Gitlow v.

New York (1925) ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set
forth in the First Amendmentspecifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the pressto the governments of the
individual states. Gov may suppress anarchy speech. Argued by ACLU.
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)- The court ruled unanimously in an 8-0 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary
Education Act (represented through David Kurtzman) from 1968 transgressed the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The act
allowed the Superintendent of Public Schools to reimburse private schools (mostly Catholic) for the salaries of teachers who taught in these
private schools
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris tested the allowance of school vouchers in relation to the First Amendment's
Establishment Clause. A divided Court upheld a Cleveland Ohio school voucher plan.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)- ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public
schools. the Court ruled that government-written prayers were not to be recited in public schools and were a violation of the U.S. Constitution
and the Establishment Clause of the first amendment.
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963 81 in favor of the respondent, Edward Schempp, and declared school-sponsored Bible reading in
public schools in the United States to be unconstitutional. Law required that "[a]t least ten verses from the Holy Bible [be] read, without
comment, at the opening of each public school on each school day." Schempp specifically contended that the statute violated his and his
family's rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Pennsylvania
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000) It ruled that a policy permitting student-led, student-initiated prayer at high school football
games violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Oral arguments were heard March 29, 2000. The court announced its
decision on June 19, holding the policy unconstitutional in a 63 decision. School prayer is a controversial topic in American jurisprudence.
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) invalidated an Arkansas statute that prohibited the teaching of human evolution in the public schools. The Court
held that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a state from requiring, in the words of the majority opinion, "that
teaching and learning must be tailored to the principles or prohibitions of any religious sect or dogma
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) The Court ruled that a Louisiana law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools, along with
evolution, was unconstitutional because the law was specifically intended to advance a particular religion.
Reynolds v. United States (1879) Supreme Court of the United States case that held that religious duty was not a defense to a criminal
indictment. Reynolds was the first Supreme Court opinion to address the Impartial Jury and the Confrontation Clauses of the Sixth Amendment.
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) is the case in which the United States Supreme Court found that Amish children could not be placed under
compulsory education past 8th grade. The parents' fundamental right to freedom of religion outweighed the state's interest in educating its
children. The case is often cited as a basis for parents' right to educate their children outside of traditional private or public schools.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) protected a right to privacy. The case involved a Connecticut "Comstock law" that prohibited any person from
using "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception.", Violated "right to marital privacy", establishing the
basis for the right to privacy with respect to intimate practices. This and other cases view the right to privacy as a right to "protect[ion] from
governmental intrusion."
Roe v. Wade (1973) right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an
abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions: protecting women's health
and protecting the potentiality of human life.
Mapp v Ohio- evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not
be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts,; in Mapp this involved the incorporation of the provisions, as interpreted by the
Court, of the Fourth Amendment which are applicable only to actions of the federal government into the Fourteenth Amendment due process
clause which is applicable to actions of the states.