Islamic University Of Gaza

Faculty Of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Fluid mechanics and hydraulics lab (EMEC 3112)

Exp(1):
Flow through small orifices

submitted by :
Mohammed Youssef Abo Dagga

Class NO:
102

Supervisor:
ENG. Mohammed Mosa

First semester 2015

120130858

OBJECTIVES:
Studying the flow through small orifice discharging to atmosphere.
Calculating the coefficient of discharge (Cd).
Calculating the coefficient of velocity (Cv).
Calculating the coefficient of contraction (Cc)

Introduction:
An Orifice is an opening in the side or base of tank or reservoir through which fluid
is discharge in the form of a jet.
The discharge will depend upon the head of the fluid (H) above the level of the
orifice.

The term small orifice means that the diameter of the orifice is small compared with
the head producing flow.

The flow of water through an orifice. Water approaches the orifice with a relatively low
velocity, passes through a zone of accelerated flow, and issues from the orifice as a
contracted jet. If the orifice discharges free into the air, there is modular flow and the
orifice is said to have free discharge; if the orifice discharges under water it is known as
a submerged orifice. If the orifice is not too close to the bottom, sides, or water surface
of the approach channel, the water particles approach the orifice along uniformly
converging streamlines from all directions. Since these particles cannot abruptly change
their direction of flow upon leaving the orifice, they cause the jet to contract. The
section where contraction of the jet is maximal is known as the vena contracta. The
vena contracta of a circular orifice is about half thedkmeter of the orifice itself.

The Orifice Plate

The orifice meter shown in figure (2) below, consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular
hole drilled in it. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just
downstream. There are in general three methods of placing the taps. The coefficient of the
meter depends upon the positions of taps.

Figure (1) : The Orifice Plate operation.

Theory:

Two reasons for the difference between theoretical and actual discharge.
First: The velocity of jet is less than the velocity calculated because there is losses
of energy between point A and B.

Vactual Cv .Vtheo. Cv 2 gH

,Cv is the coefficient of velocity .

Second: The stream line of the orifice contract reducing the area of flow. (Vena
Contraction)

Aactual Cc . A
Where. Cc is the coefficient of contraction.

Qactual Cv .Cc . A 2 gH
Qactual Cd A 2 gH
Cd in the range [0.6-0.65]

Measurement of Jet Trajectory

Calculation:
Cd =

Cv =

Q act
Q th

Volume
time
A. 2 gH

gx 2
2y
2gH

X.

g
2y

2 gH

Volume
C d . A. 2 gH
time

X
2 H y

x Cv . 2 H y

Cc =

A act C d
=
A th C v

Procedures
1.

Start the pump and slowly open the bench regulating valve until the water level

reaches the crest of the weir and measure the water level to determine the datum level.

2.

Adjust the bench regulating valve to give the first required head level of

approximately 10mm. Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank or the rotameter.
Observe the shape of the nappe.

3.

Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set up heads above the

datum level in steps of approximately 10mm until the regulating valve is fully open. At each
condition measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.

4.

Close the regulating valve, stop the pump and then replace the weir with the next weir

to be tested. Repeat the test procedure.

Data & Results:

Table1: the information for flow rate

Trials

H(mm)

50

25

V(L)

10

10

T(sec)

98

135

1.02*104

04*104

0.00012
y = 0.0001x

0.0001
0.00008

Series1

0.00006

Linear (Series1)
0.00004
0.00002
0
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Figure (2) : slope for calculate Cd

Flow through a triangular notch /

Table2: information for Cv
D (mm)

H (cm)

50

x (cm)

Vertical
distance
below orifice center line y
(m)

0.002

0.003

0.0447

0.0547

10

0.007

0.011

0.0836

0.104

15

0.013

0.025

0.114

0.158

25

50

25

20

0.022

0.044

0.148

0.209

25

0.035

0.0705

0.187

0.265

30

0.049

0.137

0.221

0.370

35

0.065

0.254

40

0.082

0.286

45

0.105

0.324

0.35
y = 0.729x
0.3
Series1
0.25
B+1!$A$1:$A$9

0.2

Linear (Series1)

0.15

Linear
(B+1!$A$1:$A$9)

0.1
0.05
0

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Figure (3) : X VS sqrt(Y)

Calculation

Figure (4) : X VS sqrt(Y)

Cv average =0.364
Cc=Cd/Cv =0.449/0.364=1.297

Conclusion:
The actual value is lower than theoretical value
When design orifice with more complix accuracy the quality become very
well .