributing to moments about O in the diagram.
Moments about O:

(m ) v + [ gh C ]t = (m ) v
C = gh
Equating the two expressions for C,

v 2 = gh
h=

v2

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
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780

PROBLEM 14.92
A chain of length l and mass m falls through a small hole in a plate.
Initially, when y is very small, the chain is at rest. In each case shown,
determine (a) the acceleration of the first link A as a function of y, (b) the
velocity of the chain as the last link passes through the hole. In case 1
assume that the individual links are at rest until they fall through the hole;
in case 2 assume that at any instant all links have the same speed. Ignore
the effect of friction.

SOLUTION
Let be the mass per unit length of chain. Assume that the weight of any chain above the hole is supported
by the floor.
It and
corresponding
upward
reaction
floor
shown
in the
diagrams.
oor and
thethe
corresponding
upward
reaction
of of
thethe
oor
areare
notnot
shown
in the
diagrams.
Case 1. Apply the impulse-momentum principle to the entire chain.

yv + gyt = ( y + y )( v + v )

= yv + ( y ) v + y ( v ) + ( y )( v )

gy =

( y )( v )
y
v
+
v + y
t
t
t
gy =

Let t 0.

gy 2v = yv

Multiply both sides by yv.

Let v =

dy
on left hand side.
dt

Integrate with respect to time.

dy
dv
d
= ( yv )
v + y
dt
dt
dt

gy 2

d
( yv )
dt

dy
d
= yv ( yv )
dt
dt

g y 2dy = ( yv ) d ( yv )
1
1
2
gy 3 = ( yv )
3
2

or

v2 =

2
gy
3

(1)
continued

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781

PROBLEM 14.92 CONTINUED

time:
Differentiate with respect to time.

2 dy
2
dv
= g
= gv
3 dt
3
dt
a=

(a)

(b)

2v

(1)
Set y = l in (1),

dv 1
= g
3
dt

a = 0.333g

2
gl
3

v2 =

v = 0.817 gl

which
the the
potential
energy
is is
Case 2. Apply conservation of energy using the floor as the level from
for from
which
potential
energy
measured.
T1 = 0,
T2 =

V1 = 0

1 2
mv ,
2

V2 = gy

y
2

T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
0=

Differentiating with respect to y,

1 2 1
mv gy 2 ,
2
2
2v

v2 =

gy 2
l

(1)

dv
2 gy
=
dy
l
a=v

(a) Acceleration:
Acceleration.
(b) Setting y = l in (1),

gy 2

dv
gy
=
l
dy

v 2 = gl

a=
v=

gy
l

gl

Note: The impulse-momentum principle may be used to obtain the force that the edge of the hole exerts
on the chain.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
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782

PROBLEM 14.93
The main propulsion system of a space shuttle consists of three identical
rocket engines, each of which burns the hydrogen-oxygen propellant at
750 lb/s
and
ejects
ft/s.
the rate of 340.2
kg/s
and
ejectsit itwith
witha arelative
relativevelocity
velocityofof12,500
3810 m/s.
Determine the total thrust provided by the three engines.

SOLUTION
dW
= 750 lb/s,
dt
Thrust of one engine:
For 3 engines,

1 dW
750
dm
= 23.292 lb s/ft
= 340 kg/s=
dt
g dt
32.2
P=u

dm
3810)()(
340.2
) =)1296
kN 103 lb
= (12500
= 291.15
23.292
dt

103 lb
3P = 3888
873.4 kN
873 kips
Thrust == 3888
kN

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
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783

PROBLEM 14.94
The main propulsion system of a space shuttle consists of three identical
rocket engines which provide a total thrust
Determine the
thrust of
of 1200
5300 kips.
kN. Determine
rate at which the hydrogen-oxygen propellant is burned by each of the
three engines, knowing that it is ejected with a relative velocity of
3810 m/s.
12,500
ft/s.

SOLUTION
Thrust of one engine:

P=

5300
1033
1200 10
3 3
10
==400
1767
10lb.
N.
3

But,

P=

dm
u
dt

400 10
P 1767
dm
1033
=
=
= 463.8
32 lb s/ft
kg/s.
12500
dt
u
3810
dW
dm
=g
= (463.8
32.2 )()(32
lb/sN/s
9.81
= 4550
) =) 1030
dt
dt

dW
= 1030
4550 lb/s
N/s
dt

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
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784

PROBLEM 14.95
A rocket has a mass of 1500 kg, including 1200 kg of fuel, which is
consumed at the rate of 15 kg/s. Knowing that the rocket is fired
vertically from the ground and that its acceleration increases by
220 m/s 2 from the time it is fired to the time the last particle of fuel has
been consumed, determine the relative velocity with which the fuel is
being ejected.

SOLUTION
P=

Thrust,
Thrust:

dm
u.
dt

F = P mg = ma
a=

dm
= 15 kg/s
dt

Data:

m = 1500 kg

As rocket is fired:
a0 =
As all the fuel is consumed:

15u
9.81 = 0.01u 9.81
1500

(1)

m1 = 1500 1200 = 300 kg.

a1 =

From the given data,

P
u dm
g =
g
m
m dt

15u
9.81 = 0.05u 9.81
300
a1 a0 = 220 m/s 2

(2)
(3)

Using (1) and (2) for a1 and a0 and substituting into (3),
0.04 u = 220

u = 5500 m/s

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
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785

PROBLEM 14.96
A rocket of mass 1500 kg (not including the fuel) is fired vertically at
time t = 0. The fuel is consumed at a constant rate q = dm/dt and is
expelled at a constant speed of 450 m/s relative to the rocket. Knowing
that the rocket is designed to achieve a maximum acceleration of
2
25 m/s in 15.6 s, determine (a) the fuel consumption rate q, (b) the mass
of fuel consumed.

SOLUTION
Thrust:
Since u and

P=u

dm
= uq
dt

dm
are constant, P is also constant.
dt

F = ma :
P mg = ma
P = m (a + g )

= mmin ( amax + g )
= (1500 )( 25 + 9.81)
= 52.215 103 N
(a) Fuel consumption rate:
rate.
q=

P 52.215 103
=
450
u
q = 116.0 kg/s

(b)

Mass of fuel
fuel consumed.
consumed:
mfuel = qt = (116.0 )(15.6 )
mfuel = 1810 kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
786

PROBLEM 14.97
A weather satellite of mass 5000 kg, including fuel, has been ejected from
a space shuttle describing a low circular orbit around the earth. After the
satellite has slowly drifted to a safe distance from the shuttle, its engine is
fired to increase its velocity by 2430 m/s as a first step to its transfer to a
geosynchronous orbit. Knowing that the fuel is ejected with a relative
velocity of 4200 m/s, determine the mass of fuel consumed in this
maneuver.

SOLUTION
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum
momentumto
tothe
thesatellite
satelliteplus
plusthe
thefuel
fuelexpelled
expelledinintime
timet.
t.

mv = ( m m )(v + v ) + ( m )( v + v v )

= mv + m ( v ) ( m ) v ( m )( v ) + ( m ) v + ( m )( v ) ( m ) v
m ( v ) u ( m ) = 0
dm
( t )
dt
v dv
u dm
=
=
dt
m dt
t
u
dm
m1 dm
v1
t1
v0 dv = 0 m dt dt = m0 u m
m
m
v1 v0 = u ln 1 = u ln 0
m0
m1

m =

m0
v v0
= exp 1

m1
u
Data:

v1 v0 = 2430 m/s,

u = 4200 m/s,
m/s

m0 = 5000 kg

5000
2430
= exp
= 1.7835
4200
m1
m1 = 2800 kg
mfuel = m0 m1 = 5000 2800

mfuel = 2200 kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
787

PROBLEM 14.98
Determine the increase in velocity of the weather satellite of Prob. 14.97
after 1500 kg of fuel has been consumed.

SOLUTION
m0 = 5000 kg,

Data from Problem 14.97:

u = 4200 m/s

m1 = m0 mfuel = 5000 1500 = 3500 kg

Apply the principle
principle of
of impulse and momentum
momentum to
to the
the satellite
satellite plus
plus the
the fuel
fuelexpelled
expelledin
intime
timet.
t.

::

mv = ( m m )(v + v ) + ( m )( v + v v )

= mv + m ( v ) ( m ) v ( m )( v ) + ( m ) v + ( m )( v ) ( m ) v
m ( v ) u ( m ) = 0

m =

dm
( t )
dt

v dv
u dm
=
=
dt
m dt
t
u dm

dm

m1
v1
t1
v0 dv = 0 m dt dt = m0 u m

v1 v0 = u ln

m1
m
= u ln 0
m0
m1

v = v1 v0 = 4200 ln

5000
3500

v = 1498 m/s

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
788

PROBLEM 14.99
The
weight of
of aa spacecraft,
spacecraft, including
including fuel,
fuel,isis11,600
51.6 kN
when the
the rocket
rocket
The weight
lb when
engines
Knowing that
engines are
are red
firedtotoincrease
increaseitsitsvelocity
velocitybyby109.7
360 m/s.
ft/s. Knowing
that 453.6
1000 kg
lb
of fuel is consumed, determine the relative velocity of the fuel ejected.

SOLUTION
Apply conservation of momentum to the rocket plus the fuel.

mv = ( m m )( v + v ) + ( m )(v + v v )

= mv + m ( v ) ( m ) v ( m )( v ) + ( m ) v + ( m )( v ) ( m ) v
m ( v ) u ( m ) = 0

m =

dm
( t )
dt

v dv
u dm
=
=
dt
m dt
t
u dm

dm

v1
t1
m1
v0 dv = 0 m dt dt = m0 u m

v1 v0 = u ln
Data:

m1
m
W
= u ln 0 = u ln 0
W1
m0
m1

v1 v0 = 360 ft/s

kN,lb,
W0 == 51.6
11, 600
360 = u ln
109.7

51.6
11,
600
10,600
47.15

W1 = 51600
1000 ))(=
10,600
lb N
9.81
) = 47150
(11,600 (453.6
u == 1216
3990 m/s
ft/s

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
789

PROBLEM 14.100
The rocket engines of
of a spacecraft are
are fired
red to increase its velocity by
137
m/s. Knowing
Knowingthat
that1200
544.3lbkg
fuel
ejected
a relative
velocity
450 ft/s.
of of
fuel
is is
ejected
at at
a relative
velocity
of
of
1646
determine
the weight
of the spacecraft
5400
ft/s,m/s,
determine
the weight
of the spacecraft
after the after
firing.the ring.

SOLUTION
Apply conservation of momentum to the rocket plus the fuel.

mv = ( m m )( v + v ) + ( m )(v + v v )

= mv + m ( v ) ( m ) v ( m )( v ) + ( m ) v + ( m )( v ) ( m ) v
m ( v ) u ( m ) = 0

m =

dm
( t )
dt

v dv
u dm
=
=
dt
m dt
t
u dm

dm

v1
t1
m1
v0 dv = 0 m dt dt = m0 u m

v1 v0 = u ln

m1
m
= u ln 0
m0
m1

m0
v v0 W0
= exp 1
=
m1
u W1
Data:

v1 v0 = 137
450 m/s,
ft/s,

u = 1646
5400 m/s
ft/s

5340 lb
N
W0 = W1 + Wfuel = W1 + 1200
450
W1 + 1200
5340
1.086794
= exp 137 = 1.08690
W
5400
W11
1646
1200
5340
= 0.086794
0.08690
W11

13810 N
lb
W11 == 61525

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
790

PROBLEM 14.101
A rocket of
of initial
initial weight
weight32.47
7300 kN,
lb, including 17.79
4000 lb
kNofoffuel,
fuel, isis fired
red
vertically at time t =
= 0. The fuel
fuel is
is consumed
consumed at
at aa constant
constant rate
rate of
of 118
260 kg/s
lb/s
m/s relative
relative to
to the rocket.
and is expelled at a constant
constant speed
speed of
of 457.2
1500 ft/s
Determine the
the altitude
altitude of
of the
the rocket
rocket when
when all
all the
Determine
the fuel
fuel has
has been
been consumed.
consumed.

SOLUTION
sample Problem
See Sample
Problem 14.8
14.8 for
for derivation
derivation of
of
v = u ln

m0
m qt
gt
gt = u ln 0
m0 qt
m0

(1)

Note that g is assumed to be constant.

Set

dy
= v in (1) and integrate with respect to time.
dt
h=

= u 0 ln

1
m0 qt
dt gt 2
2
m0

m0 qt
m0

dz =

z =

Let
h=

h
t
t
0 dy = 0 vdt = 0 u ln m 0 qt gt dt
0

q
dt
m0

or

dt =

m0
dz
q

z
m0 u z
1
m u
1
ln z dz gt 2 = 0 ( z ln z + z ) gt 2

z0
z
0
2
2
q
q

m m
1
m0 u m0 qt m0 qt
1 0 ln 0 1 gt 2

ln
q m0
m0
m0 m0
2

1
m0 u
qt m0 qt
1 + 1 gt 2
1
ln
m0
q
m0
2

m qt
1
m0 u m0 qt
1 gt 2
1 + 1 ut ln 0
ln
q
m0
m0

m u
m qt 1 2
= ut + 0 ut ln 0
gt
2
m0
q

m0 1 2
h = u t 0 t ln
gt
m0 qt 2
q

(2)

continued

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
791

PROBLEM 14.101 CONTINUED

Data:

m0 =

7300 103
W0 32.47
=
= 226.7= 3310
lb s 2 /ft
kg
32.2
g
9.81

260
w
q = 118= kg/s = 8.0745 lb s/ft
g 32.2
mfuel =
t =

4000 103
Wfuel 17.79
lb s 2 /ftkg
=
= 124.22
= 1813.5
32.2
g
9.81

1813.5
mfuel 124.22
15.4 s s
=
== 15.385
118
8.0745
q

m0 qt = 3310
226.71813.5
124.22 == 1496.5
102.48 lb
kg s 2 /ft

457.2ft/s
m/s
u = 1500

3310
1 1
226.7
226.7
3310
1500 15.385
15.385
h == 457.2
ln ln (9.81
15.4
(32.2)2)(15.385 )2
8.0745
)(215.4
118
15.4
102.48
1496.5
2

4150m
ft
h == 1286

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
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educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
792

PROBLEM 14.102
Determine the distance traveled by the spacecraft of Prob. 14.99 during
the rocket engine firing, knowing that its initial speed was 2286
7500 m/s
ft/s and
the duration of the firing was 60 s.

SOLUTION
dm
= uq
dt
m = m0 qt
P
uq
=
a=
m
m0 qt
P=u

Thrust force:
force
Mass of rocket plus unspent fuel:
fuel
Acceleration:
Integrating with respect to time to obtain the velocity,
v = v0 +

t
t
0 adt = v0 + u 0 m qt dt
0

= v0 u ln ( m0 qt ) ln m0 = v0 u ln

m0 qt
m0

(1)

Integrating again to obtain the displacement,

m qt
t
s = s0 + v0t u 0 ln 0
dt
m0
Let

z =

m0 qt
m0

s = s0 + v0t +

dz =

q
dt
m0

or

dt =

m0
dz
q

m0u z
mu
z
ln zdz = q0 ( z ln z z ) ]z0
q z0

= s0 + v0t +

m m

m0u m0 qt m0 qt
1 0 ln 0 1

ln
q m0
m0
m0 m0

= s0 + v0t +

m0u
qt m0 qt
1 + 1
1
ln
q
mo
m0

= s0 + v0t +

m qt

m0u m0 qt
1
1 + 1 ut ln 0
ln
q
m0
m
0

m u
m qt
= s0 + v0t + ut + 0 ut ln 0
m0
q

m0
s = s0 + v0t + u t 0 t ln

m0 qt
q

(2)
continued

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
793

PROBLEM 14.102 CONTINUED

Data:

v0 = 2286
7500 m/s,
ft/s
s
t = 60 s,
m0 =

v = 2286
7500 + 109.7
360 = =7860
ft/s m/s
2395.7

q=

1000
mfuel W
453.6
= fuel == 7.56 kg/s = 0.5176 slug/s
t
gt
60 (32.2 )(60 )

W0 11600
51600
5260 kg
=
==360.25
slugs
32.2
g
9.81

11600 1000
m0 qt = 5260 453.6 ==4806.4
329.19kg
slugs
32.2
32.2
s0 = 0
From (1),

7860 = 2286
7500 u ln
2395.7
360 == u ln
109.7

From (2),

329.19
4806.4
360.25
5260

5260
360.25
4806.4
329.19

u = 1207.9
3993 ft/sm/s

5260
360.25
5260
360.25
0 lnln
7500)()(60
60) )++1207.9
3993 60
60
s == 00++((2286
60
600.5176

7.56
4806.4
329.19

= 140.4
km
460.6
106 ft

87.2 km
mi
s s= =140.4

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
794

PROBLEM 14.103
A rocket has a mass of 960 kg, including 800 kg of fuel, which is
consumed at the rate of 10 kg/s and ejected with a relative velocity of
3600 m/s. Knowing that the rocket is fired vertically from the ground,
determine (a) the altitude at which all fuel has been consumed, (b) the
velocity of the rocket at that time.

SOLUTION
See Sample
Problem 14.8
14.8for
forderivation
derivation of
of
sample Problem
v = u ln

m0
m qt
gt = u ln 0
gt
m0 qt
m0

(1)

Note that g is assumed to be constant.

Set

dy
= v in (1) and integrate with respect to time.
dt
h=

= u 0 ln
Let

h
t
t
0 dy = 0 vdt = 0 u ln m 0 qt gt dt
0

1
m0 qt
dt gt 2
2
m0

z =

m0 qt
,
m0

h=

m0u z
1
mu
1
z
ln zdz gt 2 = 0 ( z ln z z ) ]z gt 2

z0
0
q
q
2
2

dz =

q
dt
m0

or

dt =

m0
dz
q

m m
1
m0u m0 qt m0 qt
1 0 ln 0 1 gt 2

ln
q m0
m0
m0 m0
2

1
m0u
qt m0 qt
1 + 1 gt 2
1
ln
m0
q
m0
2

m qt
1
m0u m0 qt
1 + 1 ut ln 0
1 gt 2
ln
m0
q
m0

m u
m qt 1 2
= ut + 0 ut ln 0
gt
m0
2
q

m0 1 2
h = u t 0 t ln
gt
m0 qt 2
q

(2)

continued

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
795

PROBLEM 14.103 CONTINUED

m0 = 960 kg,

Data:

mfuel = 800 kg,

(a)

q = 10 kg/s,
t =

u = 3600 m/s,

g = 9.81 m/s 2

800
mfuel
=
= 80 s
10
q

960 1
2
960

h = 3600 80
80 ln
(9.81)(80 ) = 153.4 103 m

10
960 800 2

h = 153.4 km

(b) From Equation

equation (1),
(1),

v = 3600 ln

960
(9.81)(80 )
960 800
v = 5670 m/s

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
796

PROBLEM 14.104
In Prob. 14.97, determine the distance separating the weather satellite
from the space shuttle 80 s after its engine has been fired, knowing that
the fuel is consumed at a rate of 18.75 kg/s.

SOLUTION
m0 = 5000 kg, u = 4200 m/s

Data from Problem 14.97:

v0 = 0, s0 = 0
dm
= uq
P=u
dt
m = m0 qt
P
uq
=
a=
m
m0 qt

Thrust force
force:
Mass of satellite plus unspentfuel:
fuel
Acceleration:
Integrating with respect to time to obtain the velocity,
v = v0 +

t
t
0 adt = v0 + u 0 m qt dt
0

(1)

= v0 u ln ( m0 qt ) ln m0 = v0 u ln

m0 qt
m0

Integrating again to obtain the displacement,

m qt
t
s = s0 + v0t u 0 ln 0
dt
m0
Let

z =

m0 qt
m0

s = s0 + v0t +

dz =

q
dt
m0

or

dt =

m0
dz
q

m0u z
mu
z
ln zdz = 0 ( z ln z z ) ]z

z0
0
q
q

= s0 + v0t +

m m

m0u m0 qt m0 qt
1 0 ln 0 1

ln
q m0
m0
m0 m0

= s0 + v0t +

m0u
qt m0 qt
1 + 1
1
ln
q
mo
m0

= s0 + v0t +

m qt

m0u m0 qt
1 + 1 ut ln 0
1
ln
q
m0
m0

m u
m qt
= s0 + v0t + ut + 0 ut ln 0
m0
q

continued
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
797

PROBLEM 14.104 CONTINUED

m

m0
s = s0 + v0t + u t 0 t ln

m0 qt
q

(2)

Using the data,

5000
5000

80 ln
s = 0 + 0 + 4200 80

18.75
5000 (18.75)(80 )

= 56.367 103 m

s = 56.4 km

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
798

PROBLEM 14.105
In a jet airplane, the kinetic energy imparted to exhaust gases is wasted as
far as propelling the airplane is concerned. The useful power is equal to
the product of the force available to propel the airplane and the speed of
the airplane. If v is the speed of the airplane and u is the relative speed
of the expelled gases, show that the mechanical efficiency of the airplane
is = 2v/(u + v ). Explain why = 1 when u = v.

SOLUTION
Let F be the thrust force, and

dm
be the mass flow rate.
dt

Absolute velocity of exhaust:

ve = u v

Thrust force:

F =

P1 = Fv =

Power of thrust force:

Power associated with exhaust:

P2 ( t ) =
P2 =

Total power supplied by engine:

P =

Mechanical efficiency:

dm
(u v )
dt
dm
(u v ) v
dt

1
1
(m ) ve2 = ( m )(u v )2
2
2
1 dm
(u v )2
2 dt

P = P1 + P2

dm
1
1 dm 2
2
u v2
(u v ) v + (u v ) =

dt
2
2 dt

useful power
P
= 1
total power
P
2 (u v ) v
u 2 v2

2v

(u + v )

= 1 when u = v. The exhaust, having zero velocity, carries no power away.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
799