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REVIEW 2014 - 008

PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS

Domestic Cold Water Supply and


Distribution System
A. DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
B. DOMESTIC COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
C. STORAGE TANKS
D. PIPES, FITTINGS & VALVES FOR WATER SUPPLY
E. PLUMBING TOOLS FOR WATER SUPPLY
F. WATER SUPPLY TESTING

G. WATER SUPPLY DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP


CEBU

DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY


SYSTEM
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU

The

Domestic Cold Water Supply


of the plumbing system consists of
the piping and fittings which supply
cold water from the building water
supply to the fixtures, such as
lavatories, bathtubs, water closets
and kitchen sinks. This is also
known as Water Distribution System.

What is a Domestic Cold Water Supply


System?
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU

The Elements of the Water Supply and


Distribution System are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Water Service or House Service


Water Meter
Distribution Main or Horizontal Supply Main
Fixture Branches
Riser
Valves and Control
Storage Tanks

What are the Elements of the Water


Distribution System?
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU

Elements of the Domestic Water Distribution


System:
Water (Street) Main A water

supply pipe for public or community


use controlled by public authority.
Water Service Pipe The pipe
from the water main, water meter,
water supply system or other
approved source of water supply, to
the building or structure served.
Water Distribution Pipe A
pipe which conveys potable water
from the building supply pipe to the
plumbing fixtures & other water
outlets in the building.
Fixture Branch A pipe connecting
several fixture.
Fixture Supply A water supply
pipe connecting the fixture with the
fixture branch or directly to a main
water supply pipe.

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU

Domestic Water Supply Riser Diagram:

Hot Water Fixture Branch


Cold Water Fixture Branch
Hot Water Riser
Water Heater
Cold Water Riser
House Service
Cold Water Horizontal
Supply Main

Hot Water Horizontal


Supply Main

Service Tap Connection Detail:

Corporation Cock A valve screwed into the street water


main to supply the house service connection.
Gooseneck The part of the pipe curved like the neck of a
goose, usually flexible. Also the lead connection between a
service pipe and water main.
Curb Stop or Curb Cock A control valve for the water
supply of a building, usually placed between the sidewalk and
the street curb; used to shut off the water supply in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be
discontinued.

Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP CEBU

WET TAP PROCEDURE


Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU

WATER MAIN
SERVICE TAP
Pipe Tap Tool
Water Main

Corporation Cock

Saddle Clamp
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CEBU

Gooseneck Connection

Service Tap Connection


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CEBU

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Meter Connection Detail:

Water Meter A mechanical device used to measure

Meter Stop A valve placed at the street side of the

the volume of water passing through a pipe.

water meter and serves as a controlling device for the


building installation.

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Supply Manifold

Butterfly Valve

Supply Manifold
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DOMESTIC COLD WATER


DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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CEBU

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1. Upfeed Distribution System


a. Direct Pressure
b. Hydropneumatic Pressure System
or Pneumatic Air-Pressure system

2. Downfeed Distribution System


a. Gravity Tank

What are the General Types of Water


Distribution System?
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Upfeed Water Distribution System:

Direct Pressure System

Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System

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Downfeed
Water
Distribution
System

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CEBU

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This is a pumping system that provide water


within pre-set flow and pressure ratings,
automatically on demand giving all the
advantages of city water supply.

This system contains 3 basic elements:

1. A Pump (of any type or manufacture)


2. A Pressure Sensing Electric Switch
3. A Pressure Vessel (Pressure Tank)
which contains an elastic medium.

Hydropneumatic Pressure System


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Pressure Tank
Pressure Sensing
Electric Switch
Pump

Hydropneumatic
Pressure
Boosting System

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Bladder
type
Pressure
Tank
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To House

Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System


using Bladder Type Pressure Tank:
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Shower
Connection
Water Closet
Connection

Lavatory
Connection
Fixture Branch

Sink Connection

House Distribution Layout: Fixture


Supply

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CEBU

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Shower Fixture Supply Connections:

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Water Closet and Lavatory Fixture


Supply Connections:

Vacuum Breaker

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WATER STORAGE TANK


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1. Tanks should be designed and


constructed so as to be:
a. watertight
b. vermin-proof (rat proof)
c. corrosion proof
d. capable of withstanding the pressure
under which they are to be operated
and
e. provided with safe and easy means of
access for inspection.

What are the requirements for Water


Supply Tank Design and Construction?
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Water Storage Tanks

Polyethylene Water
Storage Tanks: For Hard
water, deep well system,
cisterns & other fluids.

Stainless Steel Grade


304 Water Storage
Tanks
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Stainless Steel Grade 304


Modular Water Storage
Tank: 100,000 to 1 million
liter Capacity

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2. The capacity of any single tank in or on


building shall not exceed 113,000 liters
(30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters.
3. Tanks shall not be located over openings
in floor and roof construction.
4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic
supply and for standpipe or automatic
sprinkler systems shall be designed and
installed to furnish water in sufficient
quantity and pressure for such systems.
What are the requirements for Water
Supply Tank Design and Construction?
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CEBU

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5. The gravity tanks


shall be
provided with
the following
pipes:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

g.
h.

Inlet Pipe
Overflow
Drain Pipe
Outlet Pipe
Air Vent Pipe
Manholes &
Covers
Water Level
Indicator
Control Valves
Section of a Water Storage Tank
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Float switch
Float Valve

A float valve is used to shut


off the flow of liquids,
normally water, at a predetermined level.

A float switch is a device used


to detect the level of water within
a tank that actuates the pump to
turn ON or OFF.

TANK ACCESSORY

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CEBU

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Types of Elevated Storage Tanks as to


Location of Inlet Pipe:

Floating-On-The-Line System water is


pumped both into the tank & to the
consumers. Water goes up to the tank when
the water demand is low or if there is a
residual water supply, & water is drawn from
the tank during peak demand. This system
requires continuous pumping @ low pumping
capacity

Fill-And-Draw System Water is pumped


directly into the reservoir and from the
reservoir, water supply is distributed to the
consumers through gravity Flow. The tank
is usually installed near the water source to
minimize head losses due to friction.
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FLOATING-ON-THE-LINE SYSTEM
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How a water tower works:


1. Pump station
2. Reservoir
3. Water use
WATER TOWER
Riyadh, KSA

FILL AND - DRAW SYSTEM


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WATER STORAGE TANK: GRAVITY


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PIPES AND FITTINGS FOR WATER


SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
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1.

2.

3.

The materials for Mains, 4. Polybutylene (PB)


Risers and Branches
Pipes
are:
Galvanized Iron
5. Polyethylene (PE)
(G.I.) Pipes and
Pipes
Fittings, Schedule 40
Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) Pipes and
Fittings, Schedule 40
Polypropylene (PPR)
Pipes and Fittings, PN
10 or PN 20

6.

Copper Pipes and


Fittings
a. Type K

b. Type L
c. Type M

What are the materials for Mains,


Risers and Branches?
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CEBU

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Galvanized Iron Pipes and Fittings


(Schedule 40) ASTM A53
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"Galvanized" refers to a metal


plating process that coated iron
or steel water pipe surfaces with
a corrosion-resistant zinc
surface.

Galvanized steel supply pipes are


typically 1/2-inch diameter with a length
of 20 feet (6 meters). The connections
are threaded. When the pipe corrodes,
the rust accumulation inside the pipe
chokes down the diameter of the pipe,
resulting in poor water pressure.
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What are the Types of G.I. Pipe


Fittings?
1. Nipple
a. short nipple
b. long nipple
c. close nipple
2. Couple
3. Elbow
a. reducing elbow
b. street elbow
4. Tee

5. Reducer
6. Bushing
7. Plug
8. Cap
9. Union
a. thread piece
b. center piece
c. shoulder piece
10. Flange
11. Extension Piece
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Galvanized Iron (G.I.)


Supply Pipe Fittings:
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Union Patente

Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Supply Pipe Fittings


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Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Supply Pipe Fittings:

PTFE
(polytetrafluoroethylene)
Tape or TEFLON Tape

BUSHING

FLANGE

G.I. Pipe Screw Joint

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PVC Pipe and Fittings (Sch. 40)


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Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most


widely produced plastic after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC
is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional
materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile
applications.
In the water distribution market it accounts for 66% of the market
in the US, and in sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for
75%. Its light weight, low cost, and low maintenance make it
attractive. However, it must be carefully installed and bedded to
ensure longitudinal cracking does not occur. Additionally, PVC
pipes can be fused together using various solvent cements,
creating permanent joints.
uPVC = unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
CPVC= Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride
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PolyVinylChloride (PVC) Supply Pipes &


Fittings:

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Gibault Joint is a
coupling designed to
supply an efficient and
economical method for
PVC pipes. It is an ideal
way for re-connecting
pipes after removal of
the damaged PVC pipe
or for Connecting 2 pipe
into a pipeline.

Solvent Weld Joint

PIPE JOINT
METHOD FOR
PVC PIPES

Compression Joint

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POLYPROPYLENE (PPR) PIPES AND


FITTINGS
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Polypropylene pipe
is used in many
industrial settings
due to its chemical
and thermal
resistance,
affordability, and
cost.
Use PPR PN 10 for
cold water piping.
Use PPR PN 20 for
hot & cold water
piping.

Polypropylene (PPR) Supply Pipes &


Fittings:
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CEBU

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CEBU

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POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES and


FITTINGS
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CEBU

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High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE or PE Pipe) is made


from ethylene, which can be derived from either crude oil or
natural gas.
PE pipe is extremely strong, durable, flexible, corrosion free and
chemical resistant. These features make it perfect for a variety of
underground conditions and help it last up to 100 years.
The smooth walls allow for less friction, which increase flow
through the same diameter as that of other pipes.

POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES


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Flexible PE Pipe

Rigid HDPE Pipe

Compression Fittings

Fittings for Heat


Fusion / Screw Joint

POLYETHYLENE PIPES AND FITTINGS


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POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES AND


FITTINGS
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CEBU

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Polybutylene is a form of plastic resin that was used extensively


in the manufacture of water supply piping from 1978 until 1995.
Due to the low cost of the material and ease of installation,
polybutylene piping systems were viewed as "the pipe of the
future" and were used as a substitute for traditional copper piping

The piping systems were used for underground water mains and
as interior water distribution piping.
While scientific evidence is scarce, it is believed that oxidants in
the public water supplies, such as chlorine, react with the
polybutylene piping and fittings causing them to scale and flake
and become brittle. Polybutylene water pipes are no longer
accepted by United States or Canadian building codes.

POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES


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POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES


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COPPER PIPES AND FITTINGS


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Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap
water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic
types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper
tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or
solder. Copper offers a high level of resistance to corrosion, but is
becoming very costly.

COPPER PIPES and TUBINGS


Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU

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COMMON WALL-THICKNESSES OF COPPER TUBING


ARE "TYPE K", "TYPE L", "Type M", and "Type DWV":
Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure
rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial
such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion
protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required
by code. It is color coded in Green.
Type L has a thinner pipe wall section, and is most popular for
use in water supply system. It is color coded in Blue
Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in
residential and commercial water supply where pressure is not too
great. It is color coded in Red.
Type DWV has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only
suitable for unpressurized applications, such as drains, waste and
vent (DWV) lines.
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Cut

Apply Flux and Assemble

Ream

Light Torch

Clean

Solder

Copper Pipe Solder Joint or Sweat Joint


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Pipe Cutter

Flaring Tool

Copper Pipe Flared Joint


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Copper Pipe Compression Joint


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COMPOSITE PIPES
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Composite Pipe:

From Unitec Pipes


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CONTROL VALVES FOR WATER


SUPPLY
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A valve is a device that


regulates, directs or controls the
flow of fluid (gases or liquids)
by opening, closing, or partially
obstructing various
passageways. Valves are
technically fittings, but are
usually discussed as a separate
category. In an open valve, fluid
flows in a direction from higher
pressure to lower pressure.

The different types of


valves found in the
Plumbing system are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gate valve
Globe valve
Check valve
Angle valve
Ball valve /
Stop Cock
Faucet/Bibb

CONTROL VALVES
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Gate Valve:

Globe Valve:

Gate Valve A valve in


which the flow of water is
cut off by means of a
circular disc fitted against
machine smoothed faces
at right angles to the
direction of flow.

Globe Valve - A
valve in which the flow
of fluid is cut off by
means of a circular disc
that fits against the
horizontal valve seat.

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Check Valve:

Check Valve A valve


that automatically close
to prevent the flow of
liquid or gas in a reverse
direction.

Angle Valve:
Angle
Valve A
device,
usually of
the globe
type, in
which the
inlet and
outlet are
at right
angles.
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Ball Valve:

Faucet:

Ball Valve A spherical


shaped gate valve providing
very tight shut off.

Faucet A valve on a water


pipe by means of which water
can be drawn from or held
within the pipe. The valve is
placed at the end of the pipe.

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Butterfly Valve

Foot Valve

Pressure
Reducing Valve

Shower Valve
for Hot & Cold

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PLUMBING TOOLS FOR WATER


SUPPLY
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The Basic Plumbing Tools


for Water Supply Works
are:

Pipe vise

Pipe cutter
Pipe reamer
Pipe stock and
die
Pipe tap
Pipe wrench
Monkey wrench

Strap Wrench
Chain
Wrench/Pipe
Tong
Basin Wrench
Open End Wrench
Adjustable
Wrench
Flaring Tool

What are the Basic Tools for Water


Supply Works?
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CEBU

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PIPE WRENCHES:
Straight Pipe Wrench is used to screw
pipes into or out of their fittings.

End Pipe Wrench assures a fast and easy


grip for pipe working in restricted spaces or
close to a wall.

Monkey Wrench or Spud Wrench is


used to tighten or loosen fitting with parallel
sides or hexagonal ends such as nuts, valves
and unions.
Strap Wrench is used when working with
brass or plated pipes and fittings since it
does not damage the surface being tightened.
It is also used in places too small to admit a
pipe wrench.
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PIPE WRENCHES:
Adjustable Wrench is used the same as
that of a monkey wrench.

Basin Wrench spring loaded jaws


provide fast one hand ratcheting

Chain Wrench

Chain Tong
Chain Wrench is used for turning
pipes usually with 150mm diameter and
larger.

Plastic Nut Basin Wrench designed to


reach & turn plastic mounting nuts on
faucets, sprayers & ballcocks.

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PLUMBING TOOLS:

Pipe Reamer is used to remove the burrs from


the inside of the pipe or to enlarge an opening. A
burr is a rough or sharp edge left on metal by a
Pipe Vise is used to hold the pipe to cutting tool.
be cut, threaded or assembled.

Pipe Tap is used for


making internal
threads in G. I. pipes.
Flaring Tool is used to widen the end
of a soft metal tubing usually copper, to
make a mechanical seal.

Pipe Extractors
make easy work of
removing broken
threaded ends of
pipe,NAMPAP
plugs &
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fittings.

PLUMBING TOOLS:
Pipe Cutter is used
for cutting G.I. pipe
or copper tubing
Pipe Stock & Die (Ratchet Threader
Type) is used to make external threads
on G.I. pipes.

Plastic Pipe Cutter

Deburring Tools
and Inner Outer
Reamer
Automatic Threading Machine
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OTHER GENERAL
PLUMBING TOOLS:

Angle Grinder

Cold Chisel
Electric Drill

Anvil

Steel Tape

Folding Rule
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OTHER GENERAL PLUMBING TOOLS:

Hacksaw

Different Types of Hammer

Tin Snip

Level

Vise

V. Ravina,
PVC/ABS SawDanilo
CEBU

NAMPAP

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PLUMBING DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT:


LINE LOCATING TOOL

Line Locator

Transmitter

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)


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Hard Hat

Fall Protection Component


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GENERAL SAFETY: EYE AND EAR PROTECTION

TESTING THE WATER SUPPLY


SYSTEM
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PLUMBING CODE
REQUIREMENT:

Upon completion of a
section or of the
entire hot & cold
water supply systems,
it shall be tested and
proved tight under a
water pressure not
less than the working
pressure under which
it is to be used plus
50% of not less than
15 minutes.
Sec. 501.2.6 NPC

What are the types


of Water Supply
Piping Test?

RECOMMENDED:
1. Rough Piping Test
installation is

2.

subjected to a
hydrostatic test @ 862
kPa (125 psig)
minimum for a period
of 3 hours & should be
proved watertight without
any loss of pressure.

Finish Piping Test


the entire completed

system, including all


fixtures & faucets, should
be retested by subjecting
it to a hydrostatic test
of 517 kPa (75 psig)
for a period of 3 hours
& should be proved
watertight without any
loss of pressure.

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Hydrostatic Water Test:


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Compressed Air Test for Water Supply


Piping System:
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What are the methods and procedure of Disinfections?

Disinfection Methods
Disinfection of newly installed potable water supply
systems, including water supply tanks is required to
remove objectionable matters in order to correct an
unsanitary condition.

Procedure
All water supply connections should be disconnected,
plugged or effectively shut off to prevent any foreign
matter or contamination from entering the water supply
thereto.
Methods

For disinfection, one of the following methods may be


applied:
a. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a
water solution containing 50 parts per million (PPM)
of available chlorine and allowed to stand for 24
hours before flushing and returning to service.
b. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a
water solution containing 200 parts per million (PPM)
of available chlorine and allowed to stand for 3 hours
before flushing and return to service.
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PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY


PURIFICATION PROCESS
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Majority of the treatment processes used


by the local water district or the public
water supplier are not generally applicable
to the purification of private water
supplies.
The method used to purify private water
supply for domestic use is the Filtration
Process. This process usually comes in 5
stages.

What is the Purification System of


Private Water Supplies?
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Stage 1:

Sediment Prefilter

Stage 2:

Stage 3:

Stage 4:

Granular Activated
Carbon Prefilter
Carbon Block
Prefilter
Reverse Osmosis*

Stage 5:

Carbon Postfilter

Traps dirt, rust and sand


particles.
Removes Chlorine.
Removes most of organic
materials.
Removes virtually all
organic compounds.
Removes odors & gases.

*Reverse Osmosis is the movement of liquid through a


semipermeable membrane from a more concentrated solution
to a more dilute solution. This is achieved by applying an
external pressure to the solution on the more concentrated
side of the membrane.

What are the 5 Stages of the Filtration


Process for private water supplies?
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What are Water


Softeners?

Zeolite Resin
Water Softener
An apparatus which
chemically removes
the Calcium and
Plastic Lined Steel
Magnesium salts
Tank
from a water
supply, usually by
Immersed Sensor
ion exchange.
When water is
heated, carbonates
easily form from
the solution
resulting into hard
scale.
This scale can
reduce the heat
transfer & the net
cross sectional area
of the pipes, as well
as corrode the
equipment.
Water flow of Filtration Cycle
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Brine Tank

Refill System
with Float
Shut-off

Water flow of Backwash Cycle


92

WATER
SOFTENER
CYCLE

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END OF PRESENTATION
Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP
CEBU

94

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