W666h666

--

: - -

: - - ..........

: - - ......
: - - ...................




--

--

--

--

 ):(Density

)/ (
/ ,.

):(Specific weight

w

)/ ( w = g g
,/.

--

 ):(Specific Gravity

sp.gr

,
) (
.

):(Pressure

)/ (
, ) (

H
A
AHW

WH
--


Head Pressure Energy
./ ) (Head =

/Sp.gr /

)(

--

 ,/

1.03 10

1

1.03 10
= 0.76 mt
13.6

)(

- -

 ) ( ) Gage
(pressure
) (Atmospheric pressure

) (pressure
) (vacuum

) (Absolute pressure

= +

):(Vapor pressure

),(
,/

.
- -

 )(

:
) (

) (Head
]10 [1.03 0.03
= 10 mt
1

- -

 ):(Viscosity

) (
) (

Newtonian Liquids
.

./ ) (poise
/.
)/(

.- = N.sec/m = Pa.sec

- -

Centipoise

N Newton
Pa Pascal = N/m

)(w/g

) (stoke
) /(

Centistoke = mm/sec
Centistoke - = m/sec

,

, )..(

=
Sp.gr/
) (
./ , = .
/ = , .
- -

):(Continuity Equation

)(

- -

 V
A
) ( ) ( A
V

AV
) ( A
,V

= AV=AV

) (Flow Rate Q
/.

):(Energy

./
.
- -

 ):(Velocity Head
V2
)
2g

./

V
.

):(Pressure Head
10 4 P
Head
w

P / w
/.

):(Elevation Head
Z
Datum Plane
.

- -

 ):(Bernoulli's Equation

Steady Flow

) ( "

"

2

10 P V
+
+z
w
2g

=H

)(.

- -

 - ):(Orifice Meter

)(

- -

 D
d
) (
d

D

, ,

d
,
D

) () (
) =( ) =(
10 4 P1 V12
V22
+
= + Z2
+
+ Z1
2g
w
2g

10 4 P2
w

V V

) V22 10 4 ( p1 p 2
=
= H1 H 2 = h
w
2g
V 2 = 2 gh

V
2 gh

) (
- -

 ) (

V K V 2 gh Kv

)( Q
Q = AV

) (

Orifice A
d 2

d2

A2 = K C

Kc

d 2 2 gh

d 2 K V 2 gh = K d

Q = KC

)(

- -

 Kd KvKc

,

Jet
D
.




Orifice

,
) ( = Kd
,

d 2 2 gh

Q = Kd

- -

2 9.8h , h = ,

400
8 2.54
= 0.596

3600
4 100

mt
, /

0.882
= 0.148 kg / cm 2
10

P = 1.686

Head loss

,/

: ) (

.
- -

 )(

- -

 - ):(Flow-Nozzle Meter
D

d ) (

d
, ,
D

) () (
.
10 4 P1 V12
10 4 P2 V22
+
= + Z1
+
+ Z2 + hf
2g
2g
w
w

hf )() (

10 4 P1 V12 10 4 P2 V22
+
=
+
+ hf
w
2g
w
2g

AV=AV
KV hf
2

) 10 4 P2 (V2 / K V
=
+
w
2g

A2

A1

) 10 4 P1 (V2 / K V
+
w
2g

- -

2
) 10 4 (P1 P2
V22 A2
1 = H 1 H 2 = h
=
w
2 gK v2 A1

2 gh

A
1 2
A1

V2 = K v

)( Q

d 2V 2

2 gh
d 4
1
D

= Q = A2V2
d2

= Kd .

Kd=KV


,
) ( ,
) (

.
- -

 ) (

) (

10 4 P1

w
V2
1
2g

) (
) (
) (

(E.G) Energy Gradient

hf

(H.G) Hydraulic Gradient

- -

V2
2g

- :Venturi Meter

)(
- -

 D
d

2

d
) (
D

, .,
) () (

Kd hf
Q

2 gh
d 4
1
D

d2

Q = Kd

hf

kd

, )(
- -

) (

, ,

) (

),/.(

orifice

FlowNozzle

Venturi

d
) (
D

)(kg/cm

)(kg/cm

-,

)(
- -

 :

Straight Run

Back pressure
d

D

, ,

orifice
) ( D
Flow-Nozzle Venturi
) (D

Worst Case

) (D .

- -

 - :Pitot

)(

)(

- -

 Pitot

Flow

V2

2g

).(
Pitot-Static
) (
) (
) (

) (
Pitot-
static

- -

 ) ( Pitot-Static
) (

T
Pitot

.Head






)(

- -

 :
:
-
.
-

.

- :Friction Head Loss

.
V 2 0.81057 flQ 2

=
gd 5
2g

l
d

hf = f

V2
l d
2g

- -

 f

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Turbuleut FLow

Reynold's Number RN

)sp.gr V (cm / sec) d (cm
) ( poise

= RN

)25400 V (mt / sec) d (inch

) (cst

sp.gr
/
V
d
- -

 )(

) (

) (Cst

)d (inch

V (mt / sec ) < 0.0787

)Q(mt/hr) < , (cst). d(inch

lQ
d4

h f = 2.7717

hf

Q
d

- -


) (

) (Cst

V (mt / sec) > 0.15748

)d (inch

)Q(mt / hr ) > 0.287 (cst ). d (inch

3

0.25 l Q 1.75
d 4.75

hf

h f = 17.5425

- -

- :Minor losses
V 2

V 2

hs = K
2g
2g
K
).(

,
,

)(

- -


Equivalent Length

leq V 2 0.81057 f leq Q 2
=

d 2 g
gd 5

- -

hs = f

() leq
Bends

Welding
Elbows

Valves

Ratio Of

Pipe Bend
Long Short Welding
Size Radius Radius Radius
Tee
Swing
Gate Globe Angle
(Inch) To Pipe
Check
Size
= =

,=

,, ,

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,, ,

,, ,

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,

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,

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, , , , ,

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, ,,,,

,
,

,, ,
,, ,

,,

)(
Gate,
Ball, Plug And Butterfly
Globe And Angle
.



l + leq V 2 0.81057 f (l + leq)Q 2
=

d 2 g
gd 5

ht = h f + hs = f

- -

- -

 :

)(

)(

)(
)(.

- -

 :

:

- :Gathering System

- -

 - :Trunk Line System

Trunk Pipe Lines


.

- :Distribution Systems

Pipe Line Distribution

Systems


- -

 :

.

- :

)/ /(
=

.

- :

) /(
.

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:
-

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-
-

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.
.






) (


) (.

.
- -


)/(
=

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)(

:

:
-
) ( .
-
.

- -

:
/.

/
/

.

Service Factor
%

- -

 )(
(million ton / year ) 10 6
7200 sp.gr

=Q

sp.gr

. Q = , Di2
V /.
- -

 Di

Qmin = 1.824 Di2

. Qmax = 5.472 Di2

:
-
.

- -

 -

.
-



.

:
:
-
Initial And Ultimate

Throughput
-

/.

- -

 -

/.
-
.

:
-


Q = 1.842V Di2

Q
1.824V

= Di V

Ultimate

Throughput V=mt/sec

Qult
1.824 3

- -

= Minimum Di


Ultimate Throughput V=,
mt/sec
Qult
1.824 1.5

= Maximum Di

- -

 - :

(P
Di
(P- min

Di
)P

)P
y

- -

:



.

- -


:

2 10 6
.
= = 2 10 ton / year
7200sp.gr
6

Q Initial

Qinitial= , mt/hr
5 10 6
= 694.44mt 3 / hr
7200sp.gr

= QUltimate = 5 10 6 ton / year

694 .44
= 11 .265 inch
5 .472

= min .D i

694 .44
= 15 .93 inch
2 .736

= max .D i

.
- -

:
Standard weight =
,
Di=, (,) = // and L = kmt

( QI=, m/hr

277.77
= 1.057mt / sec
1.824(12) 2

=V

10.25 (190)277.77 1.75
= 471.2mt
12 4.75

- -

h f = 17.5425


sp.gr
= 47.12kg / cm 2
10

471.2

.
( Qu = , m/hr
:
V = , mt/sec
hf = , kg/cm


234.2
= 3.346
70

:


.
- -


:
Standard weight = ,
Di = (,) = ,//, L = kmt
( QI = , m/hr
V = , mt/sec
hf = , kg/cm

( Qu = ,m/hr
V = , mt/sec
hf = , kg/cm

- -


146.3
= 2.09
70

,
Standard weight =
Di = - (,) = ,// , L = Kmt
( QI = ,m/hr
V = , mt/sec
hf = , kg/cm
( QU = , m/hr
V = , mt/sec
hf = kg/cm
- -



75
= 1.07
70

.

) (

- -

 ) (

/ /

/ , , .

) (

% /
,/ / /

: ) (Loop


.
- -

 : ) (Loop


.

:
.

.


/

)

/(

/

.
- -

- -

,
/

,
/

- -

)(%

)(%
) %

)(
- -

,
/

- -

- -


)(%

)(%

) % (

)(

- -

 :


.

PD = , y t
P
,.
D
y
/ Grade B
/ .X-
t

:
-
-
-
-

.
.
.
.
- -


) () (
Schedule Number

t
D

= 2000

Schedule Number = ,

) () ( %,

- -

STD wt

)(

)(

Pipe thickness
Extra strong

Standard
weight

) XS(

)(

,
,
,

,
,
,

,
,

,
,

,
,
,

,
,

,
- -

,
,

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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
)(

- -

Pipe
size
(inch)

Outside diameter
inch

mm

Pipe thickness
STD.wt
(inch)

Sch.(inch) Sch.(inch)

, ,

()

- -

- -

:

(STD wt) Standard weight

= = ,

/
= ,
:
)(

For -inch STD wt pipe
Pipe thickness = ,//, D = ,//
Di = , (,) = ,//
- -


Q
72
=
= 1.073mt / sec
2
1.824 Di 1.824(6.065) 2

=V

) (

C st
4.38
V > 0.15748
i.e V > 0.15748

) d (inch
6.065

V > 0.1137 mt / sec

Sp.gr kg / cm 2
Kmt
10

0.25 Q 1.75
D 4.75

h f / kmt = 17.5425

4.38 0.25 721.75
0.84
96
= 69.6 kg / cm 2
4.75
10
6.065

- -

h f = 17.5425

 :
/
STD-wt




/

: =

= ,/ = ,
.
: =

= ,/ = ,
.

.

- -

 :
)(

For -inch STD-wt pipe
Outside diameter = ,// t= ,//
Di = , (,) = ,//

20
= 0.676 mt / sec
1.824(4.026) 2

=V

:
- = ,
) (
- = )
(
- = ) ,
(
- )( =.

- -


0.676 2
]hs = [0.50(5) + 1(15) + 0.20(8) + 1
= 0.468 mt
2 9.8

: =

)Q < , (Cst) d(inch
)Q < , (,) (,
Q < , mt/hr


sp.gr kg / cm 2

kmt
10

) (cst )Q(mt / hr
3

)Di4 (inch

)88.17(20
0.964
1
= 1.79kg / cm 2
4
10
4.026

h f / Kmt = 2.7717
h f / Kmt = 2.7717

0.964
= 0.045kg / cm 2
10

hs = 0.468

ht = h f + hs = 1.835kg / cm 2

- -


1.835 + 1 = 2.835kg / cm 2

/
: =

)Q > , (cst) d(inch
)Q > , (,) (,
Q > , mt/hr

SP.gr
Kg / Cm 2 / Kmt
10

0.25 Q 1.75
4.75
i

h f / Kmt = 17.5425

8.57 0.25 201.75

0.910
1
= 0.69 Kg / Cm 2
4.75
10
4.026

h f = 17.5425

0.910
= 0.0426 Kg / Cm 2
10

- -

hs = 0.468


ht = h f + hs = 0.73 Kg / Cm 2

0.73 + 1 = 1.73 kg / Cm 2

1.835 0.73
100% = 60.2%
1.835

- -

:
STD-wt
,/
/

= ,/ =
, .

:



60 2.25
= 0.4476(kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
129

- -

hf
Kmt

0.84 0.25 Q 1.75 0.73

= 0.4476
10
7.9814.75

h f / Kmt = 17.5425

Q = , mt/hr

- -

H.G

:
:

) (

:
- A
- B
- ) (C

- -

 )(
= STD - wt

,/ ,

A
/

- -

 :
- Hydraulic
gradient
H

A

0.81
= 14.09 Kg / cm 2
10

)(692 518

A
A H
h f = 56 14.09 = 41.91Kg / cm 2

13.10.25 Q 1.75 0.81
41.91
= 17.5425

121
10
12 4.75

A
- -

Q = , mt/hr
- B
H
0.81
= 12.3Kg / cm 2
10

)(692 540

H B

41.91
8 = 2.77kg / cm 2
121

B H

, , = , kg/cm
- C
A
0.81
= 13.45kg / cm 2
10

)(518 352

A C

- -

41.91
28 = 9.7 kg / cm 2
121

) (C
+ A
C A

A .C

= + , , = , kg/cm

.

.
) (

Station spacing

- -

:

) (STD wt pipe
= ,/


= ,

= /
) (
:
-
-
-
-
- -

 )(

:

)Ton/year = Q.sp.gr = (

, = , million

Q
2000
=
= 2.028mt / sec
2
1.824 Di 1.824[24 2(0.375)]2

- -

=V

) (cst

V > 0.15748

)d (inch
24.149
> 0.15748
23.25
> 0.16 mt / sec

.
sp.gr
10

0.25 Q 1.75
4.75
i

h f / Kmt = 17.5425

24.149 0.25 20001.75

0.882
400
= 265.38 Kg / cm 2
4.75
10
23.25

h f = 17.5425

265.38
= 3.79
70

(,/) = , Kg/cm
:
A

, Kg/cm
- -


265.38
= 0.66345(kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
400

Head

:
A

10
= 663.45mt
sp.grwater

66.345

10
= 6.6345mt
sp.grwater

0.66345

E,D,C

.
- -

: ,

) (STD wt

,/

,

/ ) (

:
-
-
- ) (H.G
-

- -

ton / year
2.17 10
=
= 374mt 3 / hr
7200 sp.gr 7200 0.806
6

=Q

Q
374
=
= 2.04mt / sec
2
1.824 Di 1.824[10.75 2(0.365)]2

7.4
10.02

V > 0.15748

) (C st

i.e

)d (inch

=V

V > 0.15748

V > , mt/sec


SP.gr
10

1.75

0.25

4.75
i

h f / Km = 17.5425

7.4 0.25 160 3741.75 0.806

= 209 kg / cm 2
4.75
10
10.02

- -

h f = 17.5425


A D
0.806
= 8.5 Kg / cm 2
10

)(319 213

A
, = , kg/cm

200.5
= 2.86
70

200.5
= 66.83 kg / cm 2
3

) (H.G :
A

D Kg/cm

- -


209
= 1.30625(kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
160

Head

:
A

10
Sp.grwater

668.3mt = 66.83

10
= 13.0625mt
Sp.grwater

1.30625

B
D, C
B
C
.

- -

 B A
- = mt AB

153
1Kmt = 11.7129 Kmt
13.0625

D C
-=mt CD

106
1Kmt = 8.1148 Kmt
13.0625

) (
BC :

AB = BC + ,
CD = BC + ,

AB + BC + CD = Kmt

BC + , + BC + BC + , =
BC = ,

BC = , Kmt

AB = , Kmt

CD = , Kmt
- -

 )(

- -

:
:

) Head(

0.25l Q1.75
d 4.75

hf

.
l

h f = 17.5425

.
- -

 Q
.
d

,
h f = 0.003958 0.25 Q1.75

)(

,
,

h f = 0.00296 Q1.75

1.75

- -

1.75

h f = 0.003167 Q

h f = 0.0035107 Q

1.75

h f = 0.003789 Q

h f = 0.005069 Q1.75

1.75

h f = 0.005726 Q

1.75

h f = 0.006528 Q

,
,
,
,

1.75

h f = 0.003958 Q

1.75

1.75

h f = 0.008432 Q

1.75

h f = 0.008774 Q

h f = 0.00753 Q

,
,

)(

- -

1.75

h f = 0.00955 Q

 ) (

) (

) Head(

) (III II I
) (-
).(

- -



Head

)() (

Density Meter Viscosity Meter
Pressure Gage

- -

- -

) (I
(H) Head

)(H

)(H

)(H

)(Q

Head

Head

Head

,
,

,
,

- -

,
,
,

)(

- -

) (III

) (II

(H) Head

(H) Head

(H) Head

)(Q

- -

)(

- -

- -

Reference

Reference

Reference
.

Equivalent Length

Reference

.
- -

 Discharge Ratio

Reference

).(

- -

- //

- //

- // & - ,

//

- // & - ,

Reference

Dref = STD wt
//

//
//

//

& //

//

//

//
//

& //

Dref = // STD wt

//
//
//

- -

Dref = // STD wt

 //

Dref = // STD wt

// &

//

//

//

//

Dref = STD wt

//
//

//

//
//

//

//

//

//

//

//

//
// &
//

,
,

- -

,
,

 // &

// &

// &

//

//

//
//
//

Dref = STD wt
//

//

,
,

//

()

- -

,
,

: H.G

) (
:

)(
- -

 :
= A/.
, = B/.
A
B
,/
, .

:
) ( STD
(Di = ,//) wt
(Di = ,//) STD wt

) (

, = (,)

- -

 A
), = (, +

58 1.5
= 0.749(kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
75.459

20.6 0.25 Q 1.75

10
= 17.5425
0.85
7.9814.75

0.749

Q = , mt/hr.

- -

 : H.G

) (

):(Loop

)(

- -

 : .

:
) ( STD
(Di=,//) wt
) (Loop
(Di = ,//) STD wt .

:


) (
,

, = (,)
A
), = (, +

58 1.5
= 1.089( Kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
51.88

- -


Q = ,

mt/hr

: H.G

) (

)(
- -

 : .

:
) (

. :

.(Di=//) STD wt
) (

,
, = (,)

, = (,)

.

- -

), = (, + ,

58 1.5
= 0.594(kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
95.148

mt/hr


- -

Q = ,

 : H.G

) (


:

)(

- -

 : .
: ) (
(Di=,//) STD wt

(Di=,//) Standard weight

.

:

) (

, = (,)

) , = (, +
.

58 1.5
= 0.197(kg / cm 2 ) / Kmt
286.707

- -

1.75

0.25

20.6 Q
10
= 17.5425
0.85
10.02 4.75

0.197

Q = , mt/hr
) (



)

( .

- -

 :


) /
(
:
- )(
.
- Loop

(
.
-


.
- -

 -
) (
.


)
( ) (

:

- %
)( .%,
- %
)( .%,
- %
)( .%,

- -

- %
)
( ,) %, (.
- )(

,) %, (.


/

) (
.

- -


Loop


Loop
Loop Loop
Loop ) ( :
0.368

2.7143

0.2105

1
)
R1.75

)(
- -

1
D L = D
A

1 A (1
L

: DL ) Loop(
D

: )(

: AL ) Loop(
A

: )(

: )(
Loop Q
Loop Q
.

Loop

.Loop

- -


Loops

Loop
H.G
HB ).(

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