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Design and performance of the piled raft foundation for Shanghai World Financial Center
W. D. Wang i, ii), J. B. Wu i, ii) and Q. Li i, ii)
i) Department of Underground Structure and Geotechnical Engineering, East China Architectural Design
and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200002, Peoples Republic of China
ii) Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Safety Control for Facilities Adjacent to Deep Excavations,
Shanghai 200002, Peoples Republic of China
ABSTRACT
A case history of the piled raft foundation for Shanghai World Financial Center which is a 101-storey, 492 m high
building is presented in this paper. To monitor the performance of the piled raft foundation system and to verify the
foundation design work, field measurements were carried out on the raft settlements, pile head axial loads, contact
pressures of the raft and pore-water pressures underneath the raft during the entire construction period. The measured
raft settlements were comparable to the computed results. At six months after topping out, the maximum settlement
was 130 mm in the tube area, decreasing to 90 mm at the edges. Axial loads at pile head increased gradually and
varied in magnitude from 1000 to 5000 kN, less than the proposed compression capacities of the steel pipe piles.
Both contact pressures of the raft and pore-water pressures beneath the raft varied considerably during the initial
construction period but changed slightly after the end of construction. Based on the field measurement results, the
piled raft foundation design proved to be appropriate.
Keywords: foundations, piled raft, design, settlement, field monitoring
1. INTRODUCTION
Shanghai is one of the fastest growing cities in
terms of skyscraper construction in the world. In recent
decades, an increasing number of high-rise buildings
have been constructed or are under construction. Most
of these tall buildings are founded on piled rafts. Since
Burland et al. (1977) presented the concept of
settlement reducers, there has been an increasing
recognition that the use of piles to reduce raft
settlements and differential settlements can lead to
considerable economy without comprising the safety
and performance of the foundation (Poulos, 2001). As
the raft settlement is crucial to a piled raft foundation
system, it is demanded to estimate the settlement
distributions of a piled raft at the design stage by
considering the complex interaction among the soil, raft
and piles. In addition, field monitoring is required to
verify the validity of the foundation design and to
improve the understanding of the mechanics of
behavior of piled rafts (O'Neill et al., 1996, Mandolini
et al., 2005).
A case history of design and performance of the
piled raft foundation for Shanghai World Financial
Center (SWFC) is presented in this paper. The
settlement behavior of the piled raft is analyzed by
using a computer program PWMI which can take the
pile-soil-raft interactions into account based on Geddes
http://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.CHN-44
162
Soil
strata
h
(m)
(kN/m3)
(kPa)
()
1
2
3
1
2
3
1.3
4.0
10.7
6.0
5.0
13.0
23.0
6.4
4.4
17.0
56.0
18.4
17.7
16.7
18.4
19.8
18.7
19.2
19.1
20.2
20.2
20.2
20
10
14
15
45
3
0
2
/
/
/
18.0
22.5
11.5
22.0
17.0
32.5
33.5
34.0
/
/
/
GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
N63.5
2.5
2.0
1.0
5.5
19
33
60
46
52
54
79
fs
fp
(kPa)
(kPa)
15
20
20
45
60
60
70
70
70
70
70
/
/
/
/
/
/
2500
2200
2500
2500
2500
Ground surface
1 Fill
2 Silty clay
3 Soft silty clay
10
4.0 m
4.5 m
20
4.0 m
4 Soft clay
5 Silty clay
6 Silty clay
30
60.7 m
40
7 1 Sandy silt
with beds of
silty fine sand
41.7 m
14.5 m
50
7 2 Fine sand
60
70
7 3 Sandy silt
9 1 Silty sand
80
9 2 Coarse sand
with gravels
90
70 m
100
110
120
4 FOUNDATION DESIGN
4.1 Foundation layout
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of the
foundation for the main tower of SWFC which
occupies a total square footprint of 70 m by 70m. The
foundation consists of a piled raft with 985 steel pipe
piles, each 0.7 m in diameter. The raft is embedded at
14.5 m below the ground and constructed using C40
130
163
around 1/850.
5.1 Instrumentation
A
16
Distance (m)
10m
7m
26
12
10m
7m
25
11
18m
10
20
21
22
A
23
24
20
10
60
27
Concrete
tube
1
30
50
28
13
19
40
40
18
50
30
29
17
60
20
14
70
10
15
18m
FIELD MONITORING
70
Distance (m)
Raft settlements
164
25F
63F
86F
Topping out
Settlment (mm)
20
40
60
80
S 14
S6
S2
S1
S4
S 10
S 22
100
120
140
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time (days)
Settlement (mm)
40
60
Time (Floor)
98 (B1)
268 (11F)
613 (63F)
698 (79F)
982 (99F)
1044
(topping out)
1135
1178
PWMI
80
100
120
140
S 14
S6
S2
S1
S4
Monitoring point
S 10
S 22
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
(1) Burland, J. B., Broms, B. B. and De Mello, V. F. B. (1977).
Behaviour of foundations and structures. Proceedings of 9th
international conference on SMFE, Tokyo, Japan, 2,
496-546.
(2) Katz, P. and Robertson, L. E. (2008). Case history: Shanhgai
World Financial Center. CTBUH Journal, 2, 10-14.
(3) Mandolini, A., Russo, G. and Viggiani, C. (2005). Pile
foundations: experimental investigations, analysis and design.
Proceeding of 16th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ICSMGE) 1,
177-213.
(4) O'Neill, M. W., Caputo, V., De Cock, F., Hartikainen, J. and
Mets, M. (1996). Case histories of pile-supported rafts.
Report for ISSMFE Technical Committee TC 18. Houston,
TX: University of Houston,
(5) Poulos, H. (2001). Piled raft foundation: design and
application. Geotechnique, 51(2), 95-113.
(6) Wang, W. D., Shen, Z. W. and Wu, J. B. (2007). Introduction
and application of the utility calculation and analysis method
considering the combined action of the soil, pile, raft and
superstructure. Building structures, 37(5), 111-113.
165