2013 9 599626

2 3

4 5

a sense of abundancesimple appreciationappreciation for other 237

24
1,206
.82.83Cronbachs .80.83

BYIII

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2012.03.072012.06.192012.08.29
Emailchcjyh@gmail.com
162

60 3

Psychological Testing

September 2013, Vol. 60 No. 3, pp. 599-626

The Development and Confirmatory Factor

Analysis of the Inventory of Adolescents
Gratitude in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to develop and construct validity of the Inventory
of Adolescents Gratitude that included three subscales: a sense of abundance, simple
appreciation and appreciation for others. First, three factor were derived from the final
24-item through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis
via 237 participants by using purposive sampling in the pretest. Then, the researchers
used another 1,206 participants by using stratified convenience sampling method to
conduct confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related validity. Results indicated
that the inventorys construct validity and reliability are acceptable. The Cronbachs
was from .80 to.83, and test-retest reliability coefficient was from.82 to.83. The study
also employed Childrens Optimism-Pessimism Inventory and BYI-II, which were criterions. The results of concurrent validity revealed good. In the background variables,
it was shown that girls outperformed boys on gratitude; moreover, the students who
have religious belief outperformed the ones who dont.
Keywords: adolescent, gratitude, inventory development
1. Hsin-Yi Chen, Teacher, Hsinchu Municipal Chupei Junior High School
2. Hsiang-Yi Wu, Teacher, Hsinchu Municipal Nei-Hu Elementary School
3. Hsueh-Chih Chen, Professor, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling,
National Taiwan Normal University
4. Chih-Chun Hsu, Post-Doctor, Center for Teaching and Learning Development, National
Taiwan Normal University
5. Fa-Chung Chiu, Associate Professor, Department of Psychological and Social Work, National Defense University
Received: 2012.03.07; Revised: 2012.06.19; Accepted: 2012.08.29
Corresponding Author: Hsueh-Chih Chen; Email: chcjyh@gmail.com
Address: No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Daan Dist., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal
University

positive psychology

Seligman, 2002

Watkins, Woodward, Stone, & Kolts, 2003 Bonhoeffer

Emmons, 2007

McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons, & Larson, 2001

McCullough,
Emmons, & Tsang, 2002

2011

Emmons, 2007; Emmons & McCullough, 2004

Bono & Froh, 2009; Froh & Bono,
2008; Froh, Miller, & Snyder, 2007

10

Froh et al., 2011Froh Bono2008

 60 3

Emmons & McCullough, 2003

Bono Froh2009

Froh 2011
GQ-6GACGRAT 1,405 10
19

CEPS 2012 5

2011
20042009
2009
20042011

20112004
20062009

2011McCullough et al., 2002

2004

Emmons & Crumpler, 2000Pruyser gratitude

gratia gratus

Emmons & McCullough, 2004

2001
2003

Oxford English Dictionary, 1989

The International
Encyclopedia of Ethics
Emmons, 2007

2005

2009
Perterson Seligman2004

McCullough 2001moral affect

Watkinsvan Gelder Frias2009

trait gratitude

 60 3

Smith

McCullough et al., 2001 Seligman2002

McCullough 2001

a moral barometer function

a moral motive function

Heider

Em

mons & McCullough, 2004

a moral reinforcer function

McCullough 2002

McCullough, Tsang, &

Emmons, 2004

McCullough 2002
Emmons McCullough2003

Tsang2006

Weiner

 60 3

Tsang, 2006Weiner Graham

McCullough et al., 2001Lazarus Lazarus1994

AlgoeHaidt Gable2008

Weiner1985

McCullough et al., 2002

Tsang, 2006
Watkins2004

Weiner, 1985

McCullough 2002
The Gratitude Questionnaire-6 GQ-6
2009

McCullough

WatkinsGrimm Kolts2003
McCullough GQ-6
self-presentationWatkins et al., 2009

WatkinsGrimm 2003

Watkins

The Gratitude Questionnaire-6

GQ-6
GQ-6 McCullough 2002

 60 3

6
.82

Gratitude Resentment
and Appreciation Test GRAT
WatkinsWoodward 2003
a sense of abundancesimple appreciation
appreciation for other 44
Coefficient alpha = .92r = .90
43.8867.61

2004
40

.946 .44.82
49.2%

2009

23 5
56.82% .918
Cronbachs .75.90

2011

Cronbachs .93

GQ-6
6
2011
20042009

2011

Kohlberg

Conventional LevelKohlberg, 1984

GRATWatkins, Woodward et
al., 2003

GRAT

Gorusch1983
100 44 237

 60 3

129 108

544 250
346 66 1,206
609 597

Watkins
Woodward 2003GRAT
Watkins :
a sense of abundance

simple appreciation

appreciation for other

Weiner, 1985

Watkins WatkinsWoodward

2003GRAT

44 15

CR
1
1

Cro nbachs

2*

0.73

0.69

0.88

14.18***

3*

0.73

0.69

0.88

12.64***

4*

0.56

0.51

0.89

8.22***

0.52

0.50

0.89

8.69***

7*

0.54

0.51

0.89

8.03***

0.43

0.89

8.09***

0.66

0.88

14.7***

0.44

0.89

6.21***

12* 0.46

14*
0.71

21* 0.48

24

0.45

0.44

0.89

7.93***

26* 0.62

0.59

0.89

10.41***

28* 0.75

0.70

0.88

12.44***

0.43

0.40

0.89

29

6.71***

 60 3

Cro nbachs

31*

32*

37*
39*

42*

0.39

0.37

0.89

6.38***

0.57

0.54

0.88

8.08***

0.69

0.64

0.88

12.44***

0.43

0.41

0.89

7.23***

0.68

0.65

0.88

10.92***

Cronbachs 0.89
5

0.21

0.21

0.83

5.21***

0.59

0.54

0.80

10.88***

0.36

0.36

0.82

7.67***

18 0.41

0.38

0.82

6.69***

25 0.57

0.51

0.81

9.70***

27

0.5

0.47

0.81

8.01***

30

0.4

0.37

0.82

6.96***

34

0.46

0.41

0.81

8.50***

35 0.57

0.49

0.81

9.00***

36 0.66

0.59

0.80

9.90***

40 0.61

0.53

0.80

10.70***

41

0.64

0.59

0.80

12.04***

43 0.55

0.48

0.81

0.55

15

0.55

0.81

13.12***

9.32***

Cronbachs 0.83

Cro nbachs

0.2

4.25***

0.18

0.84

0.6

0.53

0.81

14.35***

11 0.49

0.43

0.82

11.95***

13 0.46

0.44

0.82

11.33***

0.68

0.60

0.81

12.50***

0.62

0.55

0.81

12.93***

10

16

17

19
20*

0.66

0.59

0.81

11.57***

0.27

0.25

0.83

5.39***

22 0.47

0.43

0.82

8.01***

23 0.49

0.40

0.821

8.92***

33 0.51

0.47

0.82

11.20***

38

0.73

0.66

0.80

13.83***

44

0.68

0.60

0.80

12.82***

Cronbachs 0.82

*
*** p < .001

t p 0.01
0.3 0.3
1820

8
24

 60 3

Cronbachs
2
58 63 121
2
.82.83 .01
Cronbachs .80.83 .001
Pearson
3 3
.01
2

.83**

Cronbachs
.83***

.82**

.80***

.82**

.80***

** p < .01; *** p < .001

.12**

.34**

.57**

.70**

.72**

.83**

** p < .01

1.
GRAT

(1)
Bagozzi Yi1988 HairAndersonTatham Black
1998measures of absolute fitincremental fit measuresparsimonious fit measures Jreskog Srbom
2001 LISREL 8.71 ULS
4 1
4

= 1587.68p < .01

GFI .90 .90 SRMR .057

.08 RMSEA .067.05 .08 AGFI
.88 .90
4
PNFI .84 .50 PGFI .75
.50
4

GFI

SRMR

RMSEA

AGFI

PNFI

PGFI

1587.68

.90

.057

.067

.88

.84

.75

p > .01

> .90

< .08

< .06

> .90

> .50

> .50

NFI

NNFI

CFI

RFI

.93

.94

.94

.93

6.38

> .90

> .90

> .90

> .90

<3

/df

 60 3

baseline
model 4 NFI .93 .90
NNFI .94 .90 CFI .94 .90
RFI .93 .90

/df 6.38 3

GRAT

2/df

2/df

(2)
Hair 1998
measurement model fitstructural model
fit

Hair et al., 1998 .50

Bagozzi & Yi, 1988 .90Hair et al., 1998
t
15.7529.73 1.96 p .001
Bagozzi & Yi, 1988; Hair et al., 1998
.50 Bagozzi & Yi,1988
.90 .16.70
.90 Hair et al., 1998

 60 3

2.

BYI-II

(1)
Seligman2002 24

Watkins, 2004
McCullough 2002
GQ-6Life Orientation Test, LOTr
= .51p .01 WatkinsWoodward 2003
GRAT
Satisfaction with Life Scale, SWLSr = .50p .001
The Positive and Negative Affectivity Scales, PANAS
r = .28p .001

363
2008

20082011

r .32.58 p .01 5
Watkins
Woodward 2003GRAT
r = .28p .001

r -.15-.39 p .01
r = -.38-.46p .05 5

N = 363

.32**

.34**

.49**

.53**

.35**

.32**

.49**

.53**

.37**

.37**

.55**

.58**

-.43*

-.04

-.16**

-.29**

-.38*

-.13*

-.34**

-.39**

-.46*

-.09

-.28**

-.39**

*p .05; ** p .01

(2)BYI-II
127
BYI-II

BYI-II r =
.33.50 p .05
r -. 29-.54 p .05
r = -.20
-.43 p .05
BYI-II
6
6 BYI-IIN 127

BYI-II

.49**

-.15

.03

.33**

.33**

.50**

-.48**

.02

.15

-.12

-.54**

.07

-.29**

-.20*

-.43**

.03

-.29**

*p .05; ** p .01

-.30**
.07

 60 3

1,206 609 597

1.
3.76SD =
.49 3.393.97SD = .60.74
2.
t 7
t(1176) =
-5.86t (1176) = -5.03t (1127) = -5.45*** p .001M = 26.12M
= 30.48M = 88.25M = 28.11M = 31.94M = 92.02

.21.28

589

26.12

5.97

-5.86***

.28

587

28.11

5.69

588

30.48

5.22

-5.03***

.21

588

31.94

4.72

588

31.56

4.95

-1.58

---

589

32.00

4.63

557

88.25

12.08

-5.45***

.26

570

92.02

11.12

*** p .001

3.
8

M = 31.54

M = 30.49t (1169) = 3.33p .01

M = 31.99M =
31.31t (1170) = 2.24p .05
M = 90.77M = 88.79t (1120) = 2.62
p .01 .04.09

801

27.13

6.07

368

27.04

5.58

799

31.54

4.90

370

30.49

5.25

805

31.99

4.72

365

31.31

4.94

770

90.77

11.69

350

88.79

11.79

0.24

---

3.33**

.09

2.24*

.04

2.62**

.06

* p .05; ** p .01

.817.832 Cronbachs .801.832

.01

BYI-II

Froh 2011

 60 3

24
McCullough 2002GQ-6

a sense of abundancesimple appreciation

appreciation for other WatkinsGrimm 2003
Froh et al., 2011
2004
2009

2011
Kohlberg
Conventional LevelKohlberg, 1984
WatkinsGrimm 2003
Froh et al., 2011; Watkins,
Grimm et al., 2003

3.76SD = 0.49 3.393.97SD =

.60.74

20112006
20092004Becker & Smenner, 1986; Gordon, Musher-Eizenman,
Holub, & Dalrymple, 2004; Ventimiglia, 1982

expressive role
Parsons & Bales, 1955

20042006
2011 McCullough 2002

GRAT

 60 3

2005193-99
2008
553559-589
2008
53193-221
2011
147-178
2006

2009

2004

2003
2011

2001

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