Part 2 Separation Effects Modeling

IEEE SPDC Spring Meeting, May 16

Christine Goldsworthy

Gerald Lee

Bonneville Power Administration (BPA)

Arrester Separation Distance Considerations

Basic information for determining the arrester protective zone
maximum separation distance for which the insulation coordination
requirements are met.
Equipment to be protected - voltage withstand ratings:
Self restoring insulation (switches) , non-self restoring (i.e. oilpaper -transformers, GIS-breakers, cables.
Wave shape, magnitude and rate of rise (BIL, FOW, CW)
MOSA protective level ratings for various equipment types and
relevant wave shapes

VTerminal 0.85 x VEquipwithstand

Arrester Separation Distance Considerations

From C62.22: C.6.1 Calculated allowable separation
distances.
Allowable separation distances between the arrester and the transformer
for the single-line, single transformer substation . . . for system voltages
from 69 kV through 765 kV based on the following:

Typical values of BIL

Station class surge arresters
Minimum MCOV ratings
Maximum value for the 0.5 s FOW protective level from Table 1
Surge arrester total lead length of 7.6 m
Incoming steepness of 1000 kV/s
Protective margin of 15%

Clarify separation distance as used in C26

C62.22 Separation distances . . .

The allowable separation distances are given in Table 7 of 5.2.5.4.

Modeling a simplified 500 kV 230 kV separation

distance case in ATP
The Basic Model

Sources
Breakers
Bus
Lines
Transformer
MOSA
Other Circuit Elements

Running Simulations
Verifying Circuit Operation
Analyzing Waveforms
Tabulating Results & Conclusions

Bibliography

The Basic Circuit Normal one line diagram

PERL Sub
500 kV

SHER Sub

25 Ft Bus Sections

CVT
PCB

230 kV

Lines
PCB

Arrester Applied Here

AC Source
500 kV

Lines

PCB

17.3
Miles

MOV

34.5 kV

Direct
Stroke

Back
Flashover

Shield
Failure

Twr. 4

Twr. 3

Twr. 2

Bus

KEEL Sub
.25 Mile Line Sections

Twr. 1

The Basic Circuit/Model in ATPDraw

Getting Started Making the circuit model

Start with simple circuits, verify operation, & build gradually
Always check as you go.
Use your own node names For signal identification when
plotting and for troubleshooting in the .atp & .lis files.
Add comments in the component attribute boxes for the
circuit elements.

Sources AC sources

Default source frequency is 50 Hz

change as needed (60 Hz)

If you want power flow in the

circuit use a phase angle between
sources

An accurate equivalent source

model requires a voltage source
plus a source impedance (R0, X0,
R1 & X1 & the Surge Impedance).

Example: ATPDraw HELP = ATP Rule Book Element

Definitions
Name : ACSOURCE - Steady-state (cosinus) function (current or voltage). 1 or 3 phase. Grounded or ungrounded.
TYPE 14 (+type 18 for ungrounded voltage source).
Card : SOURCE
Data : AmplitudeA = The peak value of phase A in [A] or [V] of the function. 3x1-phase source has also B and C.
Frequency = Frequence in [Hz].
PhaseAngleA= Phase angle in [deg] or [sec] for phase A. 3x1-phase source has also B and C.
StartA
= Starting time in [sec.] phase A. Add negative value to include in steady-state.
Source value zero for T<StartA. 3x1-phase source has also B and C.
StopA
= Ending time in [sec] phase A. Source value zero for T>StopA. 3x1-phase source has also B and C.
Current/Voltage: Select current or voltage source. Current source has rombe-shaped icon.
Single phase/3-phase/3x1-phase: 3-phase model assumes symmetrical source with equal amplitudes and start/stop times.
Positive phase sequence: Phase B shifted -120 deg., phase C shifted +120 deg.
3x1-phase enables full control of all phase quantities.
Use this to allow external control via $PARAMETERS/Variables.
Degrees/Seconds: Unit of phase angle.
Peak L-G/RMS L-G/RMS-L-L: Amplitude multiplied by 1, sqrt(2), sqrt(2/3) respectively. Not used if Amplitude is a Variable.
Grounded/Ungrounded: ATP requires generally grounded sources.
Ungounded voltage sources handled via type 18 ideal transformers.
Ungrounded current sources handled by using two sources with opposite polarity.
Node :

AC= 1 or 3-phase node.

1. node = phase A, phase shift PhaseAngleA.
2. node = phase B, phase shift PhaseAngleB.
3. node = phase C, phase shift PhaseAngleC.

For trapped charge functions: Specify a current source, a very low frequency, Tsta=5432. and Tsto=0.
RuleBook: VII.C.4 + VII.C.7

Sources: Type 15 Impulse function

Amp = Multiplicative number in [A]
or [V] of the function. Does not
represent peak value of surge.

T_f = The front duration in [sec].

Interval between t=0 to the time
of the function peak.

Tau = The stroke duration in [sec].

Interval between t=0 and the
point on the tail where the
function amplitude has fallen to
37% of its peak value.

Sources

Heidler impulse model varying the rate of rise

Varying n, the factor determines the rate of rise of the function.

n=2

n=10
n=20

n = rate of rise increases

n = rate of rise decreases

Flashover Model

Flash.sup is a built-in
flashover model in ATPDraw

Breakers 3-Phase Time-controlled switches

Breakers are modeled as switches

Some breakers may have transient recovery voltage (TRV)

capacitors that should be included for High frequency
modeling

Bus Basics

Ex. Using a BRANCH card (LINEZT_3) to represent a

distributed parameters (Clarke) 3 phase. Transposed line

Use distributed parameter,

transposed line models (Clark)

Use non-frequency dependent

line models

Line model options . . . Non frequency

dependent

Generally used for steady

state modeling

Good for modeling lines that are

remote from the area of
interest, where line
characteristics have less effect
on the study area.

Line model options . . . Frequency dependent

Most users prefer and get the best results using J-Marti for modeling overhead lines

ALWAYS ( ) check this

box when performing
transient simulations as
opposed to SS or the case
will give you erroneous
data !

Lines - Basics
Lines Modeling Basics
The time-step must
coordinate with your line
models or ATP will crash.
The time step must be less
than the travel time of the
shortest line segment in
the model.

Lines - Flashover model configurations

Back Flashover:
Tower - Phase
Back Flashover:
A&C
Tower - Phase

Flashover:
Phase Ground

For L=3m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

For L=3m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

Lines Tower modeling example

For L=8m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

For L=8m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

,
0
20
=
: Z m/s
2m
=1 50M
r L =2
Fo & v

Fo
rL
=
& v 12 m
=2 : Z=
50
2
M
m / 00
,
s

For L=4m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

For L=12m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

For L=4m: Z= 200,

& v=250M m/s

Mini line models with surge

impedance, velocity and
length

Tower footing/grounding
equivalent

Transformers

Leaving out transformer capacitance

should provide the worst case voltage at
the teminal.
Distributed capacitance modeling . . .
More work is needed.

MOSA Two Ways to Set Up Model

1.

Piecewise Non-linear resistor (series of

straight line resistors) - Type 92 (NLR92)

2.

Exponential Current Dependent Resistor

(Piecewise exponential) - Type 92 (MOV_3 or

MOV_1)

MOSA Two Ways to Set Up Model

1.

Piecewise Non-linear resistor (series of

straight line resistors) - Type 92 (NLR92)

2.

Exponential Current Dependent Resistor

(Piecewise exponential) - Type 92
(MOV_3 or MOV_1)

MOSA Variations in ATP ZNO modeling calculations

Non Linear Resistance

Note Straight Line
Segments

ZNO Fitter Smoother

Exponential Segments

ZNO Modeling High frequency models

MOSA Characteristics Using the ZNO Fitter card The user modifies the Type
92 card with the V-I characteristics
Lead Inductance must be added as an external component to the model shown
below.

New proposed frequency-dependent

Model [R1]

Existing frequency-dependent Model in C62.22

Other Circuit Elements Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Verifying Circuit Operation

Do simple hand calculations to verify steady state voltages &
currents are what they should be
Look at the ATP output files: .lis file shows the results after the
case has been run Again check SS values, minimum & maximum
magnitudes ARE they realistic (believable)?
Use the .lis file to check/verify switches are closing and opening as
needed.
When the run crashes - Use the .atp file to verify circuit
connections, verify that the various cards are being called.

Analyzing Waveforms
100 kA Lightning Surge at 1 Mile Out, Tower voltages after a direct stroke showing wave propagation &
reflected wave

Analyzing Waveforms - A closer look at traveling waves

100 kA Lightning Surge at 1 Mile Out from previous slide

Velocity of the positive sequence wave, conductor to conductor,

(sky mode) is faster than . . .

. . . The Velocity of the

zero sequence wave,
conductor to ground,
(ground mode) . . .

. . . The time delay

between sky and ground
mode traveling waves . .
.

Transient Analysis

100 kA Lightning Surge at 1 Mile Out, 396 kV MOSA on Bank

100 kA Lightning Stroke

100

Tow ers 1-4 Voltage, 100kA Stroke at 1 Mile Out,

5
[MV]

[kA]

4
80
3
60

40

0
20
-1
0
0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

[ms] 0.10

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) v :T500VA

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) c:IMP -TWR

Transformer Voltage

1.00

-2

8
v :T500VC

[us]

10

Arrester Duty

2500

[MV]

v :T500VB

[J]

0.75

2000
0.50
0.25

1500

0.00
1000

-0.25
-0.50

500
-0.75
-1.00

10

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) v :T500VA

12
v :T500VB

14
v :T500VC

[us]

16

0
0.00

0.02

0.04

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) c:MOSAA -

0.06
c:MOSAB -

0.08
c:MOSAC -

[ms] 0.10

Transient Analysis

100 kA Lightning Surge at 1 Mile Out, 396 kV MOSA at HV Bushing vs 150 ft

Arrester at the Bank HV Bushing

Transformer Voltage

1.00

Arrester Duty

2500

[MV]

[J]

0.75

2000
0.50
0.25

1500

0.00
1000

-0.25
-0.50

500
-0.75
-1.00

10

12

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) v :T500VA

v :T500VB

14

[us]

0
0.00

16

v :T500VC

0.02

0.04

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) c:MOSAA -

0.06
c:MOSAB -

0.08

[ms] 0.10

c:MOSAC -

Arrester Located 150 Ft Away from Bank

Transformer Voltage w / MOSA at 150 Ft

1.2

2500
[J]

[MV]
0.8

2000

0.4
1500
0.0
1000
-0.4
500

-0.8

-1.2

10

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) v :T500VA

12
v :T500VB

14
v :T500VC

[us]

16

0
0.00

0.02

0.04

(f ile PEARL_V6-MOSA-Separation_DistV3.pl4; x-v ar t) c:MOSAA -

0.06
c:MOSAB -

0.08
c:MOSAC -

[ms] 0.10

Transient Analysis

Arrester Circuit
Distance to
Transformer (ft)

Summary of studies involving 100 kA Direct Lightning Stroke at 1 Mile Out w/ a 396 kV MOSA at various locations

0
25
50
75
100
125
150

Direct Stroke to Phase Conductor 1 Mile out of Station

Voltages kVp
% PL
Protective Margin
MOSA
TRANSF Reduction
1300
1425
1550
696
819
0
59
74
89
689
905
11
44
57
71
682
1037
27
25
37
49
683
998
22
30
43
55
692
1026
25
27
39
51
692
1102
35
18
29
41
696
1149
40
13
24
35

1800
120
99
74
80
75
63
57

Peak MOSA and Transformer voltages do not occur at the same instant in time.

MOSA & Transformer Voltages Vs Circuit Distance

Under this condition: arresters

may be positioned between 75
and 150 circuit feet from the
transformer and still provide
adequate protection.

Voltage Stress at Transformer

& MOSA (kVp)

1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
0
MOSA

25
50
75
100
125
Circuit Distance from Transform er to Arrester (ft)
Transf.

150

Transient Analysis

Arrester Circuit
Distance to
Transformer (ft)

Summary of studies involving 100 kA Back flashover at Station Entrance w/ a 396 kV MOSA at various
locations

0
25
50
75
100
125
150

Backflashover at Station (100 kA Stroke)

Voltages kVp
% PL
Protective Margin
MOSA
TRANSF Reduction
1300
1425
1550
789
1603
0
-19
-11
-3
788
1611
0
-19
-12
-4
790
1690
5
-23
-16
-8
797
2048
28
-37
-30
-24
793
2127
33
-39
-33
-27
798
2112
32
-38
-33
-27
811
2100
31
-38
-32
-26

1800
12
12
7
-12
-15
-15
-14

MOSA & Transformer Voltages Vs Circuit Distance

Under this condition: The

transformer is not adequately
protected no matter where
the arrester is located

Voltage Stress at Transformer &

MOSA (kVp)

2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
0

25

50

75

100

C ir c u it D is t a n c e f r o m T r a n s f o r m e r t o A r r e s t e r (f t )

MOSA

Transf.

125

150

Transient Analysis
Another example: 100 kA Direct Lightning Stroke at 1 Mile Out w/a different 396 kV MOSA at various
locations and J-Marti frequency dependent line sections. Using ATP Comparison Case to plot signals from
5 different cases in one master plot file.

These signals are all at the TX

terminal w/MOSA located @
different 25 bus segments

Transient Analysis

Arrester Circuit
Distance to
Transformer (ft)

Summary of studies involving 33 kA Shield Failure at Station Entrance w/ a 396 kV MOSA at various locations

0
25
50
75
100
125
150

Shield Failure at Station (32 kA Stroke)

Voltages kVp
% PL
Protective Margin
MOSA
TRANSF Reduction
1300
1425
1550
754
981
0
33
45
58
758
1132
15
15
26
37
760
1188
45
9
20
30
764
1128
38
15
26
37
762
1277
56
2
12
21
759
1411
72
-8
1
10
765
1489
82
-13
-4
4

MOSA & Transformer Voltages Vs Circuit Distance

Voltage Stress at Transformer

& MOSA (kVp)

1500

Under this condition: arrester

must be located immediately
adjacent to the bank or up to
125 circuit feet away

1800
83
59
52
60
41
28
21

1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
0
MOSA

25
50
75
100
125
Circuit Distance from Transform er to Arrester (ft)
Transf.

150

Transient Analysis

Arrester Circuit
Distance to
Transformer (ft)

Summary of studies involving 33 kA Back flashover at Station Entrance w/ a 396 kV MOSA at various locations

0
25
50
75
100
125
150

Backflashover at Station (33 kA Stroke)

Voltages kVp
% PL
Protective Margin
MOSA
TRANSF Reduction
1300
1425
1550
706
1077
0
21
32
44
706
1132
5
15
26
37
706
1090
1
19
31
42
708
1130
5
15
26
37
706
1180
10
10
21
31
711
1181
10
10
21
31
716
1182
10
10
21
31

MOSA & Transformer Voltages Vs Circuit Distance

Voltage Stress at Transformer &

MOSA (kVp)

1300

Under this condition:

Arresters must be carefully
positioned for transformers
w/ 1300 and 1425 kV BIL.

1800
67
59
65
59
53
52
52

1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
0

25

50

75

100

C ir c u it D ist a n c e fr o m T r a n sfo r me r t o A r r e st e r (ft )

MOSA

Transf.

125

150

Bibliography
1.

Numerical modelling of metal oxide varistors,

Proceedings of the XIVth International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, August 25-29, 2005
Boris itnik1*, Maks Babuder1, Michael Muhr2, Mihael itnik3 and Rajeev Thottappillil3
1 Milan Vidmar Electric Power Research Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2 Institute of High-Voltage Engineering and System Management, Graz, Austria
3 Division for Electricity and Lightning Research, Uppsala University, Sweden

2.

Simulation of metal oxide surge arrester dynamic behavior under fast transients
The international Conference on Power Systems Transients -IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA
A. BAYADI1, N. HARID 2, K. ZEHAR 1, S. BELKHIAT 1
(1) Universit Ferhat Abbas Stif, Facult des sciences de lingnieur, Dpartement dlectrotechnique
Algeria (e-mail : a_bayadi@yahoo.fr, dpt_elecrtrotechnique@arn.dz)
(2) Cardiff School of Engineering, Engineering Electrical Division Cardiff, United Kingdom

3.

Alternative Transients Program - Comparison of transmission line models

Orlando P. Hevia

Bibliography
4.

Parameters Affecting the Back Flashover across the Overhead Transmission Line
Insulator Caused by Lightning
Proceedings of the 14th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON10), Cairo
University, Egypt, December 19-21, 2010, Paper ID 111.44
Ossama E. Gouda Adel Z. El Dein Ghada M. Amer

Department of Electric Engineering Department of Electric Engineering Department of Electric Engineering

Faculty of Engineering High Institute of Energy High Institute of Technology
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt South Valley University, Aswan, Egypt Benha University, Benha, Egypt

5.

AN EFFICIENT MODELING OF TRANSMISSION LINES TOWERS AND GROUNDING

SYSTEMS FOR LIGHTNING PROPAGATION STUDIES
IX International Symposium on Lightning Protection 26th-30th November 2007 Foz do Iguau,

Brazil

Joo Clavio Salari Carlos Portela Rogrio M. Azevedo CEPEL Electric Power Research Center COPPE / UFRJ
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro CEPEL Electric Power Research Center
jclavio@cepel.br portelac@ism.com.br azevedo@cepel.br P.O. Box 68007 Zip Code: 21941-911 Rio de Janeiro
RJ Brazil Tel: (21) 2598-6223