USING Medieval

USING

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

Medieval

An introduction to early music notations with Finale

Installation
Tutorial
Annexes
Robert Piechaud 1999
Published by

For Macintosh
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& Windows

USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

INTRODUCTION

Welcome to Medieval, a smart solution dedicated to early music notations!

Medieval music notation between the 11th and the 15th centuries is extraordinary varied and
complex. Until recently, very inconvenient solutions were offered to copyists, students or
specialists for setting medieval music notations on computer.
With the help of Finale, the number one music notation software, Medieval now offers you the
possibility to produce professional transcriptions of early music easily, from Gregorian square
notation to Italian mixed notation, with a beautiful rendering. Medieval gives you a wide choice
of tools such as automatic recognition of neumes (more than 80!) up to 7 notes, liquescences,
automatic placing of the "direct", stemmed note groupings, and numerous special symbols:
quilisma, rests, plicas, large ligatures, black-void notation, etc.
Medieval is a "kit" made of :
-

a Finale plug-in (installed into the Finale plug-in Folder) consisting of a new palette
with 12 graphic-oriented tools;

2 new fonts, Neuma and Neuma Symbol, for PostScript and TrueType printers;

2 new default files;

samples such as Gregorian, Franconian, Machaut's Mass, etc;

and, the file version of this book (in 4 languages).

In this book, you will find all you need to install and work with Medieval.

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INSTALLATION

Installing Medieval on your computer is easy. Medieval CD is compatible with Windows (95, 98)
and Macintosh (OS 7.5 and later, PowerPC or more).

I-

For Windows 95 or 98

Insert the CD into your computer. Double-click the icon "Setup.exe" found in the folder
"Medieval Setup 98" or "Medieval Setup 2000" (depending upon which version of Finale you
use).
In the setup process, choose if necessary the Finale folder (the default is C:\Finale 98 or C:\Finale
2000) and select the following options:
Typical (default), to install all Medieval components,
Custom, to choose them from a list,
and Compact for a minimal installation.
After the installation, restart your computer and launch Finale. Select "Medieval" in the Plug-ins
menu list. During the first run, you will be asked the following information:

Type the required information and press OK. It is now saved and you are ready to start working
with Medieval!

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For the Macintosh (system 7.5 with powerPC, or more)

Insert the CD into your computer. Double-click the icon "Medieval Setup ".
In the setup process, choose if necessary the Finale folder by double-clicking the scroll-menu
"Install Location", and to select the installation style you want: for Finale 98 or 2000.
After the installation, restart your computer and launch Finale. Select "Medieval" in the Plug-ins
menu list. For this first time, you will be asked the following information:

Type the required information and press OK. It is now saved and you are ready to start working
with Medieval!

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Medievals TUTORIAL

This progressive tutorial is written like a course in which you will discover all Medieval tools and
functions. We suppose that you already have a good background in using Finale. However, if you
do not, we advise you to get first acquainted with using it before beginning to work with
Medieval.

I - Default Files - Basic handling.

1- Default files
There are now two new default files in your common Finale directory: MedievalDefault.FTM
and GregorianDefault.FTM
The difference between MedievalDefault and GregorianDefault lies in the number of staff lines
(4 for Gregorian) and in the design of the clefs.
!

With the New from Template command (File menu), open GregorianDefault.FTM:

!
A 4-line staff appears with the C clef in the Gregorian square notation style. Note the dashed
barlines, and that the default measure rests and time signatures are missing.
Check that you are in Page View (Scroll View is best avoided with Medieval) and that
Automatic Music Spacing is unchecked (Edit menu, Finale 2000).
If you often deal with medieval scores, you can set either MedievalDefault.FTM or
GregorianDefault.FTM as a new Finale default file, by using the Program Options dialogue
box.
2- Barlines and Time Signature - How Medieval deals with non-measured music
As medieval music does not utilise barlines, as we understand this word in modern music, other
symbols are found to punctuate or distinguish parts, phrases or note groupings. They rarely look
like "classical barlines". Thus, the dashed barlines in the default files are used as a guide for the
first step of your work. Later, they may be hidden (with the Barline tool) or modified.

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No matter what style of music you set, Finale always needs an underlying Time Signature. This
may be seen in contradiction with the "non-measured" character of certain medieval music
notation. The following example shows how Medieval solves the problem.
Read these several points carefully, in order to organize your transcription efficiently.
Suppose now you want to set the following gregorian chant:

! u9 S9 y Y h u9 9 y u9 X
h u

X X X X X

X X X X X X

It would be natural to split your line into three parts:

!

from the beginning to the double barline,

from the double barline to the first tick (quarter barline),

from the first to the second tick.

In Medieval, it is essential to deal only with Finale quarter note (eventually doted), regardless of
the real rythmic value. Actually, instead of correcting manually the time signature of the measure,
Medieval adapts it automatically to the real number of entries, even if you remove or add some
notes. Before typing your entries into the score, check the following points:
8

In Simple Entry, uncheck Check for Extra Notes in the Simple Entry menu.

In Speedy Entry, uncheck Jump to Next Measure, Check Accidentals, Check for Extra
Notes and Use five Lines Staff in the Speedy menu.

You are now ready to begin your transcription.

3- First-step transcription of a melody
!

With the appropriate tool, Speedy or Simple Entry, enter the notes of our example using the
quarter note value. Do not forget the direct, which must be considered here as a note:

! XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX X
XXX

X X X X X X X

By using the Neume, Group and Change Head tools, Medieval can change this simple
"punctum" melody into complex neume groupings so as to create an accurate and smart
transcription, effortlessly.

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II - Designing Neumes - Other fundamental Tools.

1- The Neume Tool

and other related.

The Neume tool is Medieval's most powerful function. With just a click of the mouse, you can
change melodies into complex forms of fundamental neumes, like Gregorian porrectus. Medieval
contains more than 80 melodic shapes, up to 7 notes, with subtleties like liquescence, convex/
concave ligatures, or white shapes. See The Fundamental Neumes Board in the annex for details.
!

Choose the Mass Mover and verify that Select Partial Measure is checked in the Mass
Mover menu (or Edit menu in Finale 2000). If your page looks too small, use the Zoom tool.

Select your three measures, entirely or not, and click Medieval's Spacing tool
. This
"initialization", which is essential, allows you to select note by note with the Mass Mover.

Select the first two notes (F-G). Click on the Neume tool
this process for the next groups: A-G-A, F-A-F and G-F-E:

! u9 S9 y Y h X X X X X X X X X X
h XX

in Medieval's Palette. Repeat

X X X X X X X

You have just created a podatus, a porrectus, a torculus and a climacus! You can even ask
Medieval the name of a given neume with the Nomine
!

tool:

Select one of the newly created neumes, the second for example. This selection does not need
to be precise. Click the Nomine tool

to obtain the Latin name of the neume:

Let's keep going:

!

As before, select the notes D-E-F-G-A. Pressing the Shift key, click the Neume tool.

Using the Neume tool normally, complete your measure with the groups F-A-F and G-A (the
last note, G, does not need any change because it is already a punctum):

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! u9 S9 y Y h 9u9 y u9 X X
h u

X X X X X X X

If you do not press the Shift key while creating the scandicus D--A, you would get to a variant
with the podatus in first (and not second) position:

u9u9Z
In order to correct this, you would proceed as follows:
!

Select the D--A group with the Mass Mover. While pressing the Shift key, click the
Neume tool. You get a message informing you that a neume is already there and asking if
you want to continue:

Click OK and the scandicus now has the desired look.

Have a look at Annex C. You will see the complete Medieval's Fundamental Neume Board, with
the corresponding shortcuts.
You can split one or several neumes up, giving them their original appearance:
!

With the Mass Mover, select the porrectus (2nd neume, 1st measure). Again, the selection
need not to be precise (Medieval automatically extends the selection to the closest neume).
Click on the Split tool

: the neume returns to its original state, with isolated punctums:

! u9 X X X y

Y hh X

The "neumatic" part of your work is done. Some graphic adjustments remain to give the score its
smart definitive appearance.
2- The Direct
The Direct (Guidon in French) is the symbol put at the end of a line or before a clef change,
which shows the singer the first note of the next system or after the clef change. You must
include it as a note in your first-step transcription. Here is how it is placed:

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With Mass Mover, select the third measure, partially or not. Click the Direct tool
. The
last note of the measure instantly changes into a direct, placed automatically at the very end
of the measure:

X X X X X X

Note that the spacing of the punctums was made automatically. For almost all the tools, Medieval
checks the measure, and "initializes" it, if necessary.
3- What happens to the barlines? - Moving and respacing
As mentioned before, the default file has "symbolic" dashed barlines. To hide these barlines,
(which may be necessary), select the corresponding measures and click the Barline tool
you click again on the Barline tool, the dashed barlines return.

. If

In the above example, you need a double barline and two quarter barlines ("ticks"). Select them
in Finale with the Measure tool by double-clicking on each measure, and selecting the desired
barline in the Measure Attributes dialogue box (in Finale 2000, you can even create your own
barline as a graphic shape). You should obtain this result:

! 9 S9 y Y u9 y u9 X
u hh u9
X

X X X X X X

In order to give more space to the first measure and reduce the next two, here is another powerful
functionality of the Spacing tool:
!

Select the Finale Measure tool. Drag the double barline and the first tick to the right. The
placement of the barlines has improved, but the note spacing has been changed:

! 9 S 9 y Y u9
u h h u 9
!

y u9 X X X X X X

X X X X X X

Select all measures with the Mass Mover and click the Space tool. The spacing returns to its
perfect alignment:

! u9 S 9 y Y h 9u9 y u9 X
h u

X X X X X

X X X X X X

Always use the Medieval Spacing tool after any Finale operation which disturbs the graphic
appearance, like the Resize tool, Page Layout, moving a barline, etc.
As a finishing touch, move the scandicus slightly to the right, near the next torculus.

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Select precisely the scandicus (1st measure, 5th group) with the Mass Mover:

Click the Right Arrow tool

once or twice to shift the selection to the right.

For better control, use Finale Zoom first. Then, while clicking the Arrow tool, press the Ctrl
key. In order to obtain the best control of 1 EVPU (see Finale On-line Documentation), press
simultaneously Ctrl and Shift. This shortcut is useful to perfect the graphic alignment of the
neumes. In this case, use a maximal magnification.
It is advisable to use Medieval Arrow tools instead of Finale Note Position Tool (Special Tools
Palette) which only moves the notes relatively.

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III - More notations

1- The Change Head tool

- About the "plica" and other two note figures - Rests

Certain medieval notations, in particular those of the 14th century, use a variety of symbols for
note heads. In order to make your work easier, the Change Head tool offers you a direct access
to a wide library of note heads:
!

With the Mass Mover, select the notes you want to change (possibly in several measures).
Click the Change Head as often as necessary until you find the right head. This process is
cyclic: you will return to the beginning after several clicks. For a quick jump to the diamond
heads, press Shift, once while clicking the Change Head tool.

It is important to note that some heads have the value of two notes, like plicas or ligatures, but
they must be set in your first-step transcription as single notes.
Type this:

and use the Change Head tool to get this:

^ (= X X ) ] (= X X )f (= X X)
You can also change note heads to medieval style rests (thin vertical bars of different lengths), by
maintaining the Ctrl key. Thus, in order to get rests, you must enter them first as notes in your
first-step transcription. Suppose you wish to obtain the following:

!
!

Enter the first-step transcription like this:

!
!

X
X
X
X
X
X X

With the Mass Mover, select the whole group and click the Change Head tool while pressing
the Shift key (quick jump to the diamond notes):

!
!

h
0
h
0
h
0 h

h
h
h
h
h
h h

Then, for each desired rest (1st, 3rd and 5th notes), select the corresponding note and, while
maintaining the Ctrl key, click the Change Head tool twice.
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See Annex D (Cyclic Note Heads Map) for details.

Note: to obtain large isolated ligatures (not included in the Cyclic Map), use the Finale Note
Shape tool (Special Tool Palette).

2- Creating a note grouping with the Group tool

With the Group tool, you will be able to quickly create complex medieval note groupings. The
purpose of this tool is to stick notes and fundamental neumes close together. Here is an example:

XX XXXfX\
!

To obtain this, enter the first-step notes as follows:

X X X X X X X X
!

Using the Change Head tool, change the 6th and the 8th note like this:

\
X
X
X
X
f
X
X
!

Then, with the Mass Mover, select all the notes and click the Group tool

One important option is the possibility of stemmed groupings.

!

As an example, enter the notes:

X X X X X X X X X
!

Select the notes and, while pressing the Ctrl key, click the Group tool to obtain a stem
grouping:

yX yyX

3- Creating a "quilisma" ( )
The Quilisma is a small symbol used in Gregorian music for certain ascending melodic
movements. The following example shows two different uses for the Quilisma:

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Take an empty measure and type in these entries:

!X X X X X X X X X X
!

Using the Neume tool, shape a clivis (G-F), a torculus resupinus(G-F-G-F) and a scandicus
(F-G-A-B, pressing the Shift key); use the Group tool to attach the first two neumes
together:

Xu9Y

! x X9

With the Mass Mover, select the second G (beginning of the torculus resupinus) and, while
pressing the Alt key, click the Change Head tool. For the second quilisma, select the podatus
(G-A) included in the scandicus, and click the Change Head tool again with the Alt key
pressed:

X!8Y

! x !9

4- Accidentals, Dotted Notes

Accidentals are easier to use in Speedy Entry. In the Speedy menu, uncheck Check Accidentals
so that no "courtesy accidental" will be used. You may also place accidentals as articulations
using the Finale Articulation Tool.
There is no special change using dotted notes.
However, for accidentals and dots, you may need the Accidental Mover and Dot tools of the
Finale Special Tool Palette, because Medieval Spacing does not take them into account.

(A

5- Liquescence ( )
In Gregorian music, the graphic appearance of a neume is sometimes altered to indicate a
complex vocal articulation. This phenomenon is called liquescence. Here again, there is a very
simple way to obtain a liquescent neume. While clicking the Neume tool, press the Alt key. Note
that not all the neumes can be liquescent. See the Fundamental Neumes Board for details.

6- White shapes (

S )

All the black note shapes (except specific Gregorian graphics like liquescence) have their
equivalence in "white" (called sometimes black-void). In order to obtain white shapes, click the
Medieval Settings tool
and check the White Notation option. Click "Ok" to close the
dialogue box ; your new entries or neumes will now be written in white.
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7- Convex or concave ? (

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

/)

This a very specific option which allows you to decide the orientation of the ligatures. For
instance, in Gregorian square notation, you should select concave ligatures. On the other hand, in
Franconian notation, convex ligatures might look better. It is a question of choice. Click the
Medieval Settings tool

to modify this option as you like.

8- Changing the Direct

In Chapter II, you saw how to place a direct in your score. In Medieval Settings, you have the
possibility of changing its default position and its shape:
!

Click the Medieval Settings tool. The Position value (in EVPUs) corresponds to the offset
towards the Barline (can be negative). The Selection button opens a character map where you
can select a new direct (number 44, 45, 46 or 249 in the map). Click OK twice to confirm
your changes.

9- Choosing a clef
Your default document offers you C and F clefs in different positions. Select the Finale Clef tool
to choose a clef. With the Clef Designer (Finale Document Settings), you can easily program
other clefs which are to be found in the Neuma Symbol font. See Annex E for details.
10- Expressions and Articulations
In the default files, many extra symbols are available as Expressions and Articulations,
combining elements from Neuma, and Neuma Symbol fonts, and Shapes. For instance:

'

* J

< ,

A R V D F

Of course, You can add to your symbol librairies as you please, using the normal Finale
procedures.
See also Annexes E & F for details about Neuma and Neuma Symbol fonts.

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IV - Hidden functions, Advices, and Tips

1- More about Time Signature
As mentioned earlier, Medieval adapts the time signature of the measure automatically. Just for
curiosity's sake, have a look at it by clicking the measure with the Finale Time Signature tool. For
instance, for the first measure of our last exercice, you would obtain 44/8. Fortunately, this is not
your concern, but Medieval's!

2- The Check tool

When a neume or a group is shaped, Medieval saves some specific datas in your file. It is called
the Neumatic Structure. But what happens if for example you remove or add some notes in a
measure already containing neumes or groups? The structure is disturbed because Medieval can
not decide whether or not the notes close to your change belong to a neume. The Check Tool
allows to verify a region, and, by simplification, to correct the neumatic structure if necessary.
Actually, the Check function is used automatically by many other Medieval tools like Neume,
Spacing, Group, etc.
3- Using the Mass Mover
Very often, you need to copy music from a measure to another. Copy/Paste works as well as the
"Drag & Drop" procedure. Let's recall it:
!

In the Mass Mover menu, check Copy and Replace and Move Everything, and uncheck
Select Partial Measures.

Select the measures you want to copy.

Drag them directly to the target measure(s) if it is in the same page; on the contrary, select the
corresponding page and click the target measure by pressing simultaneously the Shift and
Ctrl keys. To copy the selection to another document, use Copy/Paste. All the elements of the
measures move, including the neumatic structure.

Apply the Medieval Spacing tool to the target measures.

Note: In order to keep the neumatic structure, it is essential to uncheck Select Partial Measures.

4- More about the Split tool

Suppose you want to reinitialize an entire measure or region:

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Select the region with the Mass Mover and, by pressing the Shift and Ctrl keys, click the Split
tool

. The region recovers its original "punctum" state.

Suppose now you wish to reinitialize a group in which you did a lot of note head changes. If after
selection you click the Split tool, all the heads will change into punctums. For a "soft" init,
proceed like this:
!

Select the notes with the Mass Mover and, by pressing only the Ctrl key, click the Split tool
. The group is broken and the note heads do not change, except if they were part of a
neume.

5- Export Graphics
Medieval is extremely demanding in graphic precision. If you wish to export your medieval
scores from Finale to other softwares (for instance: Microsoft Word or Illustrator), you must use
the Graphics Finale tool.
As far as the vectorial file formats, Illustrator (on the Macintosh only) gives much more accurate
results than EPS.
Concerning the two other formats PICT and TIFF, it is recommanded to use a resolution of at
least 600 dpi (PICT is better for Acrobat or Word files).
6- Medieval and polyphony
One of the originalities of Medieval lies in the special use of the Beat Chart. However, Finale can
not deal, for the time being, with independent Beat Charts for several staves in a given measure.
Although there was very rarely in polyphonic medieval music what is now called a conductor
score - parts were more often separate -, we will introduce briefly a method with which you can
obtain a conductor like score.
Suppose you want to create a two-staff score, the second staff with 3 lines instead of 4 or 5.
With Finale 98 :

Add a new staff ;

Check the same Staff Attributes as the first staff, except the number of lines (3) ;

Choose your clef;

Enter the music alternatively : for example 3 measures of the first staff, nothing on the
second, then 3 measures of the second, nothing on the first, etc.

In Page View, optimize the systems to hide the silent staves ;

Arrange the systems as you please with the Page Layout tool .

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9 With Finale 2000 :

-

On the same staff, enter the music alternatively : for example 3 measures of the first
voice, 3 measures of the second voice, then 4 measures of the first, 4 of the second,
etc.

Using the Staff tool, apply the desired Staff Style (3, 4, 5 or 6 lines) to the measures
corresponding to the second voice ;

Arrange the systems using the Fit Music command and the Page Layout tool.

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ANNEXES
A - Overview of Medieval's Tools
Split

Neume

Group

Change Head
Spacing

Barline

Nomine

Direct
Settings

Check
Left Arrow

Right Arrow

The Neume Tool.

The Neume Tool is Medievals most useful tool. It shapes automatically a "neume"
(graphic contraction of a short melodic fragment) according to the selection of the melody.
It recognizes more than 80 fundamental neumes, up to 7 notes, and, using the Shift, Ctrl
and Alt keys, you can have access to a lot of variants, from the gregorian music up to the
late 14th cent.s "mannerisms". See the Fundamental Neumes Board for details and
shortcuts.
The Split Tool.
The Split Tool splits up an existing neume or group, or reinitializes some measures.
Splitting a neume. The notes must be selected with the Mass Mover (the selection does not
need to be precise).
Splitting a group. Select precisely the notes you want to ungroup with the Mass Mover.
. Ctrl +
resets the head of the note to "punctums" (simple notes).
Click
Reinitializing some measures. Select the measure(s) with the Mass Mover (Partial Selection
works). Click Ctrl + Shift +
heads).

to reintialize the entire measure(s) (positions and

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The Change Head Tool.

This tool allows you to change the heads of the selected notes, in an easier way as "Special
Tool" does it.
Changing head. Select some notes (multiple measures is possible). Clicking
the heads sequentially. Click Shift +

changes

for a quick jump to the diamond notes.

Making rests. Click Ctrl +

to obtains medieval rests (sequentially).
Quilisma. Select precisely the note you want to change into the quilisma symbol and click
Alt+

to obtain it.

Group Tool.
In order to create complex medieval note groupings, the Grouping Notes tool gives you the
possibility to join side by side the selected notes or neumes, whatever they are. It is very
useful in post-Gregorian music.
Simple Grouping. Select notes and/or existing neumes within a measure. Click
group them together.
Stem Grouping. Select the notes and click Ctrl +
punctums and stems.

to

to group them into a combination of

Spacing.
The Medieval Spacing is a new Music Spacing tool, adapted to neumatic context in
which the position of the notes is particularly important and significant. It is essential after
a lot of operations such as resizing pages or systems, moving barlines, etc.
Intelligent Spacing. Select the measures you want to respace. Applying
account the last relative position of the elements.
Standard Spacing. Click Ctrl +

will take into

to obtain a standard spacing.

Barline Tool.
Select some measures. Click

to hide or show the barlines (two-way).

Nomine
Select a neume or a group of simple notes to know the Latin name of the neume, according
to the gregorian scholastic classification. It is more efficient in gregorian style.

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Place Direct.
The direct is an optional sign indicating the position of the first note in the next system,
or after a clef change. It is very common in Gregorian music. You must set the direct into
the measure as a simple note. Click
to place automatically the direct, according to the
settings (see Medieval Document Settings).
The Check Tool.
If you add or remove notes of a measure which already contains neumes or groups, the
neumatic structure will be somewhat disturbed. Clicking
selected measures.

will verify and correct the

The Medieval Document Settings.

Click on this button to change your Medieval Settings :

Adjust Time Signature : tells Medieval to adapt the Time Signature automatically.
Normally, you must keep this option checked.
Correct questionable Neumes : if unchecked, Medieval will ask you if you want
some measures to be corrected. If checked, the Check function will be automatically
applied.
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Small/Big Step : step for the left and right arrow moving (unit : EVPUs).
White Notation : check this if you want white (black-void) shapes for notes or
ligatures.
Convex Ligatures : check this if you want convex rather than concave ligatures.
Favor Gregorian : If checked, the high part of the Podatus will look narrower.
Tell if Neume already exists : check this if you want Medieval to inform you when
a neume already exists (Neume tool).
Note Head Font : tell which font is used for the note heads.
Direct / Selection & Position : set the head of the Direct and the offset towards the
Barline.

: Click on this button to open the About Medieval window.

Left and Right arrows.

This tool allows you to move entries very precisely. It acts directly on the Beat Chart, not
on the Note Offset like Finale's Note Position Tool.
Select notes within a measure. Click one of the arrows to move the selection according to
the big step . Press Ctrl and click one of the arrows to use the small step . Press
Ctrl + Shift to use the minimal step (1 evpu).

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B - Basic rules and settings using Finale with Medieval

1- Layers.
Deal only with Layer 1. Do not use chords. The medieval notation on a given staff is always
monodic.
2- Staves.
You will generally need only one staff (monodic music such as gregorian). However, it is
possible, using tricks, to put together different staves to obtain a conductor like score. See
Tutorial IV-6 and samples Square Notation, French Notation, Italian Notation).
3- Mass Mover and Staff Systems.
Keep Select Partial Measure checked. Do not use Finale Music Spacing strange things
could happen ( use exclusively the Medieval Spacing tool
) . In Finale 2000, unckeck the
Automatic Music Spacing option (Edit menu). Work p referablywith locked system, if
possible.
4- Speedy and Simple Entry
Use quarter and dotted quarter notes exclusively in the "first-step" transcription. Keep Jump to
Next Measure, Check Accidentals, Check for Extra notes and Use five Lines Staff
unchecked.
5- Resize Tool
Do not resize the staff itself (keep 100%, because of a loss of precision in Finale); but resizing
the page looks fine. After resizing, apply the Medieval Spacing tool to your measures.
6- Page View and Zoom Tool.
Prefer the Page View, because of the special use of the Beat Chart. Make a generous use of the
Zoom Tool in order to control the position of the elements (it could look sometimes disjoined at
some size, but it is o.k. when you have a closer look with the zoom or by printing).
7- Update Layout.
Reflow Measure : Across System (maintain fit music groupings). Unckeck Automatic
Update Layout.
8- MIDI Playback
Medieval is clearly a graphic-oriented extension. Interprating the rythm of all the medieval
notations is in itself a source of numerous musicologic debates, so that it would be illusory to
make MIDI pertinent choices.
9- Intervals
The Neuma font is designed to cover all the intervals you will encounter in medieval music.

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USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

C - Fundamental Neume Board

To create automatically a fundamental neume, use the Mass Mover to select some simple
. The shape of the neumes depends only on the
notes (up to 7) within a measure, and click
melodic movements of the notes in the selection.
In order to have access to miscellaneaous variants of the neumes, such as liquescence, you can
press simultaneaously Ctrl, Shift or Alt. Medieval knows more than 80 fundamental neumes.
Here is the action of the Neume Tool and the shortcuts :

Melodic Movement

X
X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X X
XXXX
X
XXXX
XX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXX X
X
(punctum)

with Alt
(liquescence)

Y
XX
XXX
z
Y hh
Y hhh
Y hhh
h
Y hhh
hh
Y ?? X
Y hhh X
Y hhhh X
Y hhh
hh X

Virga

with shift

with ctrl

with ctrl
+ shift

Distropha
Tristropha
Clivis
Climacus

Climacus
resupinus

MG
Y ??
Y ???
Y ???
Y ???
Y ?? X ?
Y ??? X
Y ??? X
Y ? ?? X
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USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

Melodic Movement

X X
X X X X
XXXXX
XXX XX X
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XX X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX XXX
XXX XX X

u
u hh
u hhh
u hhhh
u hhhhh
u hh X
u hhh X
u hhhh X
uZ
uu
uu Z
u y
uXyX
XuXXX
uZ hh
uZ hhh

Podatus (Pes)

Podatus
subpunctis

Podatus
Subpunctis
resupinus

Scandicus

with Alt
(liquescence)

with shift

with ctrl

with ctrl
+ shift

(A
u ??
u ???
u ????
u ?????

u ??? X
u ? ? ? X
X(@

Qg

Scandicus
flexus

Scandicus
subpunctis

uZ ??
uZ ???
- 24 -

Xu
uX Z
Xuu

USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

Melodic Movement

XXX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
X X X X
X X X
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX

with Alt
(liquescence)

T
Ty
T hh
T hhh
T hh X
T hhh X
TXz
TX
Xy
XS
XSy
XSy hh
XSy hhh

Porrectus

Porrectus
flexus
Porrectus
subpun ctis

T ??
T ???

with shift

Q
Qy

with ctrl

Ty

with ctrl
+ shift

Qy

Porrectus
Subpunctis
resupinus

Torculus

Torculus
resupinus

XMH
Xy(A
XSy ??
XSy???

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QXz
QX TXy QXy
XSy

USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

D - Cyclic Note Head Map (Change Head tool)

o
r
d
.

d
i
a
m
o
n
d
r
e
s
t
s

X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n o p q r s t
/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

E - Neuma Font ASCII Map Abstract

ASCII nbrs.

Characters

33-47: miscel.

! " # $ & ' ( ) * + , - ./

48-55: rests

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
56-62: podatus (high)

8 9 ; < = >
81-87: stems

Q R S T U V W
88-119: black cyclic note head
map

XYZ[/]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

120-126: clivis (high)

X y z { | } ~

129-135: clivis (low)

136-142: podatus (other)

144-151: concave ligatures

152-159: special ligatures

160-167: convex ligatures

168-247: idem 88-167 in white

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USING Medieval

Mac & Windows Version 1.0 1999

F - Neuma Symbol Font Char Map

!

!
"

,
.

"
#

.
/

#
$

&

&
'

'
(

(
)

)
*

*
+

SV
]

- 28 -

d
e

>

>

<

<