EFFICIENT PREDICTION OF NACELLE INSTALLATION

EFFECTS AT TAKE-OFF CONDITIONS

Aji Purwanto*, Thomas Deconinck*, Stphane Vilmin*,
Eric Lorrain*, Charles Hirsch*
*NUMECA International, Brussels, Belgium

ABSTRACT
Nacelle installation aerodynamics is of significant importance for verifying the engine
behavior at take-off, in presence of side winds and ground effects. These off-design conditions
must be checked for eventual loss of power and for noise generation. While traditional CFD
methods have been applied successfully to some of these problems such as ground effects,
requiring however costly full unsteady simulations, the incorporation of the acoustic
predictions is an additional challenge.
The application of the nonlinear harmonic method (NLH) provides a highly efficient
approach to simultaneously predict the unsteady aerodynamic ground effects around the
nacelle as well as the distorted inlet flow in the fan, including the near field acoustic pressure
waves.
The paper summarizes the NLH methodology, which is applied to an integrated aero-engine
including Fan, OGV (outlet guide vane) and nacelle intake in presence of ground effects and
crosswind conditions. The meshing process responding to industrial constraints in resources
and time is detailed. The development of the post-processing of the aerodynamic and noise
spectra, derived from the NLH predictions, is presented, demonstrating that the NLH approach
is able to simulate flow unsteadiness, inlet distortion and near field acoustics with a gain of
several order of magnitudes in CPU time compared to traditional methods.
NOMENCLATURE
BPF
Blade Passing Frequency
DC60
Distortion Parameter = (Pt - P=30)/qt
Vx
lateral velocity
Vy
vertical velocity
Vz
axial velocity, with positive direction toward downstream direction
the average of total pressure at AIP.
Pt
Pt0
the far-field total pressure
P=30
Average minimal total pressure in the wedge zone of 60 degrees at the fan inlet plane
PR
Pressure Recovery = Pt/Pt0
qt
Average dynamic pressure at AIP
AIP
Aerodynamic Interface Plane located at the fan face
INTRODUCTION
Take-off flight conditions represent a challenging flow behavior for aircraft engine inlets, which
have to ensure uniform flow for fan or compressor blades, while the flow entering the inlet is not
uniform due to: - its nearness to the ground, - the flight angle of attack when it starts to airborne, - the
presence of crosswind. The flow distortion generated at the lip area of an inlet must be recovered and
smoothed at the plane just upstream of the fan to ensure safe engine operations.
Moreover stringent environmental requirements dictate airport noise regulations.

There is therefore a need to ad

ddress thesee issues with
h fast and robust
r
prediiction and design
d
toolss
by
b which unnsteady flow
ws around an
a integrateed aero-engine installattion includiing Nacellee, Engine inn
presence
p
of ground effeect and crosswind, can be simulateed and analy
yzed.
Traditionnal CFD toools have beeen successfu
fully applied
d to simulate this configguration. Dealing
D
withh
unsteady
u
floow, the tools, howeverr, require hhuge resourrces in term
m of memorry and takee very longg
computation
c
nal time. Thhey are still too
t costly ffor day-to-d
day engineerring design work.
Ait Ali Yahia et al.
a (2001) has shownn CFD and CAA cou
upling for aan unsteady
y fan flow
w
simulation,
s
where the pressure diistribution at the fan inlet is useed as inlett condition
n for noisee
. Chima et al.
propagation
p
a (2010) reeported a CF
FD based analysis
a
proccess for a seerpentine in
nlet, fan andd
nozzle
n
in ccoupling 4 different codes
c
speccifically dev
veloped for turbomacchinery, du
uct, generall
purpose,
p
andd distortion effects. Thee non-integr
grated simulation of thiss configurattion makes the setting-up
u of the deesign proceess tedious and may reepresent an
n obstacle in modelingg accurately
y the directt
in
nteractions between innlet distortio
on and fan,, fan/OGV, and inlet/faan/OGV. Thhe interactio
on betweenn
distorted
d
floow and poteential pertu
urbation com
ming from the
t fan may
y non-lineaarly amplify
y the noise..
The
T responsse of the fan
f blade to
o the distorrted flow is
i of imporrtance for ddetermining
g the bladee
unsteady
u
loaading, and thhe generateed interactioon noise.
The papper presentss the non-linear harm
monic metho
od (NLH) application to aircraftt integratedd
nacelle
n
and rotating enggine (fan an
nd outlet guuide vane (O
OGV)) at taake-off conndition with crosswind..
The
T approacch works inn frequency
y domain annd allows to
o model thee fan and thhe OGV in
n one singlee
passage
p
insttead of phaase-lagged single-passsage unsteady simulatiion and insstead of full unsteadyy
simulations
s
for an inteegrated fulll 360 degreees engine configuratiion. The crrosswind is taken intoo
account
a
sincce the flow distortion
d
iss handled ass a periodic flow in the NLH approoach.
TEST C
CASE DEFIINITION
The naceelle, the fann and the ou
utlet guide vane are an
n existing sm
mall aero eengine. Pictu
ures 1a andd
1b
1 show thhe configuraation. Only
y the nacellle inlet areea is repressented in thhis study. The
T nacellee
afterbody
a
annd the jet floow are not taken
t
into acccount.

F
Figure 1a. Configurattion studied
an, Outlet Guide
G
Vanee and Grou
und
d: Inlet, Fa
The fan diameter iss 36 cm. It is made off 18 blades while the Outlet
O
Guidde Vane (OG
GV) has 400
blades.
b
The fan and its hub area arre rotating aat 13089 RP
PM. The sim
mulation is performed at sea levell
conditions
c
(pp= 1013000 Pa and T= 293 K). Three take--off conditio
ons are connsidered: 1) Advancingg
speed
s
of 50 m/s with noo crosswind
d, 2) Advanccing speed of
o 50 m/s an
nd cross winnd speed at 10 m/s andd
3)
3 Strong ccrosswind at
a 15 m/s with
w no advvancing speeed. This represents th
the maximu
um allowedd
crosswind
c
velocity. The angle of attack
a
is set to 0. The in
nlet nacelle has typical subsonic design with
2

Figure 1b. Fan (188 blades) an

nd Outlet G
Guide Fan (40 blades)) representeed in singlee blade-toblaade passage.
a thick rounnded lip, thrroat area, an
nd diffuser channel alllowing to operate
o
from
m very low speed withh
presence
p
off flow sepaaration to trransonic sppeed where the flow must
m
be deecelerated to
t subsonicc
conditions
c
aat fan inlet.
Mesh G
Generation
The CFD
D mesh hass been creatted with thee software AutoGrid5
A
and IGG
G from Numeca
N
Int.,,
allowing
a
thhe generatioon of high
h-quality m
multi-block structured hexahedrall volume meshes
m
forr
tu
urbomachinnery components in auttomatic wayy and for geeneral comp
plex geomettries respecttively.
The com
mputational domain co
onsidered haas a rectan
ngular shapee with 1.6 m
meter high, 1.5 meterr
wide
w and 2.44 meter longg (about 9 times
t
the rootor radius in
n height and
d 8 times inn width and 15 times inn
leength).
A domaiin of 360 deegrees is meeshed in thee front part of the inlett. This domaain is conneected to thee
external
e
recttangular domain wheree asymmetrrical flow co
onditions (g
ground effeccts and crossswind) cann
be
b prescribeed. The num
mber of cellss in these exxternal domains is of 2 millions (seee Figure 2)).
The fan channel com
mprises of 89
8 layers froom hub to shroud
s
and the
t OGV chhannel comp
prises of 577
laayers. The ccell width of
o the first laayer above tthe solid waalls being eq
qual to 10 m in order to keep thee
y+ < 10 suitable for low
w Reynoldss number tuurbulence modeling.
m
Th
he fan tip gaap is modeled with 177
laayers from tip to shrooud. The meesh is refineed in the vicinity
v
of th
he blades. T
The fan passsage meshh
counts
c
600,0000 cells annd the OGV
V mesh 400,0000 cells. Figure
F
3a an
nd 3b show
w a blade-to--blade view
w
of
o the skin laayer mesh surrounding
s
g the fan andd the OGV blades.
b
The purppose of thiss study is to
o explore thhe feasibilitty of the NLH
N
approac
ach in simullating in ann
in
ntegrated m
manner the flow
f
in the full externaal domain, nacelle
n
inlet, fan and O
OGV. No ex
xperimentall
measuremen
m
nt is availabble at the moment
m
of w
writing, Thee external domain
d
is kkept relativeely small too
preserve
p
a llimited num
mber of grid
d cells. Thee potential field
f
generaated by thee body and propagatedd
to
oward the eexternal bouundaries is considered homogeneo
ous at thesee boundariees. In futuree work, thatt
will
w include the test ressults, the do
omain will be accordin
ngly extend
ded and the non-reflecttive farfieldd
boundary
b
coonditions wiill be used.
The messh satisfies general qu
uality requiirements su
uch as the expansion
e
rratio not ex
xceeding 3,,
skewness
s
noot less than 10. In totaal the compuutational do
omain comp
prises 86 sttructured bllocks and 3
million
m
cellss.
The messhing time of
o the turbo
omachinery parts takes less than 2 minutes onn single pro
ocessor of a
standard
s
2.44 GHz CPU PC. While the meshingg of the extternal and in
nlet parts takkes 3 hours.
3

Figure 2. Mesh b
blocks of ex
xternal dom
main.

Figure 33a. Blade-too-blade view of the faan

Figure
F
3b. Blade-to-bl
B
lade view of the OGV

The rotoor/stator inteerfaces are placed:

p
- betweeen the externnal domainss and the fann passage,
- betweeen the fan annd the OGV
V as shown iin Figure 4.
CFD SIM
MULATIO
ON APPRO
OACH
The nonnlinear harm
monic (NLH
H) method hhas been deeveloped to allow unsteeady flow calculations
c
s
in
n multistagge turbomacchines, at a significantlly reduced cost, compared to staandard CF
FD methodss
(He et al. (1998), Vilmiin et al. (2006, 2007, 22009)). The high cost of the standaard CFD sim
mulations inn
tu
urbomachinnery configuurations results from thhe need eith
her to mesh all flow passsages on both sides off
a sliding ggrid interfaace between
n adjacent rotors an
nd stators (not
(
the ccase for ph
hase-laggedd
simulations)
s
), or/and too iterate for a sufficieently large number off time stepps to reach a periodicc
solution.
s

Figure 4. Meridioonal view off 3D Fan an

nd OGV mesh
m
with Rotor/Stator
R
r Interfacees between
Inlet areea, Fan and
d OGV.
In the N
NLH approoach, the fllow is decoomposed in
nto a time--averaged ffield and an
a unsteadyy
perturbation
p
n around thhis mean flo
ow field. T
The periodicc unsteady componennts are deco
omposed inn
Fourier
F
moddes in time, with mod
des multiplees of the bllade passing
g frequenciies (BPF) between
b
thee
adjacent
a
blaade rows. Based on a linearization
l
n around th
he mean steaady flow fieeld, conserv
vation lawss
for
f each harm
monic are obtained
o
and
d solved in tthe frequen
ncy domain.
Introduccing this deccomposition
n in the fulll system of unsteady fllow equatioons, time-av
veraging thee
resulting eqquations, reesults in a system siimilar to th
he Reynold
ds averagedd equation
ns with thee
appearance
a
of terms similar
s
to the Reynollds stressess, called d
deterministiic stresses followingg
Adamczyk
A
((2000). In thhe same waay as the Reeynolds streesses represent the total
ality of the influence off
th
he turbulennt fluctuatioons on the mean flow
w, the determ
ministic strresses whicch appear in
n the time-averaged
a
eqquations as time-averag
ged productts of unsteaady fluctuattions, repre sent the fulll nonlinearr
effects
e
of thhe flow unstteadiness on
n the time-aaveraged fllow. In this case, the cclosure of th
he model iss
obtained
o
by calculatingg the determ
ministic streesses directlly from thee harmonic solutions, which
w
is ann
im
mportant addvantage ass it providees an improoved time averaged
a
flo
ow solutionn, incorporaating all thee
effects
e
of thee unsteadiness (He, (19
998)).
For eachh harmonic, a solution is
i obtained in the frequ
uency domaain, leading to a cost eq
quivalent too
tw
wo steady ssolutions, one
o for the real
r and onne for the im
maginary paart, for eachh additionall harmonic..
Since,
S
in adddition, the transformattion to the frequency domain allo
ows for thee meshing of
o only onee
blade
b
passagge per bladee row, considerable com
mputer timee savings aree obtained.
This forrmulation iss in princip
ple equival ent to a fu
ull unsteady
y sliding grrid simulattion, for ann
in
nfinite num
mber of harm
monics. Thee simplificaations appeaar when thee number oof harmonics is kept too
th
he dominating contribuutions, and the user caan control th
he accuracy
y of the schheme by inccreasing thee
number
n
of frequenciess per pertu
urbation row
ws and so the order of the Fouurier series. A speciall
trreatment off the interfa
face between blade row
ws has been
n developed to respecct the match
hing of thee
solution
s
betw
ween the uppstream and
d downstream
am sides of the
t interfacee (Vilmin ett al. (2006))).
For this inlet nacelle, fan and OGV
O
configguration, in each row 3 harmonicss associated to the BPF
F
of
o the pertuurbation haave been used
u
in thee computatiions. The frequencies
f
s of the peerturbationss
associated
a
w
with these harmonics
h
are
a (13089 rrpm) x [1; 18;
1 40] = [2
218.15 Hz; 3927.7 Hz;; 8726 Hz]..
1 is the periiodicity of the inlet an
nd the exterrnal domain
ns, 18 is thee fan blade number an
nd 40 is thee
OGV
O
blade number. An
A observer located in the inlet area
a
will see 1 frequenncy of pertturbation off
3927.7
3
Hz ffrom the faan row dow
wnstream. T
The one loccated in thee fan row w
will see 2 frequencies:
f
:
218,15
2
Hz ffrom the inllet area upsstream and 8726 Hz frrom the OG
GV row dow
wnstream. And
A the onee
lo
ocated in thhe OGV areaa will see 1 frequency of 3927.7 Hz
H from the fan row uppstream.

In several test cases performed previously (not presented here), it has been shown that the use of
3 harmonics per perturbation frequency seems to be a good compromise between accuracy and CPU
cost. For a CROR (Contra-Rotating Open Rotor) and multistage turbomachinery cases, the
aerodynamic performance given by 3-harmonic and 5-harmonic NLH flow simulations are almost
identical. The noise spectrum for the CROR case given by these 2 different numbers of harmonics is
quasi identical, while the NLH computation with 5 harmonics implies a 50% increase in CPU cost
with respect to the corresponding test case with 3 harmonics.
A simultaneous time-marching technique is used to converge to the steady-state solution of the
time-mean and harmonic flow equations. This is done by means of an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme.
Acceleration methods to the steady state like local time stepping (with a CFL number of 3) and
multigrid (with 3 or 4 grid levels) are also used. The turbulence is modeled by the eddy-viscosity
one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model, with the values of y+ not exceeding 10 on the first layer of
cells above the solid surfaces.
The boundary conditions are prescribed following two types of flow configurations: flow without
crosswind and flow with crosswind.
In the case of flow without crosswind the side boundaries are considered as Euler walls. The inlet
is put at the upstream domain boundary. The outlet is fixed at the downstream boundary and at the
outlet of OGV passage. The mass-flow of 14.6 kg/s is imposed at the OGV outlet corresponding to
the engine mass-flow at take-off condition. The velocity is prescribed at the inlet while at the outlet,
the standard atmospheric static pressure of 101325 Pa is imposed.
In case of flow with crosswind, the upstream domain boundary and the lateral side from where
crosswind arrives are considered as the inlet. The ground is considered as a solid wall moving
relatively to the nacelle at the velocity of the upstream flow. The downstream boundary and the other
lateral side of the nacelle are the outlet. The top side boundary is considered as an Euler wall.
The three flow cases are represented in Table 1 below.

Case 1
Case 2
Case 3

Inlet/Farfield Velocity
Vz (m/s)
Vx (m/s)
Vy (m/s)
Flow without crosswind
50
0
0
Flow with slow crosswind
50
10
0
Flow with strong crosswind
0
15
0
Table 1. Inlet velocity for the 3 cases.

One simulation takes about 24 hours on 16 processors for a resolution of 3 million mesh points.
This has to be compared with the cost of sliding grid and phase-lagged unsteady CFD applications.
A full unsteady computation of the above-mentioned configuration but with all passages meshed
will require ~ 30 millions of cells using equivalent grid density as the NLH computation. As reported
by several authors (Vilmin et al. (2007), Hembera et al. (2009)) and the computing cost estimation by
Wilson and Coupland (2004) of full unsteady CFD intended for aero-acoustics, the NLH approach
presents a gain of two orders of magnitude in CPU time and one order of magnitude in computing
resources.
A phase-lagged approach allows running unsteady flow simulation in a single blade-to-blade
passage. He (1992) and Li and He (2002) used Shape Correction Method for phase shifted periodic
boundaries with multiple perturbation. The method represents a time saving of one order of
magnitude in CPU time against full unsteady flow simulation. Hence the NLH presents one order of
magnitude gain compared to the phase lagged approach.
COUPLING WITH ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION MODULE
An acoustic module, based on Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) approach has been developed,
and has been extensively tested against various analytical test cases; see Ghorbaniasl et al. (2006,

2007).
2
The module is based
b
on Farassats
F
foormulation 1A of the FW-H
F
equaations (Faraassat (2007))
and
a Farassaat et al. (20009)). In thiis formulatiion, monop
pole and dip
pole sourcees are evalu
uated by ann
in
ntegration pperformed on a 3D su
urface and then radiatted into freee space. Thhe quadrupo
ole sourcess
require inteegration oveer the spacce volume surroundin
ng the FW--H surface,, which caan be quitee
cumbersome
c
e. Howeverr, when defiining a perrmeable FW
W-H surface, this FW--H surface will
w containn
quadrupole
q
contributionns, avoidin
ng hereby thhe need forr integration
n in the sur
urrounding volume
v
(Dii
Francescanto
F
onio (1996))). The orig
ginal retardeed time form
mulation haas been choosen. The method
m
doess
not
n take intoo account thhe non-lineaar propagatiion effects outside
o
the integral
i
surfface and is designed too
calculate
c
waave propagaation over laarge distancces in uniform flows. The
T calculattions, perforrmed in thee
tiime domainn, deliver a pressure time history at any desiired observeer location, which can
n be Fourierr
analyzed
a
to obtain acouustic spectru
um data.
The couupling of thhe CFD so
olver and tthe FW-H solver has been entirrely automaated in thee
FINE/Tur
F
rbo interfacce. Acousticc computatiions are perrformed as a post-proccessing step
p (i.e. afterr
CFD
C
compuutations), with
w the CFD
D data on the FW-H surface useed as input for the FW
W-H solver..
Through
T
thee interface, one can eaasily select the solid orr permeablee surfaces uupon which
h the FW-H
H
equations
e
w
will be integgrated. The solver selff-consistently reconstru
ucts the CFFD solution
n on a 360-degrees
d
surfface from thhe available CFD solutiion on the blade
b
sector that has beeen meshed.
The couupling of thhe FW-H module
m
witth the NLH
H method presents a number off importantt
advantages
a
oover a couppling with a classic unssteady CFD
D solver. Th
he manipulaation of larg
ge data filess
between
b
the CFD code and the aco
oustic propaagation cod
de can be qu
uite cumberssome, especcially whenn
dealing
d
withh unsteady solutions. In
I the retarrded time formulation
f
, the entiree set of unssteady CFD
D
solutions
s
haas to be evaluated and then
t
stored before laun
nching the FW-H
F
solveer. In the prresent case,,
only
o
the pseudo-steadyy state solu
ution contaaining the harmonics
h
on the FW
W-H surfacee has to bee
trransmitted tto the FW-H
H module. The
T methodd still requirres computiing the retarrded time fo
or each celll
of
o the FW-H
H surface with
w an iteraative solverr. Neverthelless, the rettarded-timee CFD soluttion can bee
evaluated
e
frrom the closed analyticcal Fourier expansion (using the harmonics)), without th
he need forr
in
nterpolationn between thhe availablee unsteady ssolutions.
AERODYN
A
NAMIC AN
NALYSIS

Figure 5. Ground
d effect: Airr ingestion near the grround geneerates a nonn-axisymm
metric flow
at inlet. The
T flow iss mostly disstorted at take-off.

Figure 6a. Instanttaneous strreamlines w

without cro
osswind (Ca
ase 1) (left)). The distriibution of
Preessure Reco
overy (PR) at Fan Inleet (AIP) is homogenouus.

Figure 66b. Instantaneous streeamlines att low speed

d crosswind
d from righht to left (lefft picture).
Pressure
P
recovery at fan
f inlet pla
ane (right p
picture). Th
he influences of crossw
wind, ground and thee
n blade passsages are shown by th
he non-hom
mogenous PR
P isolines distributio
on.
fan

Figure 66c. Instantaaneous streeamlines att strong cro

osswind (wiind directioon: from right to left)
(left piicture). Thee presence of flow sep
paration is well
w demon
nstrated. Prressure reccovery
isosurface shows a strong disttortion of tthe flow. Assymmetric pressure reecovery rellative to
ne shows th
he influencee of ground
d effect andd fan rotating flow.
engine ceentral horiizontal plan
Full unstteady simullations at tak
ke-off condditions of th
he aircraft in
nlet includinng Fan and OGV, takess
in
nto accountt the compleex interactio
on betweenn nacelle and
d its enginee componennts; ground effect; inlett
distortion,
d
shhock wavess, boundary layers, sepaarated flow,, etc.

Figure 5 shows the ground effeect at stationnary condittion where the

t ingestioon of the flo
ow creates a
strong
s
distorrtion.
Inlet perrformance is characterrized by thhe distortion
n criteria known
k
as thhe Pressuree Recoveryy
PR=P
P
nd DC60 (S
Static Distortion Param
meter). PR represents the
t ratio beetween the average off
t/Pt0 an
to
otal pressurre at the fann inlet and th
he far-field total pressu
ure (Inlet off the flowfieeld in this model).
m
Table 2 sshows the variation
v
off Pressure R
Recovery an
nd DC60 The more the inlet flow is
i distorted,,
th
he more thhe Pressure Recovery value decreeases. This has been widely repoorted by Chima et al..
(2010), Berrrier and Allaan (2004).

Case 1
Case 2
Case 3

Flow without
w
crosswind
Flow with
w slow crrosswind
Flow with
w strong crosswind

Pressuree Recovery
Pt/Pt0
0.996
0.994
0.980

Staticc Distortion
n
param
meter DC60
0.003
0.006
0.042

Table 22. Distortion Criteria: Pressure R

Recovery (P
PR) and th
he DC60 at tthe Fan Inlet Section
AIP.
The perfformance of
o the nacellle inlet in providing homogenou
h
us flow to tthe fan is good.
g
DC600
(Seddon andd Goldsmithh (1999)) in
ndicates that
at the valuess are less th
han 0.1. Aboove these nu
umbers, thee
nacelle
n
inlett has poor performancee.
The PR has deterioorated in thee presence of strong crosswind (C
Case 3). Figgures 6a), 6b)
6 and 6c))
show
s
the strreamlines and
a the Macch number distribution
n at the sym
mmetrical hhorizontal plane
p
of thee
nacelle
n
(left figures) annd the PR isso-contour llocated at th
he AIP (Aerrodynamic IInterface Pllane) just att
th
he fan face (right figurres). The caase 1 (see F
Fig. 6a) with
h no crossw
wind generattes uniform
m PR at AIP..
A low-speedd crosswindd generates non
n uniform
m PR distrib
bution at AIIP. In Figuree 6b, the asymmetricall
configuratio
c
on is well observed.
o
Moreover
M
thee effect of the rotating
g fan is shoown by the number off
patterns
p
idenntical to thee number off blades.
Figures 6c shows clearly
c
the effect
e
of strrong crossw
wind. The streamlines show the flow
fl
aroundd
th
he lip comiing sidewisee. The PR isolines
i
reprresent well the high level of distoortion incurrred into thee
fan.
f

Figurre 7. Instanttaneous Sta

atic Pressu re distribu
ution acrosss fan and O
OGV rows of
o Case 3
(left).
(
Mach
h number distribution
d
n at the sam
me mid-spa
an surface is
i representted in blad
de-to-blade
view (fflow from lleft to rightt) (right piccture).

It is to bbe noticed thhat the flow

w is continuuous across the rotor/stator interfacce for all caases. Directt
in
nteraction bbetween Inleet and Fan during
d
the ssimulation is clearly ob
bserved.
A blade--to-blade cuut at mid-spaan of the Faan and OGV
V is presentted at Figuree 7. Again applying
a
ann
in
ntegrated siimulation, inlet
i
and fan
n interactioons are clearrly taken in
nto account.. The distorrtion is welll
trransmitted tto the bladee passage. The
T inlet disstortion indu
uces a non-h
homogenouus flow in th
he fan bladee
passages.
p
Thhe inlet/fan interaction will determ
mine the aco
oustic mode characterisstics, hence the level off
noise
n
propaggated (see next
n
sub-secction). The fan role in
n smoothing
g out the floow is also shown
s
here..
The
T flow iss becomingg quasi-hom
mogenous aat the OGV
V inlet. Th
he continuitty of flow across thee
fan/OGV
f
rootor/stator innterface is well reprodduced. How
wever one can observe a discontin
nuity at thee
rotor stator iinterface. Thhis is due to
o the limitedd number off harmonicss used in thiis study.
AEROA
ACOUSTIC
C ANALYS
SIS
The majjor noise coomponents of rotatingg blades aree thickness (or monoppole) noise (due to thee
volume
v
dispplacement of
o the blades), loadingg (or dipolee) noise (due to forcees on the blades);
b
andd
quadruple
q
(nnonlinear) noise.
n
For Nacelle,
N
Faan and OGV
V, the aerod
dynamic intterference between
b
thee
in
nlet distortiion, fan andd OGV givees rise to addditional steeady and unsteady loadding noise as
a discussedd
by
b Wilson aand Couplannd (2004). The noise ggenerated by
b the fan/O
OGV interacction is neg
glected heree
since tthe nacelles afterbody and
a the jet aare not mod
deled.
Thhis interactiion takes place,
p
for eexample, th
hrough thee
changee of the loaading on th
he blade duue the inlett distortion,,
causinng a respon
nse that pro
opagates aw
way from th
he blade ass
noise.
Ass stated earrlier, the aeroacoustic
a
c results arre obtainedd
r
tim
me integral solution off the FW-H
H
from a standard retarded
equatioons (formullation 1A off Farassat). When the source is inn
subsonnic motion,, a uniquee solution of the retarded timee
equatioon exists att any recep
ption time. In this stud
dy, the freee
stream
m velocity is not takeen into acccount in th
he acousticc
compuutations. Th
his omission
n has an obvvious influeence on thee
compuuted resultss but will be
b taken innto accoun
nt in futuree
studiess. Also, as a first step
p, calculatioons are focu
used to thee
monoppole and diipole noise emitted byy a permeable FW-H
H
Figuree 8. Observeer location
surfacees, and not on the volumetric quaddrupole noisse sources.
p
sig
gnal of casee 2 is comp
puted for ann
Thhe acoustic pressure
observver located 10 meters off
o the rotattion axis an
nd 10 meterr
in fronnt of the nacelle,
n
abo
ove the enggine (obseerver 1 inn
Figuree 8). For this
t
compu
utation, thee FW-H su
urfaces aree
formedd by the peermeable haalf-sphere suurface surro
ounding thee
nacellee (see Figu
ure 9). The pressure siignal is sam
mpled on a
periodd of 0.0046 s corresponding to the BPF of the fan.
.

Figure 9. Permeab
ble surfacee
around th
he nacelle with
w radius
R=0.6 m

10

(a)
(b)
Figure 100. Monopoole pressurre signal forr observer 1. Tempora
al evolutionn (a), spectrum (b).

(a)
(b)
Figurre 11. Dipoole pressurre signal forr observer 1. Tempora
al evolutionn (a), spectrrum (b).
In Fig. 110 and 11, the acousticcs wave peeaks are obsserved at th
he BPF of th
the fan (392
26.7 Hz) ass
well
w as its suub-harmonics.
For bothh signals, thee monopolee and dipolee sources pro
ovide the saame order nnoise level.
Pressuree fluctuationns on the hub also ccause dipole noise. Acoustic com
mputations have beenn
performed
p
w
with the inclusion of th
he hub as accoustic sourrce. The diffference in tthe total SP
PL does nott
exceed
e
moree than 1 dB..
Figure 112 presents the circum
mferential accoustics mo
ode at the fan
f inlet foor Case 2 (slow speedd
crosswind)
c
aand for Casee 3 (strong crosswind).. The two cases represeent the moddes generateed by the 188
blades
b
of thhe fan. The interaction
n between innlet distortion and noise generatiion by the fan is welll
observed
o
froom the shaape of the acoustic m
mode. The stronger
s
cro
osswind caase shows less
l
regularr
distribution
d
compared to
t Case 2.
Near-field acousticss can be eaasily generaated as show
wn in Figurre 13. The permeable surface forr
far-field
f
noise computaation is creaated using thhe pressure distribution
n of this neaar-field acou
ustics field..
Figures
F
12 aand 13 preseent qualitatiively similaar results as presented by
b Ait Ali Ya
Yahia et al. (2
2001).

11

Figure 12 Acoustic pressure fluctuation

ns at the fan
n inlet for Case
C
2 (leftt) and Casee 3 (right).

Figuree 13. Near-ffield acousttics field fo

or Case 2.

12

CONCLUSION
A coupled aerodynamic and aeroacoustic analysis was presented for an integrated engine nacelle,
fan and OGV configuration at take-off conditions. The nonlinear harmonic method has been used for
noise source identification and has been coupled to a FW-H propagation module. The NLH method
has proven to be a very cost-efficient and an accurate alternative to phase-lagged single-passage
unsteady simulation and to full unsteady simulations for an integrated engine configuration, allowing
a gain of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in terms of CPU needs.
The CFD results revealed the mutual interactions between different components of an aeroengine. The crosswind and ground effects have been clearly identified. The integrated simulation
allows to take into account all these interactions in a single cycle design process. The non-uniform
and unsteady blade loading has been observed due to the distortion flow.
The quadrupole noise is known to be an important noise source for this configuration. Future
studies will concentrate on each contribution of the components: nacelle, flow distortion, fan, OGV;
and on the interaction between these components as well as the contribution of quadrupole noise.
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