Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

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Applied Mathematics and Computation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/amc

Discrete-time dynamics of a system with crowding effect

and predator partially dependent on prey
Joydip Dhar a,, Harkaran Singh b, Harbax Singh Bhatti c
a

Department of Applied Sciences, ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior 474015, M.P., India
Department of Applied Sciences, Khalsa College of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar 143001, Punjab, India
c
Department of Applied Sciences, B.B.S.B. Engineering College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Keywords:
Predatorprey system
Center manifold theorem
Flip bifurcation
Hopf bifurcation
Lyapunov exponent
Chaos

a b s t r a c t
In the present study, the stability and bifurcation analysis of discrete-time predatorprey
system with predator partially dependent on prey and crowding effect of predator is examined. Global stability of the system at the xed points has been discussed. The specic conditions for existence of ip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation in the interior of R2 have been
derived by using a center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory. Numerical simulations
have been carried out to show the complex dynamical behavior of the system and to justify
our analytic results. In case of ip bifurcation, numerical simulations presented cascade of
period-doubling bifurcation in the orbits of period 2, 4, 8, chaotic orbits and stable window
of period 9 orbit; whereas in case of Hopf bifurcation, smooth invariant circle bifurcates
from the xed point. The complexity of dynamical behavior is conrmed by computation
of Lyapunov exponents.
2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The predatorprey interactions is a topic of great interest for many ecologists and mathematicians. Many researchers
studied the dynamical behavior of the predatorprey system in ecology and contributed to growth of continuous models
for large size populations [113]. Further, some authors have investigated the stability and spatial pattern formation of spatio-temporal models in predatorprey systems [1417].
A number of researchers established that the discrete-time models are more appropriate and provide efcient results as
compared to the continuous models for small size populations [1828]. Cushing et al. [29] studied a LeslieGower difference
equation model and shown that the model has the same dynamic behavior as the famous LotkaVolterra differential equation competition model. Sun et al. [30] investigated the boundedness, persistence, global asymptotic stability and chaos for a
discrete modied Ricker and BevertonHolt model with two parameters. They introduced immigration parameter, to control
the chaotic behavior. Eskola et al. [31] studied various discrete-time population models within a single unifying mechanistic
context. In this approach, the model parameters can be interpreted in terms of individual behavior. Recently, Li et al. [32]
studied the existence of periodic positive solutions for a competitive system with two parameters. They have obtained
the sufcient conditions for the existence of the positive periodic solutions. Chen [33] proposed a discrete predatorprey
system and obtained conditions for global stability of equilibrium for non-autonomous and periodic cases. Fan et al. [34]

Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jdhar@iiitm.ac.in (J. Dhar), harkaran78@yahoo.in (H. Singh), bhattihs100@yahoo.com (H.S. Bhatti).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2014.12.021
0096-3003/ 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

325

established sufcient conditions in a delayed discrete predatorprey model with Holling type III functional response for
permanence.
In recent times, a respectable number of articles discussed the bifurcation and chaos phenomena for discrete-time predatorprey models [3542]. Liu et al. [35] investigated a modied discrete LotkaVolterra predatorprey system, He et al. [38]
studied the discrete predatorprey system where predator depends on alternative resources, Hu et al. [39] also studied discrete predatorprey system with non-monotonic functional response.
Keeping in view of the literature, in this paper using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory, we investigate the
stability and bifurcation of discrete-time predatorprey system with crowding effect of predator where the predator is partially dependent on prey. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2, deals with the stability criterion of the system at different xed points in interior of R2 . In Section 3, we obtain the specic conditions of existence of ip bifurcation
and Hopf bifurcation. Numerical simulations are presented to support our analytical ndings in Section 4, especially for the
period doubling bifurcation and chaotic behavior. Finally a brief conclusion is given in the last section.
The predatorprey system is of the form:

( dx
dt



ax 1  kx  bxy
;
xl

dy
dt

cy mbxy
 dy ;
xl

where xt and yt represent the densities of prey and predator populations, respectively; a; b denote the intrinsic growth
rate of prey and predator respectively; c denotes the growth rate of predator due to alternative resources. Again, d denotes
competition among individuals (i.e., intraspecies interaction) of predator species due to overcrowding; l denotes the half saturation constant; m denotes the conversion rate for predator and k denotes carrying capacity of the prey in a particular
habitat.
Applying forward Eulers scheme to the system of Eqs. (1), we get the discrete-time system as:

8
h 
i

>
< x ! x d ax 1  kx  bxy
;
xl
h
i
2
>
: y ! y d cy mbxy
 dy ;
xl

where d is the step size. Shrinking the step size in Eulers method will yield numerical solutions that more accurately approximate the true solution. Numerical solution to the initial-value problem obtained from Eulers method with step size d and
total number of steps N satises 0 < d 6 NL , where L is the length of the interval.
2. Stability of xed points
 
The xed points of the system (2) are Ok; 0; A 0; dc and Bx ; y , where x ; y satisfy

( 


a 1  xk  xby
 l 0;


 dy 0:
c mbx
x l
The Jacobian matrix of (2) at the xed point x; y is written as:

2
6
J4



bly
1 d a  2ax
 xl
2
k
dmbly
xl2

bdx
 xl

7

 5:
1 d c mbx

2dy
xl

The characteristic equation of the Jacobian matrix is given by

k2 px; yk qx; y 0;

where

!
2ax
bly
mbx
px; y trJ 2  d a 

c
 2dy ;
2
k
xl
x l
"
qx; y detJ 1 d a 

2ax
bly

2
k
x l

!#



2
mbx
d2 mb lxy
1d c
 2dy
:
3
xl
x l

Now, we state a lemma as similar as in [35,38]:

Lemma 2.1. Let F k k2 Bk C. Suppose that F 1 > 0;k1 andk2 are roots of F k 0. Then, we have:
(i) jk1 j < 1 and jk2 j < 1 if and only if F 1 > 0 and C < 1;
(ii) jk1 j < 1 and jk2 j > 1 (or jk1 j > 1 and jk2 j < 1) if and only if F 1 < 0;

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J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

(iii) jk1 j > 1 and jk2 j > 1 if and only if F 1 > 0 and C > 1;
(iv) k1 1 and jk2 j 1 if and only if F 1 0 and B 0; 2;
(v) k1 and k2 are complex and jk1 j jk2 j 1 if and only if B2  4C < 0 and C 1.
Let k1 and k2 be the roots of (4), which are known as eigen values of the xed point x; y. The xed point x; y is a sink or
locally asymptotically stable if jk1 j < 1 and jk2 j < 1. The xed point x; y is a source or locally unstable if jk1 j > 1 and jk2 j > 1.
The xed point x; y is non-hyperbolic if either jk1 j 1 or jk2 j 1. The xed point x; y is a saddle if jk1 j > 1 and jk2 j < 1 (or
jk1 j < 1 and jk2 j > 1).
Proposition 2.2. The xed point Ok; 0 is source if d > 2a, saddle if 0 < d < 2a, and non-hyperbolic if d 2a.
One can see that when d 2a , one of the eigen values of the xed point Ok; 0 is 1 and magnitude of other is not equal to
1. Thus the ip bifurcation occurs when a parameter changes in small neighborhood of d 2a.
 
Proposition 2.3. There exist different topological types of A 0; dc for possible parameters.
 
(i) A 0; dc
 
(ii) A 0; dc
 
(iii) A 0; dc
 
(iv) A 0; dc

n
o
2dl
.
is sink if bc  adl > 0 and 0 < d < min 2c ; bcadl

n
o
2
2dl
is source if bc  adl > 0 and d > max c ; bcadl .
2dl
and bc  adl > 0.
is non-hyperbolic if d 2c or d bcadl

is saddle for all values of the parameters, except for that values which lies in (i) to (iii).

The term (iii) of Proposition 2.3 implies that the parameters lie in the set

FA


2
2dl
a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d; d ; d
and bc  adl > 0; a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d > 0 :
c
bc  adl

 
If the term (iii) of Proposition 2.3 holds, then one of the eigen values of the xed point A 0; dc is 1 and the magnitude of the
 c
other is not equal to 1. The point A 0; d undergoes ip bifurcation when the parameter changes in small neighborhood of F A .
The characteristic equation of the Jacobian matrix J of the system (2) at the xed point Bx ; y is written as

k2 px ; y k qx ; y 0;

where

px ; y 2  Gd;
qx ; y 1 Gd Hd2 ;


Ga

2ax
bly
mbx


c 
 2dy ;
2

k
x
l
x l

"

2ax
bly
H a

2

k
x l

#


2 
mbx
mb lx y



2dy
:
3
x l
x l

Now

Fk k2  2 Gdk 1 Gd Hd2 :
Therefore

F1 Hd2 ;

F1 4 2Gd Hd2 :

Using Lemma 2.1., we get the following proposition;

Proposition 2.4. There exist different topological types of Bx ; y for all possible parameters.
(i) Bx ; y is a sink if either condition (i.1) or (i.2) holds:
p
2
(i.1) G2  4H  0 and 0 < d < G HG 4H,
(i.2) G2  4H < 0 and 0 < d <  HG.
(ii) Bx ; y is source if either condition (ii.1) or (ii.2) holds:
p
2
(ii.1) G2  4H  0 and d > G HG 4H,
(ii.2) G2  4H < 0 and d >  HG .

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327

(iii) Bx ; y is non-hyperbolic if either condition (iii.1) or (iii.2) holds:

p
2
(iii.1) G2  4H  0 and d G HG 4H,
2
(iii.2) G  4H < 0 and d  HG.
(iv) Bx ; y is saddle for all values of the parameters, except for that values which lies in (i) to (iii).
If the term (iii.1) of Proposition 2.4 holds, then one of the eigen values of the xed point Bx ; y is 1 and the magnitude
of the other is not equal to 1. The term (iii.1) of Proposition 2.4 may be written as follows:

(
F B1

a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d : d
(

F B2

a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d : d

G 

p
)
G2  4H
2
; G  4H P 0 and a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d > 0 :
H

G

p
)
G2  4H
; G2  4H P 0 and a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d > 0 :
H

If the term (iii.2) of Proposition 2.4 holds, then the eigen values of the xed point Bx ; y are a pair of complex conjugate
numbers with modulus 1. The term (iii.2) of Proposition 2.4 may be written as follows:

HB


G
a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d : d  ; G2  4H < 0 and a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d > 0 :
H

To show the regions of ip and Hopf bifurcation, we draw the contour plot of G2  4H 0 taking parametric values
a 0:8; b 0:8; c 0:4; d 0:2; m 0:1 with varying k from 0 to 15 and l from 0 to 6 (see Fig. 1). Now the regions inside
and outside of the contour are for G2  4H < 0 and G2  4H > 0 respectively. Therefore, Hopf bifurcation and ip bifurcation
points respectively, may appear inside and outside the contour.
3. Bifurcation behavior
In this section, we study the ip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation at the xed point Bx ; y .
3.1. Flip bifurcation
Consider the system (2) with arbitrary parameter a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d1 2 F B1 , which is described as follows:

8
h 
i

>
< x ! x d1 ax 1  kx  bxy
;
xl
h
i
2
mbxy
>
: y ! y d1 cy xl  dy :

0
0

10

15

Fig. 1. Contour plot of G2  4H 0 taking parameters a 0:8; b 0:8; c 0:4; d 0:2; m 0:1 and varying k from 0 to 15 and l from 0 to 6, where
horizontal axis and vertical axis presents k; l respectively.

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J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

Bx ; y is xed point of the system (6), where x ; y is given by (3) and

d1

G 

p
G2  4H
:
H

The eigen values of Bx ; y are k1 1; k2 3 Gd1 with jk2 j 1 by Proposition 2.4.
Consider the perturbation of (6) as below:

8
h 
i

>
< x ! x d1 d ax 1  kx  bxy
;
xl
h
i
2
>
: y ! y d1 d cy mbxy
 dy ;
xl

where jd j  1 is a limited perturbation parameter.

Let u x  x and v y  y .
After the transformation of the xed point Bx ; y of the system (7) to the point 0; 0, we obtain

0
 
u

a11 u a12 v a13 u2 a14 uv b11 d u b12 d v

3
C
B
b13 d u2 b14 d uv Ojuj; jv j; jd j
C
B
!B
C;


2
2
@ a21 u a22 v a23 u a24 uv a25 v b21 d u b22 d v A

b23 d u2 b24 d uv b25 d v 2 Ojuj; jv j; jd j

where

"
a11 1 d1

#

a 
bx y
;
 x
2
k
x l

"
#

a
bly
;
a13 d1 
k x l3

a12 

a14 

d1 bl
x l

a
bx y
b11  x
;
2
k
x l

b12 

bx
;
x l

a
bly
b13 
;
k x l3

bd1 x
;
x l

b14 

bl
x

d1 mbly

a21

x

a22 1  d1 dy ;

;


a23 

d1 mbly
x

a24

d1 mbl
2

x l

a25 d1 d;

mbly

b21

x l

b22 dy ;

b25 d:

mbl

b24

x

b23 

mbly

x l

Consider the following translation:

 
u

 
~x
;
~
y

where


T
Taking T

a12

a12

1  a11

k2  a11

1


:

on both sides of Eq. (8), we get

 

  

~x
~x
1 0
f u; v ; d
!

;
~
~
0 k2
y
y
gu; v ; d

10

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329

where

f u; v ; d

a13 k2  a11  a12 a23 u2 a14 k2  a11  a12 a24 uv
a12 a25 v 2
b11 k2  a11  a12 b21 d u

a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1

b12 k2  a11  a12 b22 d v b13 k2  a11  a12 b23 d u2 b14 k2  a11  a12 b24 d uv a12 b25 d v 2


a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
3

Ojuj; jv j; jd j ;
g u; v ; d

a13 1 a11 a12 a23 u2 a14 1 a11 a12 a24 uv
a12 a25 v 2
b11 1 a11 a12 b21 d u

a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1

b12 1 a11 a12 b22 d v b13 1 a11 a12 b23 d u2 b14 1 a11 a12 b24 d uv a12 b25 d v 2

a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
a12 k2 1
3

Ojuj; jv j; jd j ;
~;
u a12 ~x y

v 1 a11 ~x k2  a11 y~:

Applying the center manifold theorem to the Eq. (10) at the origin in the limited neighborhood of d 0 . The center manifold W c 0; 0 can be approximately presented as:

n

o
~ a0 d a1 ~x2 a2 ~xd a3 d2 O j~xj jd j3 ;
~ : y
W c 0; 0 ~x; y


3
where O j~
xj jd j is a function with at least third orders in variables ~
x; d .
By simple calculations for center manifold, we have

a0 0;
a1

a2

a13 1 a11 a12 a23 a12  a14 1 a11 a12 a24 1 a11 a25 1 a11 2
1  k22
b11 1 a11 a12 b21 a12 b12 1 a11 a12 b22 1 a11
a12 k2 12

a3 0:
Now, consider the map restricted to the center manifold W c 0; 0 as below:



4
f : ~x ! ~x h1 ~x2 h2 ~xd h3 ~x2 d h4 ~xd2 h5 ~x3 O j~xj jd j ;
where

h1

a13 k2  a11  a12 a23 a12 a14 k2  a11  a12 a24 1 a11 a12 a25 1 a11 2
;


k2 1
k2 1
a12 k2 1

h2

b11 k2  a11  a12 b21  b12 k2  a11  a12 b22 1 a11

;

k2 1
a12 k2 1

h3

a13 k2  a11  a12 a23 2a2 a12 a14 k2  a11  a12 a24 k2  2a11  1a2 2a25 1 a11 k2  a11 a2

k2 1
k2 1
k2 1

b11 k2  a11  a12 b21 a1 b12 k2  a11  a12 b22 k2  a11 a1 b13 k2  a11  a12 b23 a12

k2 1
a12 k2 1
k2 1

b14 k2  a11  a12 b24 1 a11 b25 1 a11 2

;

k2 1
k2 1

h4

b11 k2  a11  a12 b21 a2 b12 k2  a11  a12 b22 k2  a11 a2
;

k2 1
a12 k2 1

h5

a13 k2  a11  a12 a23 2a12 a1 a14 k2  a11  a12 a24 k2  2a11  1a1 2a25 1 a11 k2  a11 a1
:

k2 1
k2 1
k2 1

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J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

According to Flip bifurcation, the discriminatory quantities c1 and c2 are given by:

@2f
1 @f @ 2 f

@ ~x@d
2 @d @ ~x2

c1

1 @3f
1 @2f
c2 @ ~3
6 @x
2 @ ~x2

0;0

!2 1

A

:
0;0
2

After simple calculations, we obtain c1 h2 and c2 h5 h1 .

Analyzing above and the ip bifurcation conditions discussed in [22], we write the following theorem:
Theorem 3.1. If c2 0 , and the parameter d alters in the limiting region of the point (0,0), then the system (7) passes through
ip bifurcation at the point Bx ; y . Also, the period-2 points that bifurcate from xed point Bx ; y are stable (resp., unstable) if
c2 > 0 (resp:; c2 < 0).
3.2. Hopf Bifurcation
Consider the system (2) with arbitrary parameter a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d2 2 HB , which is described as follows:

8
h 
i

>
< x ! x d2 ax 1  kx  bxy
;
xl
h
i
2
>
: y ! y d2 cy mbxy
 dy :
xl

11

Bx ; y is xed point of the system (11), where x ; y is given by (3) and

d2 

G
:
H

Consider the perturbation of (11) as given below:

8
h 
i

>
< x ! x d2 d ax 1  kx  bxy
;
xl
h
i
2
>
: y ! y d2 d cy mbxy
 dy ;
xl

12

where jdj  1 is limited perturbation parameter.

The characteristic equation of map (12) at Bx ; y is given by

k2 pdk qd 0;
where

pd 2  Gd2 d;
qd 1 Gd2 d Hd2 d2 :
Since the parameter a; b; c; d; k; l; m; d2 2 HB , the eigen values of Bx ; y are a pair of complex conjugate numbers k and k
with modulus 1 by Proposition 2.4, where

p
pd  i 4qd  p2 d
k; k
:
2
Therefore

p
Gd2 d id2 d 4H  G2
k; k 1

:
2
2
Now we have
1=2
jkj qd ;

djkj
G
 > 0:
dd d0
2

When d varies in limited neighborhood of d 0, then k; k a  ib, where

a1

d2 G
d2
; b
2

p
4H  G2
:
2

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331

Hopf bifurcation requires that when d 0, then kn ; kn 1 n 1; 2; 3; 4 which is equivalent to p0  2; 0; 1; 2.

Since the parameter a; b; c; d; l; m; d2 2 HB , therefore p0  2; 2. It is the only requirement that p0 0; 1, which follows that

G2 2H; 3H:

13

Let u x  x and v y  y .
After the transformation of the xed point Bx ; y of system (12) to the point 0; 0, we have


 
u

a11 u a12 v a13 u2 a14 uv Ojuj; jv j3

a21 u a22 v a23 u2 a24 uv a25 v 2 Ojuj; jv j3

!
;

14

where a11 ; a12 ; a13 ; a14 ; a21 ; a22 ; a23 ; a24 ; a25 are given in (9) by substituting d2 for d2 d.
Now, we discuss the normal form of (14) when d 0.
Consider the translation as below:

 
u

 
~x
;
~
y

where

a12
a  a11


0
:
b

Taking T 1 on both sides of (14), we get

 

 
~x
a b ~x
!

~
~
b a
y
y

!
~f ~x; y
~
;
~
g~~x; y

where

a
a
~f ~x; y
~ 13 u2 14 uv Ojuj; jv j3 ;
a12
a12
~
g~~x; y

a13 a  a11  a12 a23  2 a14 a  a11  a12 a24 

a25 2
u
uv 
v Ojuj; jv j3 ;
a12 b
a12 b
b

u a12 ~x
and

v a  a11 ~x  by~:
Now

~f ~~ 2a12 a13 2a14 a  a11 ;

xx

~f ~~ a14 b;
xy

~f ~~~ 0;
xxx

~f ~~~ 0;
yyy

~f ~~~ 0;
xxy

~f ~~~ 0;
xyy

~f ~~ 0;
yy

Fig. 2. (a) Bifurcation diagram of the system (13) for a 0:8; b 0:8; c 0:4; d 0:2; k 5; l 2; m 0:1 with the initial value of x; y 3; 2 and d
covering [4, 5.8]. (b) Largest Lyapunov exponents related to (a).

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J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

Fig. 3. Phase portraits for several values of d from 4.86 to 5.3 related to Fig. 2 (a).

g~~x~x

2a12
2a  a11
2a25
a13 a  a11  a12 a23 
a14 a  a11  a12 a24  
a  a11 2 ;
b
b
b

g~~xy~ a14 a  a11  a12 a24  2a25 a  a11 ;

g~~x~x~x 0;

g~~x~xy~ 0;

g~~xy~y~ 0;

g~y~y~ 2a25 b;

g~y~y~y~ 0:

According to Hopf bifurcation, the discriminatory quantity s is given by



1  2kk2
1
s Re
u11 u20  ku11 k2  ku02 k2 Reku21 ;
2
1k

15

where

u20


i
1h ~
f ~x~x  ~f y~y~ 2g~~xy~ i g~~x~x  g~y~y~  2~f ~xy~ ;
8

u11


i
1h ~
f ~x~x ~f y~y~ i g~~x~x g~y~y~ ;
4

u02


i
1h ~
f ~x~x  ~f y~y~  2g~~xy~ i g~~x~x  g~y~y~ 2~f ~xy~ ;
8

u21


i
1 h~
f ~x~x~x ~f ~xy~y~ g~~x~xy~ g~y~y~y~ i g~~x~x~x g~~xy~y~  ~f ~x~xy~  ~f y~y~y~ :
16

Analyzing above and Hopf bifurcation conditions discussed in [22], we write the theorem as below:
Theorem 3.2. If the condition (13) holds, s 0 and the parameter d alters in the limited region of the point (0,0), then the system
(12) passes through a Hopf bifurcation at the point Bx ; y . Moreover, if s < 0 (resp., s > 0), then an attracting (resp., repelling)
invariant closed curve bifurcates from the xed point Bx ; y for d > 0 (resp.,d < 0).

J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

333

Fig. 4. Phase portraits for several values of d from 5.5 to 5.8 related to Fig. 2 (a).

Fig. 5. (a) Bifurcation diagram of the system (2) for a 0:8; b 0:8; c 0:4; d 0:2; k 3; l 3; m 0:1 with the initial value of x; y 1:5; 2 and d
covering [4, 5.8]. (b) Largest Lyapunov exponents related to (a).

4. Numerical simulations
To verify the theoretical analysis, we draw the bifurcation diagrams, largest Lyapunov exponents and phase portraits for
the system (2). These diagrams show the complete dynamical behavior and the global stability of the predatorprey system
at the xed points. The bifurcation behavior of the system (2) is discussed in the following cases:

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J. Dhar et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 252 (2015) 324335

Fig. 6. Phase portraits for several values of d from 5.3 to 5.45 related to Fig. 5 (a).

Case 1: Taking a 0:8; b 0:8; c 0:4; d 0:2; k 5; l 2 and m 0:1 with the initial value of x; y 3; 2 and d
covering [4, 5.8]. We observe that at the xed point 2:56155; 2:22462, a ip bifurcation appears at d 4:87985. In this case
c1 0:330478 and c2 0:212551. It established the Theorem 3.1.
From the Fig. 2(a), we can see that the xed point of the system (2) is stable for d < 4:87985, loses its stability at
d 4:87985 and there appears period doubling bifurcation for d > 4:87985.
The phase portraits show that there are orbits of period 2, 4, 8 for d 2 5; 5:5 and chaotic sets at d 5:6 and 5.8 (see Figs. 3
and 4). Moreover, the Largest Lyapunov exponents corresponding to d 5:6 and 5.8 are positive that conrm the chaotic sets
(see Fig. 2(b)). There is a window of period 9 orbit at d 5:662 within the chaotic region d 2 5:6; 5:8 (see Fig. 4(c)).
Case 2: Taking a 0:8; b 0:8; c 0:4; d 0:2; k 3; l 3 and m 0:1 with the initial value of x; y 1:5; 2 and d
covering 5:2; 5:5. We see that at the xed point 1:6067; 2:1395, a Hopf bifurcation emerges at d 5:3979. Here
a 0:9615; b 0:2746 and s 259:05. It shows that the Theorem 3.2 holds.
From the Fig. 5(a), we can see that the xed point of the system (2) is stable for d < 5:3979, loses its stability at d 5:3979
and an invariant circle appears as d > 5:3979. The phase portraits in Fig. 6 show that a smooth invariant circle bifurcates
from the xed point and its radius increases with increase of d.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, we investigate the stability and bifurcation analysis of discrete-time predatorprey system with predator
partially dependent on prey and crowding effect of predator in the closed rst quadrant R2 . We discuss the global stability of
the model at the xed points. The maps undergoes ip bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation at the xed points under specic
conditions when d varies in small neighborhood of F B1 or F B2 and HB . Numerical simulations of the model display cascade
of period-doubling bifurcation in orbits of period 2, 4, 8, chaotic sets and stable window of period 9 orbit in case of ip bifurcation; and smooth invariant circles in case of Hopf bifurcation. It means that the predator co-exists with the prey at the
period-n orbits and smooth invariant circle. These results show that the discrete model has a rich and complex dynamical
behavior.

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